Church History of Britain
75. Amongst his human frailties, ch • ler and passion most discovered it self. In the Star-Chamber (where if the crime not extraordinary, it was fine enough for one to be sued in so chargable a Court) He was observed always to concur with the severest side, and to infuse more vinegar then oil into all his censures, and also was much blamed for his severity to his Predecessor easing him against his will, and before his time, of his jurisdiction.
76. But he is most accused for over-meddling in State-matters, more then was fitting, say many, then needful, say most, for one of his profession. But he never more overshot himself, then when he did impose the Scotch Liturgy, and was over 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 over a free and foreign Church and Nation. At home, many grumbled at him for oft making the shallowest pretence of the Crown deep enough (by his powerful digging therein) to drown the undoubted right of any private Patron to a Church-living. But Courtiers most complained, that he persecuted them, not in their proper places, but what in an ordinary way he should have taken from the hands Of inferior officers, that He with a long and strong Arm reached to himself over all their heads. Yet others plead for him, that he abridged their bribes not fees, and it vexed them that He struck their fingers with the dead-palsy, so that they could not as formerly) have a feeling for Church Preferments.
77. He was conscientious according to the principles of his devotion, witness his care in keeping a constant Diary of the passges in his life. Now he can hardly be an ill husband, who casteth up his receipts and expenses every night, and such a soul is, or would be good, which enters into a daily Scrutiny of his own actions. But such who commend him in making, condemn him in keeping such a Diary about him in so dangerous days. Especially he ought to untongue it from talking to his prejudice, and should have garbled some light trivial and joculary passges out of the same. Whereas sure the omission hereof argued not his carelessness but confidence, that such his privacies should meet with that favor of course, which in equity is due to writings of that nature.
78. He was temperate in his diet, and (which may be presumed the effect thereof) chaste in his conversation. Indeed in his Diary, he confessed himself lapsed into some special Sin with E. B. for which He kept an Anniversary Humiliation. Indeed his Adversary makes this note thereon, perchance he was unclean with E. B. which is but an uncharitable suspicion. New an exact Diary is a window into his heart who m • keth it, and therefore pity it is any should look therein, but either the friends of the party, or such ingenious foes as will not, (especially in things doubtful) make conjectural comments to his disgrace, But, be E. B. male or female, and the sin committed, of what kind soever, his fault whispers not so much to his shame, as his solemn repentance sounds to his commendation.
79. He was very plain in apparel, and sharply checked such Clergymen whom he saw go in rich or gaudy clothes, commonly calling them of the Church-Triumphant. Thus as Cardinal Woolsy is reported the first Prelate, who made Silks, and Sattens fashionable amongst clergy-men; so this Arch-Bishop first retrenched the usal wearing thereof. Once at a Visitation in Essex, one in Orders (of good estate and extraction) appeared before him very gallant in habit, whom D r Land (then Bishop of London ) publicly reproved, showing to him plainness of his own apparel. My Lord (said the Minister) you have better cloths at home and I have worse, whereat the Bishop rested very well contented.
80. He was not partial in preferring his kindred, except some merit met in them with his alliance. I knew a near kinsman of his in the University, Scholar enough, but somewhat wild and lazy, on whom it was late before he reflected with favor, and that not before his amendment. And generally persons promoted by him were men of learning and abilities, though many of them Arminians in their judgments, and I believe they will not be offended with my reporting it, seeing most of them will endeavor to justify and avouch their opinions herein.
81. Covetousness He perfectly hated, being a single man and having no project to raise a name or Family, he was the better enabled for public performances, having both a price in his hand, and an heart also to dispose thereof for the general good. S t Johns in Oxford, wherein he was bred, was so beautified, enlarged, and enriched by him, that strangers at the first sight knew it not, yea, it scarce knoweth itself, so altered to the better from its former condition. Insomuch that almost it deserveth the name of Canterbury-College, as well as that which Simon Islip founded, and since hath lost its name, united to Christ-Church. More buildings he intended, (had not the stroke of one Axe hindered the working of many hammers ) chiefly on Churches, whereof the following passage many not impertinently be inserted.
82. It happened that a Visitation was kept at S t Pe ers in Corn-hill, for the Clergy of London. The Preacher discoursing of the painfulness of the Ministerial Function, proved it from the Greek deduction of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Deacon, so called from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 dust, because he must labor are in arena in pulvire, work in the dust, do hard service in hot weather. Sermon ended, Bishop Land proceeded to his charge to the Clergy, and observing the Churchill repaired without, and slovenly kept within, I am sorry (said He) to meet here with so true an Etymology of Diaconus, for here is both dust and dirt too, for a Deacon (or Priest either) to work in, Tea it is dust of the worst kind, caused from the ruins of this ancient house of God, so that it pitieth his servants to see her in the dust. Hence he took occasion to press the repairing of that, and other decayed places of divine worship, so that from this day we may date the general mending, beautifying and adorning of all English Churches, some to decency, some to magnificence, and some (if all complaints were true) to superstition.
83. But the Church of S t Paul's, (the only Cathedral in Christendom dedicated to that Apostle ) was the master piece of his performances. We know what one Satyrically said of him, that he plucked down Puritans, and Property, to build up Paul's and Prerogative. But let unpartial Judges behold how he left, and remember how he found that ruinous fabric, and they must conclude that (though intending more) he effected much in that great design. He communicated his project to some private persons, of taking down the great Tower in the middle, to the Spurrs, and rebuild it in the same fashion, (but some yards higher) as before. He meant to hang as great and tuneable a ring of Bels, as any in the world, whose sound advantaged with their height and vicinity of the Thames, must needs be loud and melodious. But now he is turned to his dust, and all his thoughts have perished, yea that Church, formerly approached with due reverence, is now entered with just fear, of falling on those under it, and is so far from having its old decays repaired, that it is daily decayed in its new reparations.
84. He was low o Stature, little in bulk, cheerful in countenance, (wherein gravity and quickness were well compounded) of a sharp and piercing eye, clear judgment, and (abating the influence of age) firm memory. He wore his hair very close, and though in the beginning of his greatness, many measured the length of men's stricktness by the shortness of their hair, yet some will say, that since out of Antipathy to conform to his example, his opposites have therein indulged more liberty to themselves. And thus we take out leave of him, whose estate, (neither so great as to be envied at, nor so small as to be complained of) he left to his heir and Sisters Son M r John Robinson Merchant of London, though fain first to compound with the Parliament before he could peaceably enjoy the same.
85. The same year with this Arch-Bishop, died another Divine, (though of a different judgment) no less esteemed amongst men of his own persuasion, viz. M r John Dod, who (in the midst of troublesome times) quietly withdrew himself to heaven. He was born at Shotledge in Cheshire (the youngest of seventeen children) bred in Jesus College in Cambridge. At a disputation at one Commencement he was so facetiously solid (wild, yet sweet fruits which the stock brought forth before grafted with grace ) that Oxford-men there present, courted him home with them, and would have planted him in their University, save that he declined it.
86. He was a Passive Non conformist, not loving any one the worse for difference in judgment about Ceremonies, but all the better for their unity of affections in grace and goodness. He used to retrench some hot spitits when enveighing against Bishops, telling them how God under that government had given a marvelous increase to the Gospel, and that godly men might comfortably comport therewith, under which learning and religion had so manifest an Improvement. He was a good Decalogist, and is conceived to his dying day (how roughly soever used by the opposite party) to stick to his own judgment of what he had written on the fifth Commandment, of Obedience to lawful Authority.
87. Some riotous Gentlemen casually coming to the table of S r Anthony Cope in Hanwell were half-starved in the midst of a feast, because refraining from swearing (meat and drink to them) in the presence of M r Dod; of these one after dinner ingeniously professed, that he thought it had been impossible for himself to forbear oaths so long a time. Hereat M r Dod (the sl • me of whose zeal turned all accidents into su l ) fell into a pertinent and seasonable discourse (as more better at occasionals, ) of what power men have more then they know of themselves to refrain from sin, and how active God's restraining grace would be in us to bridle us from wickedness, were we not wanting to ourselves.
83. Being stricken in years, he used to compare himself to Sampson when his hair was cut off. I rise saith he in a morning as Sampson did, and think, I will go out as at other times, go, watch, walk, work, study, ride, as when a young man▪ But alas he quickly found an alteration, and so do I, who must stoop to age, which hath clipt my ha • r and taken my strength away.
89. Being at Holdenbie, and invited by an Honorable person to see that stately house built by S r Christopher Hatton, (the Masterpiece of English Architecture in that age) he desired to be excused, and to sit still looking on a flower which he had in his hand. In this Flower (saith he) I can see more of God, then in all the beautiful buildings in the world. And at this day as his flower is long since withered, That magnificent Pile (that fair flower of art ) is altogether blasted and destroyed.
90. It is reported, he was but coursly used of the Cavaliers, who (they say) plundered him of his linen and householdstuff, though (as some tell me) if so disposed, he might have redeemed all for a very small matter. However the good man still remembered his old maxim, Sanctified afflictions are good Promotions, and I have been credibly informed, that when the soldiers brought down his sheets out of the Chamber, into the room where M r Dod sat by the fire side; He (in their absence to search after more) took one pair and clapt them under his Cushion whereon he sat, much pleasing himself after their departure that he had (as he said) plundered the plunderers, and by a lawful feleny saved so much of his own to himself.
91. He was an excellent scholar, and was as causlessly accused, as another John, of his name (M r John Fox I mean) for lacking of latin. He was also an exquisite Hebrician, and with his society and directions in one Vacation taught that tongue unto M r John Gregory that rare Linguist, and Chaplain of Christ's-Church, who survived him but one year, and now they both together praise God in that language, which glorified Saints and Angels use in heaven.
92. He was buried at Fausly in Northampton -shire, with whom the Old Puritan may seem to expire, and in his grave to be interred. Humble, Meek, Patient, Hospital, Charitable as in his censures of, so in his alms to others. Would I could truly say but half so much of the next Generation.
SECTION X.
To the right Worshipful Roger Price Esq High Sheriff of Buckingham-shire.
SEa-men observe, that the water is the more troubled the nearer they draw on to the Land, because broken by repercussion from the Shore. I am sensible of the same danger, the nearer I approach our times, and the End of this History.
Yet fear not Sr, that the least wrong may redound to You, by my indiscretion in the writing hereof; desiring You only to Patronize what is acceptable therein, and what shall appear otherwise, is left on my account to answer for the same,
YOu may know, that amongst the most Remarkables, effected by the Assembly of Divines, the compiling of the Directory was one, which although composed in the former year, yet because not as yet meeting with universal Obedience, it will be seasonable enough now to enter on the consideration thereof. The Parliament intending to abolish the Liturgy, and loath to leave the Land altogether at a loss, or deformity in public service, employed the Assembly in drawing up a model of Divine Worship. Herein no direct form of Prayer Verbis conceptis was prescribed, no outward or bodily worship enjoined, nor people required in the Responsals (more than in Amen ) to bear a part in the Service, but all was left to the discretion of the Minister, not enjoined what, but directed to what purpose, he ought to order his devotions, in public-prayer and administering Sacraments.
2. The dissenting Brethren (commonly called Independents ) were hardly persuaded to consent to a Directory. Even libera custodia, (though it be the best of Restraints) is but a restraint; and they suspected such a Directory would (if enforced) be an infringing of the Christian-liberty; However, they consented at last, the rather because a Preface was prefixed before it, which did much moderate the matter, and mitigate the rigorous imposition thereof.
3. In this preface, respectful terms are (no less discreetly than charitably) afforded to the first compilers of the Liturgy, allowing them wise and pious, in redressing many things which were vain, erroneous, superstitious, and idolatrous, affirming also, that many Godly and Learned men of that age, rejoiced much in the Liturgy at that time set forth; But adding withal, that they would rejoice more, had it been their happiness to behold this present reformation, they themselves were persuaded, that these first Reformers (were they now alive) would join with them in this work at advanting the Directory.
4. The Assemblie-work of the Directorie thus ended, the Lord's and Commons began therewith, prefixing an Ordinance thereunto (made much up of forms of repeal) laying down the motives inclining them to think, the abolishing of the Common-Prayer, and establishement of this Directory necessary for this Nation. First, the consideration of the many inconveniences risen by that book in this Kingdom. Secondly, their Covenant-Resolution to reform Religion according to God's word and the best reformed Churches. Thirdly, their consulting with the learned, p •• us, and reverend Divines for that purpose.
5. The Benefit of Printing the Directorie was bestowed on M r Rowborrough, and M r Byfield Scribes to the Assembly, who are said to have sold the same for some hundreds of pounds. Surely the Stationer who bought it, did not with the dishonest, Chap-man, first decry the worth thereof, and then host of his pennyworth: If since he hath proved a loser thereby, I am confident, that they who sold it him, carried such a Chancery in their bosoms, as to make him fair satisfaction.
6. Now because it was hard to turn people out of their old track, and put them from a beaten path, (such was, call it constuncy or obstinacy, love or doting, of the generality of the Nation, on the Common-Prayer the Parliament found it fit, yea necessary to back their former Ordinance with a second, dated twenty third of August 1645. And entitled an Ordinance of the Lord's and Commons for the more effectual putting in execution the Directorie &c. Wherein directions were not only given for the dispersing and publishing of the Directory, in all Parishes, Chappelries, and Donatives, but also for the calling in, and suppressing of all books of Common-Prayer, and several forfeitures and penalties to be levied and imposed upon conviction before justices of Assize, or of Oyer and terminer, &c.
7. But in opposition hereunto, the King at Oxford set forth a Proclamation (bearing date the thirteenth of November 1645. ) enjoining the use of Common-Prayer, according to the Law▪ notwithstanding the pretended ordinances for the new Directory. Thus as the waves, commanded one way by the Tide, and countermanded another with the wind, know not which to obey; so, people stood amused betwixt these two forms of service, line upon line, precept upon precept, being the easiest way to edify, whilst line against line, precept against precept, did much disturb and distract.
8. The King and Parliament being thus at difference, no wonder if the pens of the Chaplains followed their Patrons, and engaged violently pro and con in the controversy. I presume it will be lawful and safe for me, to give in a breviat of the Arguments on both sides, reserving my private opinion to myself, as not worthy the readers taking notice thereof; for as it hath been permitted in the height and heat of our Civil man, for Trumpeters and Messengers, to have fair and free passage on both sides, pleading the Privilege of the public faith, provided they do not interest themselves like parties, and as spies forfeit the protection, so subjecting themselves justly to the severest punishment: So. Historians in like manner in all ages have been permitted to transmit to posterity an unpartial account of actions, preserving themselves Neuters in their indifferent relations.
Tractats written on this subject.
9. But leaving these disquiets, the Common-Prayer daily decreased, and Directorie by the power of Parliament was advanced. Here some would fain be satisfied, whether the Abolishing of the main body of the Common-Prayer, extendeth to the prohibition of every expression therein, (I mean not such which are the numerical words of Scripture, whereof no question) but other ancient passages, which in the Primitive Times, were laudably (not to say necessarily) put in practice.
10. I know a Minister who was accused for using the Gloria Patri (conforming his practice to the Directorie in all things else,) and threatened to be brought before the Committee. He pleaded the words of M r Cartwright in his defense, confessing the Gloria Patri founded en just, cause that men might make their open profession in the Church of the Divinity of the Son of God, against the detestable opinion of Arius and his Disciples. But now (saith he) that it hath pleased the Lord to quench that fire, there is no such cause why those things should be used. But seeing, (said the Minister ) it hath pleased God for our sins to condemn us to live in so licentious an age, wherein the Divinity both of Christ and the Holy-Ghost is called frequently and publicly into question, the same now (by M r Cartwrights judgment ) may lawfully be used, not to say can well be omitted. I remember not that he heard anymore of the matter.
11. It is now high time to take our farewell of this tedious subject, and leave the issue thereof to the observation of Posterity. The best Demonstration to prove, whether Daniel and his Fellows (the Children of the Captivity ) should thrive better by plain pulse (to which formerly they had been used) or the new diet of diverse and dainty dishes, was even to put it to the Trial of some days experiment, and then a Survey taken of their Complexions, whether they be impaired or not; so when the Directorie hath been practiced in England ninety years (the world lasting so long) as the Liturgy hath been, then Posterity will be the competent Judge, whether the Face of Religion had the more lively, healthful, and cheerful looks, under the one, or under the other.
12. The next news engrossing the talk of all tongues, was about D r Williams Arch-Bishop of York, no less suddenly than strangely metamo phosed, from a zealous Royalist into an active Parliamentarian; being to relate the occasion thereof, we will enter on the brief history of his life, from the cradle to the grave, repeating nothing formerly written, but only adding thereunto.
13. None can question the gentility of his extraction, finding him born at Aberconway in Carnatvon-shire in Wales; of a family rather ancient than rich. His Grandfather had a good estate, but aliened (it seems) by his heirs, so that this Doctor, when Lord-Keeper, was fain to repurchase it. Surely it was of a considerable value, because he complaineth in his letter to the Duke (who encouraged him to the purchase) that he was forced to borrow money, and stood indebted for the same.
14. He was bred in S t Johns College in Cambridge, to hold the scales even with S t Johns in Oxford, wherein Arch-Bishop Land had his education. D r Gwin was his tutor, his chiefest, if not his only eminency, and afterwards the occasion of his preferment. For as this Tutor made his Pupil Fellow; this Pupil made the Tutor Master of the College. Next was M r Williams made Proctor of the University, excellently performing his Acts for the place in so stately a posture, as rather but of duty, thereby to honor his Mother-University, than desire to credit himself, as taking it only in his passage to an higher employment.
15. He was Chaplain (or Counselor shall I say?) to Thomas Egerton Lord Chancellor, who imparted many mysteries of that place unto him. Here an able Teacher of State met with as apt a Scholar, the one not more free in pouring forth, then the other capable to receive, firm to retain, and active to improve what was infused into him. So dear was this Doctor to his Patron, that this Lord dying on his death-bed, desired him to choose what most acceptable legacy he should bequeath unto him. D r Williams, waving and slighting all money, requested four Books, being the collections of the Lord his industry, learning, and experience, concerning
- 1. The Prerogative Royal.
- 2. Privileges of Parliaments.
- 3. The proceedings in Chancery.
- 4. The power of the Starr-Chamber.
16. By the Duke of Buckingham (whom he had married to the daughter of the Earl of Rutland ) he presented these Books to King James. Then did His Majesty first take notice of his extraordinary abilities, soon after preferring him by the Dukes mediation, to the Deanry of Westminster, Bishop of Lincoln, and Keepers place of the Great Seal, till he lost the last in the first of King Charles, as hath formerly been related.
17. I dare confidently avouch what I knowingly speak, that the following passage was the motus primo primus of the breach betwixt him and the Duke. There was one D r Theodore Price a Welsh man, highly beloved both by Bishop Williams and BP Land, so that therein the rule did not hold, Those that agree in one third agree among themselves; these two Prelates mutually mortal enemies meeting in the love of this Doctor. Now the Archbishopric of Armagh in Ireland falling vacant, Bishop Williams moved the Duke for D r Price, his country man: to whom the Duke answered, that King James had by promise fore-disposed the place on the Bishop of Meath, D r James Usher, one whose deserts were sufficiently known. Not satisfied herewith, Bishop Williams by his own interest endeavored to bring D r Price into the place. The Duke understanding that he, who formerly professed a subordination to, at the least a concurrence with his desires, should now offer to contest with him, resolved, that seeing the Lord-Keeper would not own himself to stand by his love, the world should see he should fall by his anger; and this ministered the first occasion to his ruin. And when once the Alarum was sounded of the Dukes displeasure, no Courtier so deaf and drowsy, but did take the same; And all things concurred to his disadvantage. This is that D r Theodore Price, afterwards died a professed Catholic, reconciled to the Church of Rome.
18. Yet after his resigning the Seal, fair preferment was left unto him, could he have consined his large heart thereunto. I meet with a passage in a letter from this Lord-Keeper to the Duke, wherein he professeth calling God to witness, that the Lord-Keeper (troubled with many miseries wherewith sudden greatness is accompanied) envied the fortunes of one D r Williams, late Dean of Westminster. Be this a truth or a complement, what he formerly envied now he enjoyed, returned to a plentiful privacie; not only of the Deanry of Westminster, but Bishopric of Lincoln, which he held with the same. But alas, when our desires are forced on us by our foes, they do not delight but afflict. The same step is not the same step, when we take it aseendendo in hopes to higher preferment, and when we light upon it descendendo, or are remitted unto it as falling from higher advancement. The Bishop is impatient for being less than he had been; and there wanted not those secret enemies to improve his discontents to his disgrace, almost destruction, as fining in the Star-Chamber, and long imprisoning in the Tower.
19. Now came that Parliament so much wished for, that many feared it would never begin, and afterwards (oh the mutability of desires, or change of things desired!) the same feared it would never have an end. Then is Bishop Williams sent for out of the Tower, brought to Parliament, advanced to the Arch-Bishopric of York, and is the Antesignanus of the Episcopal party, to defend it in the House of Lord's (as best armed with his power and experience) against a volly of affronts and oppositions.
20. Once when His Majesty saw him earnest in the defense of Episcopacy then opposed by Parliament, My Lord (saith the King) I commend you that you are no whit daunted with all disasters, but are zealous in defending your Order. Please it your Majesty (returned the Arch-Bishop) I am a true Welshman, and they are observed never to run away, till their General do first forsake them. No fear of my flinching whilst your Highness doth countenance our cause. But soon after he was imprisoned about the Bishops Protestation to the Parliament, and with great difficulty obtained his liberty, as was afore observed.
21. Retiring himself into North-Wales (where his birth, estate, alliance, but chiefly hospitality did make him popular) he had a great, but endeavored a greater influence on those parts. It gave some distaste, that in all consultations he would have his advise pass for an oracle, not to be contested with, much less controled by any. But vast the difference betwixt his Orders in Chancery, armed with power to enforce obedience, and his counsel here, which many Military men (as in their own element ) took the boldness to contradict; Buff-coats, often rubbed and grated against this Prelates silk Cassock, which (because of the softer matter) was the sooner fretted therewith. Indeed he endeavored as much as might be to preserve his country from taxes (an acceptable and ingratiating design with the people) but sometimes inconsistent with the Kings present and pressing necessities. All his words and deeds are represented at Oxford (where his Court-interest did daily decline) to his disadvantage, and some jealousies are raised of his cordialness to the Royal Cause.
22. At last some great Affronts were put upon him (increased with his tender resenting of them,) being himself (as I have been informed) put out of Commission, and another placed in his room. A disgrace so much the more insupportable to his high Spirit, because he conceived himself much meriting of his Majesty, by his loyalty, industry, ability, and expense in his Cause, who hitherto had spared neither care nor cost in advancing the same, even to the impairing of his own estate.
23. But now he entereth on a design, which had I line and plummet, I want skill to manage them in measuring the depth thereof. He sueth to the Parliament for favor, and obtained it, whose General in a manner he becomes in laying siege to the Town and Castle of Abercon-way, till he had reduced it to their service, and much of the Town to his own possession.
24. And now Meruit sub Parliamento in Wallia is the wonder of all men. I confess he told his kinsman, who related it to me, that if he might have the convenience to speak with his Majesty, but one half-hour (a small time for so great a task) he doubted not but to give him full satisfaction for his behavior. Sure it is, those of the Royal Party, and his own Order, which could not mine into his invisible motives, but surveyed only the sad surface of his actions, condemn the same as irreconcilable with the principles he professed. And though hereby he escaped a Composition for his estate in Goldsmiths-Hall, yet his memory is still to compound (and at what rate (know not) with many mouths, before a good word can be afforded unto it; But these, perchance, have never read the well latined Apology in his behalf. And although some will say, that they that need an Apology come too near to fault, the word (as commonly taken) sounding more of excuse then defense, yet surely in its genuine notation, it speaks not guilt, but always greatness of enemies and opposers.
25. Of all English Divines since the Reformation, he might make the most experimental Sermon on the Apostles words, By honor and dishonor, by ill report and good report, though the method not so appliable as the matter unto him, who did not close and conclude with the general good esteem, losing by his last compliance his old friends at Oxford, and in lieu of them finding few new ones at London.
26. Envy itself cannot deny, but that whithersoever he went, he might be traced by the footsteps of his benefaction. Much he expended on the repair of Westminster-Abby-Church, and his answer is generally known, when pressed by Bishop Land to a larger contribution to S. Paul's, that he would not rob Peter to pay Paul. The Library of Westminster was the effect of his bounty, and so was a Chapel in Lincoln-College in Oxford, having no other relation thereunto, than as the name-sake of his Bishopric: so small an invitation will serve to call a coming charity. At S. Johns in Cambridge he founded two Fellowships, built a fair Library, and furnished it with books, intending more, had his bounty then met with proportionable entertainment. But Benefactors may give money, but not grateful minds to such as receive it.
27. He was very chaste in his conversation, whatsoever a nameless author hath written on the contrary: Whom his Confuter hath styled, Aulicus e Coquinariâ, or, The Courtier out of the kitchen, and that deservedly for his unworthy writings, out of what Dripping-pan soever, he licked this his sluttish intelligence. For most true it is, (as I am certainly informed from such who knew the privacies and casualties of his infancy,) this Arch-Bishop was but one degree removed from a Misogynist, yet to palliate his infirmity to noble females, he was most complete in his courtly addresses.
28. He hated Popery with a perfect hatred: and though oft declaring freedom and favor to imprisoned Papists, as a Minister of state, in obedience to his office; yet he never procured them any courtesies out of his proper inclinations. Yea, when D r 〈…〉 the new Bishop of Calcedon, at the end of King James His Reign first arrived in England, he gave the Duke of Buckangham advice (in case other circumstances conveniently concurred) that the Judges should presently proceed against him, and hang him out of the way, and the King cast the blame on Arch-Bishop Abbots, or himself, prepared (it seemeth) to undergo his Royal displeasure therein.
29. Not out of Sympathy to Non-conformists, but Antipathy to Bishop Laud, he was favorable to some select persons of that opinion. Most sure it is, that in his greatness he procured for M r Cotton of Boston a toleration under the Broad Seal, for the free exercise of his Ministry, not withstanding his dissenting in Ceremonies, so long as done without disturbance to the Church. But as for this Bishop himself, he was so great an honourer of the English Liturgy; that of his own cost, he caused the same to be translated into Spanish, and fairly printed, to confute their false conceit of our Church, who would not believe, that we used any Book of Common-Prayer amongst us.
30. He was of a proper persons, comely countenance, and amiable complexion, having a stately garb and gate by nature, which (suppose him prouder then he should be) made him mistaken prouder then he was. His head was a well filled Treasury, and his tongue the fair key to unlock it. He had as great a memory as could be reconciled with so good a judgment; so quick his parts, that his extempore-performances equalized the premeditations of others of his profession. He was very open, and too free in discourse, disdaining to lie at a close guard, so confident of the length and strength of his weapon.
31. Thus take we our farewell of his memory, concluding it with one of his speeches (as savory I believe as ever any he uttered) wherein he expressed himself to a grave Minister coming to him for Institution in a living. I have ( saith he ) passed thorough many places of honor and trust, both in Church and State, more then any of my Order in England this seventy years before. But were I but assured that by my preaching I had converted but one soul unto God, I should take therein more spiritual joy and comfort, than in all the honors and offices which have been bestowed upon me,
32. He died as I take it, Anno 1649. Sure I am on the 25. of March, leaving a leading case (not as yet decided in our Law ) whether his half years rents (due after Sunrise ) should go with his Goods and Chattels, unto his Executor, or fall to his Heir; The best was, such the Providence of the Parties concerned therein, that before it came to a Suite they seasonably compounded it amongst themselves.
33. Come we now to present the Reader with a List of the principal Ordinances of the Lord's and Commons, which respected Church-matters. I say principal, otherwise to recite all, (which wear the Countenance of an Ecclesiastical Tendency, some of them being mingled with civil affairs ) would be over-voluminous. Yea I have heard, that a great Antiquary should say, that the Orders and Ordinances of this Parliament in bulk and number, did, not only equal, but exceed all the Laws and Statutes, made since the Conquest, it will be sufficient therefore to recite Titles of those most material, going a little backward in Time, to make our History the more entire.
Die Martis August. 19. 1645.
Directions of the Lord's and Commons (after advice had with the Assembly of Divines) for the election and choosing of Ruling Elders, in all the Congregations, and in the Classical Assemblies for the City of London and Westminster, and the several Countries of the Kingdom. For the speedy settling of the Presbyterial Government.
Die Lunae. Oct. 20. 1645.
An Ordinance of the Lord's and Commons together with Rules and Directions concerning suspension from the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, in cases of Ignorance and Scandal. Also the names of such Ministers and others that are appointed Triers and Judges of the ability of Elders in the twelve Classes with the Province of London.
Die Sabbathi March 14. 1645.
An Ordinance of the Lord's and Commons for keeping of scandalous persons from the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, the enabling of the Congregation for the choice of Elders, and supplying of defects in former ordinances and directions of Parliament concerning Church Government.
Die Veneris June 5. 1646.
An Ordinance of the Lord's and Commons for the present settling (without further delay) of the Presbyterial Government in the Church of England.
Die Veneris August 28. 1646.
An Ordinance of the Lord's and Commons for the Ordination of Ministers by the Classical Presbyters within their respective bounds, for the several Congregations in the Kingdom of England.
Die Sabbathi Jan. 29. 1647.
An Ordinance of the Lord's and Commons for the speedy dividing and settling of the several Counties of this Kingdom into distinct Classical Presbyteries, and Congregational Elderships
34. Great now was the clamorous importunity of the Wives and Children of Ministers sequestered, ready to starve for want of maintenance. I had almost called them the Widows and Orphans of those Ministers, because though their Fathers were living to them, their Means were not living to their Fathers, and they left destitute of a livelihood. Indeed there was an Ordinance of Parliament made 1644, impowring their Commissioners in the Country to appoint means (not exceeding a fifth part) to the Wives and Children of all sequestered Persons, but seeing Clergy-men were not therein expressed by name, such as enjoyed their Sequestrations refused to contribute anything unto them. Whereupon the House of Commons compassionately reflecting on the distresses of the foresaid complainers, made an Order in more particular manner for the Clergy, and (seeing it is hard to come by ) I conceive it a charitable work, here to insert a Copy thereof.
Die Jovis. Nov. 11. 1647.
That the Wives and Children of all such Persons as are or have been or shall be sequestered, by Order of either Houses of Parliament, shall be comprehended within the Ordinance, that alloweth a fifth part for Wives and Children, and shall have their fifth part allowed unto them, and the Committee of Lord's and Commons for sequestration, and the Committee of plundered Ministers, and all other Committees are required to take notice hereof, and yield Obedience hereunto accordingly.
H. Elsing Clericus Parliamenti Domus Communis.
35. But Covetousness will wriggle itself out at a small hole. Many were the Evasions whereby such Clergy-men possessed of their livings do frustrate and defeat the effectual payment of the fifth part to the aforesaid Wives and Children. Some of which starting-holes we will here present, not to the intent that any should unjustly hide themselves herein, but that for the future they may be stopped up, as obstructing the true performance of the Parliaments intended Curtesie.
36. First they plead that Taxes being first deducted, Tythes are so badly paid, they cannot live and maintain themselves if they must still pay a fifth part out of the remainder. Such consider not, if themselves cannot live on the whole Grist, how shall the Families of such sequestered Ministers subsist on the Tole.
37. Secondly, if the foresaid Minister hath a Wife without Children, or Children without a Wife, or but one Child, they deny payment, as not within the Letter (though the Equity ) of the Order; though one Child is as unable to live on nothing, as if there were many more.
38. Thirdly, if the sequestered Minister hath any temporal means of his own, or since his sequestration hath acquired any place wherein he officiateth (though short of a comfortable subsistence) they deny payment of a fifth part unto him.
39. Fourthly, they affright the said sequestered Minister, threatening to New article against for his former faults. Whereas, had he not been reputed a malignant, not a fifth part, but all the five parts were due unto him.
40. Fifthly, many who have livings in great Towns (especially Vicarages ) disclaim the receiving of any Benefits in the nature of Tithes, and accept them only in the notion of Benevolence. Then they plead nothing due to the sequestered Minister, out of the free gratuities which only are bestowed upon them.
41. Sixthly, they plead, that nothing can be demanded by virtue of the said Ordinance, longer then the sitting of the said Parliament which made it, which long since is dissolved; now though this be but a dilatory plea, (themselves enjoying the four parts by virtue of the same Order ) yet though it doth not finally blast, it doth much set back the fifth part, and whilst the same groweth, the Ministers Wives and Children starve.
42. Lastly, of late, since the setting forth of the Proclamation that all who disquiet their peaceable possession, who are put into livings by the Parliaments Order, should be beheld as enemies to the State. Such sequestered Ministers who only sue the refusers to pay the fifth part unblameable in all things else, are threatened (though they humbly conceived contrary to the true intent of the Proclamation ) with the foresaid penalty if they desist not in their suite. Many more are their subterfugies (besides vexing their wives with the tedious attendance to get Orders on Orders ) so that as one truly and sadly said, the fifts are even paid at sixes and sevens.
43. I am sorry to see the pitiful and pious intentions of the Parliament, so abused and deluded by the indirect dealings of others, so that they cannot attain their intended ends, for the relief of so many poor people, seeing no doubt therein, they desired to be like the best of beings; who as closely applieth his lenitive, as corrasive plasters, and that his mercy may take as true effect as his justice. Sure if the present Authority (when at leisure from higher employment) shall be pleased to take the groans of these poor souls into its consideration, the voice of their hungry bowels will quickly be turned to a more pleasant tune, from barking for food, to the blessing of those who procured it. Nor let any censure this a digress from my History, for though my estate will not suffer me with Job to be eyes to the blind, and feet to the Iame, I will endeavor what I can to be a Tongue for the Dumbe.
SECTION XI.
To the Noble Lady Elianor Roe, relict to the Honorable Sr. Thomas Roe.
Madam,
I find that my name-sake Thomas Fuller was Pilot in the ship called the Desire, wherein Captain Cavendish surrounded the world.
Far be it from me to compare these my weak undertakings to his great adventures. Yet I may term this my Book the Desire, as wherein I desire to please, and profit all, justly to displease none. Many rocks and storms have I passed by God's blessing, and now am glad of so firm an Anchorage, as a Dedication to your Ladyship.
I believe Madam none of your Sex in our Nation, hath travelled farther them yourself. Yet this Section of our History, may afford you a rarity not seen before. I know you have viewed the Tomb of St. Polycarpus, but here the Herse is presented unto you of one, whose death cannot be paralleled in all particulars.
1. LAtely certain Delegates from the University of Oxford pleaded their Privileges before the Committee of Parliament, that they were only Visitable by the King, and such who should be deputed by him. But their allegations were not of proof against the Paramount power of Parliament, the rather because a passage in an Article at the Rendition of Oxford, was urged against them, wherein they were subjected to such a visitation. Whereupon many Masters were ejected their Places, new Heads of Houses made, and soon after new Houses to those Heads, which produced great alteration.
2. Come we now to the Church-part of the Treaty in the Isle of Wight, as the sole Ecclesiastical matter remaining; Here appeared of the Divines chosen by the King, James Usher Arch-Bishop of Armagh, Brian Duppa Bishop of Salisbury, Doctor Sanderson, Doctor Shelden, Doctor Henry Ferne; As for Doctor Brounrig Bishop of Exeter, (when on the way) he was remanded by the Parliament, because under restraint, and it was reported that D. Prideaux Bishop of Worcester wanted (the more the pity) wherewith to accommodate himself for the journey. M r Steven Marshall, M r Joseph Caryll, M r Richard Vines, and M R Lazarus Seaman, were present there by appointment from the Parliament.
3. It was not permitted for either side, personally to speak, but, partly to prevent the impertinencies of oral debates; partly that a more steady aim might be taken of their mutual Arguments, all things were transacted in scriptis; His Majesty consulted with his Chaplains when he pleased; The Kings Writings were publicly read before all, by M r Philip Warwick, and M r Vines read the Papers of his Fellow-Divines, the substance whereof we come here to present.
4. His Majesty began, the effect of whose first Paper was to prove, that the Apostles, in their own persons, by Authority derived from Christ exercised their power in Ordinations, giving Rules and Censures.
- 2. That Timothy and Titus, by Authority derived from the Apostles, did or might actually exercise the same power, in the three Branches specified.
- 3. That the Angels of the seven Churches, Rev. 2. 3. where so many persoae singulares of such as had a Prelacy, as well over Pastors as People.
From the premises, his Majesty inferred, that our Bishops succeed to the function of the Persons afore named. The rather because the same plainly appeareth out of the History of the Primitive Church, the writings of Ignatius and other ancient Authors. In conclusion his Majesty desired to be satisfied from them, what were the Substantials of Church-government, appointed by Christ and his Apostles, and in whose hands they are left, and whether they bind to a perpetual observation thereof; or may upon occasion be altered in whole or in part.
5. The next day the Parliament-Divines put in their Answer to the Kings Paper, wherein they confessed, that the places of Scripture cited by him, proved in those Persons by him named, a power respectively to do the three things specified. But they utterly denied that the foresaid Persons were Bishops as distinct from Presbyters, or exercised the Government in that sense.
- 1. To the Instance of the Apostles they answered, that they had an extraordinary calling, and so nothing thence can be inferrred to prove modern Bishops.
- 2. That Timothy and Titus, were Evangelists, and the first is expressly so termed, nor could they be Bishops, who resided not in one Diocese, but often removed from place to place.
- 3. That the denomination of the Angels of the Churches, being Allegorical no firm Argument can be taken thence, nor weight laid thereon. Besides, those Epistles of S. John, though directed to One, were intended to the whole body of the Church.
They denied that the Apostles were to have any successors in their Office, affirming but two standing Officers, in the Church; Presbyterians, Deacons. They cited Philippians I. I. I Tim. 3. 8. for the proof thereof; where there is no mention of Bishops as distinct from Presbyters, but of the two Orders only, of Bishops or Presbyters, and Deacons.
6. As for the succeeding ages to the Apostles, seeing Scripture reacheth not unto them, they can but beget a human Faith, which is uncertain and fallible; Besides, such the darkness of those Times, in respect of Church-History that little certainty can be thence extracted; Yet it appeareth in Clement himself, that he useth the same word for Bishop and Presbyter; and as for Ignatius his Epistles, little credit is to be given unto them.
7. Lastly, there is a great difference between Primitive Episcopacy and the Present Hierarchy, as much enlarged in their Power, and Privileges by many Temporal accessions, whereof no shadow or pretence in Scripture. In conclusion, they humbly besought his Majesty, to look rather to the Original of Bishops, in holy Writ, then to their succession in Human History.
8. As to the point of Substantials in Church Government, appointed by Christ, (wherein his Majesty desired satisfaction) the return was short and general, that such Substantials were in the Scripture, not descending to any particulars. Whether out of policy, foreseeing it would Minister matter of more debate, or obedience to the Parliament, as aliene from the work they were designed for, who were only to oppose Episcopacy, as qualified in the Bill presented to his Majesty.
9. Three days after, the King gave in his answer, to this first paper of the Divines. Wherein he acknowledged, that the word Episcopus, (denoting an Overseer in the general sense,) agreeth as well to Presbyters, as Ministers, in which respect they are sometimes in Scripture confounded, both meeting in the joint-function of overseeing God's Flock. But soon after Common usage, (the best Master of words ) appropriated Episcopus to the Ecclesiastical Governor, leaving Presbyter to signify the Ordinary Minister, or Priest, as in the ancient Fathers, and Councils doth plainly appear.
10. As to the Extraordinarie Calling of the Apostles, he confessed their Unction extraordinary, consisting in their miraculous gifts, which soon after ceased when Churches were planted, but he urged their mission to govern and teach; to be ordinary, necessary, and perpetual in the Church, the Bishops succeeding them in the former, the Presbyters in later Function.
11. Their Evasion that Timothy and Titus were Evangelists, and not Bishops, is clearly refuted by Scultetus, Gerard, and others, yea (as his Majesty is informed) is rejected, by some rigid Presbyters, as Gillespee, Rotherford &c. Besides, that Timothy and Titus were Bishops, is confirmed by the consentient Testimony of Antiquity, ( S. Jerome himself recording them made by S. Paul's Ordination ) as also by a Catalogue of twenty seven Bishops of Ephesus, lineally succeeding from Timothy, as is avouched by D. Reinolds against Hart.
12. If the Angels mentioned in the Revelations, were not singular persons, who had a Prelacy over the Church, whether were they the whole Church, or so many individual Pastors therein, or the whole College of Presbyters, or singular Presidents of those Colleges; for into so many opinions these few are divided amongst themselves, who herein divide themselves from the ancient Interpretation of the Church Government.
13. Concerning Ages succeeding the Apostles, his Majesty confesseth it but a human Faith, which is begotten on human Testimonies, yet so that in matter of Fact, it may be infallible, as by the Credit of History we infallibly know that Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher.
14. The objected obscurity of Church-History, in primitive Times, is a strong Argument for Episcopacy, which notwithstanding the darkness of those times, is so clearly extant by their unquestionable Catalogues.
15. It is plain out of Clement, elsewhere, even by the Confession of one (not suspected to favor the Hierarchy ) that he was accounted a Bishop as distinct from a Presbyter. As for Ignatius his Epistles, though some out of partial disaffection to Bishops, have endeavored to discredit the whole Volume of them without regard of Ingenuity or Truth; yet sundry of them attested by antiquity, cannot with any forehead be denied to be His, giving Testimony of the Prelacy of a Bishop above a Presbyter.
16. As for the difference between Primitive Episcopacy and present Hierarchy, his Majesty did not conceive that the Additions granted by the favor of his Royal Progenitors for the enlarging of the power and privileges of Bishops, did make the Government substantially to differ from what it was, no more then Arms and Ornaments make a body really different from itself, when it was naked and devested of the same.
17. Whereas they besought his Majesty, to look rather to the Original, then succession of Bishops, he thought it needful to look at both, the latter being the best Clue in such intrinsic cases to find out the former.
18. Lastly, he professed himself unsatisfied in their answer, concerning the perpetual and unalterable substantials of Church Government, as expecting from them a more particular resolution therein, then what he had received.
19. Eleven days after the Parliament Divines put in their answer to his Majesty's last paper: Herein they affirmed, they saw not by what warrant this Writ of partition of the Apostles office was taken forth; that the Governing part should be in the hands of the Bishops; the Teaching and Sacramentizing in the Presbyters, Scripture making no such Inclosure or Partition-Wall. Besides, the challenge of Episcopacy is grown to more then it pretended to in ancient times; some Fathers acknowledging that Bishops differed from Presbyters, only in matter of Ordination.
20. The Abetters, say they, of this challenge, that they might resolve it at last into Scripture, ascend by the scale of succession going up the River to find the head, which like the head of Nile cannot be found. Such who would carry it higher, endeavor to imp it into an Apostolical Office, and at last call it a Divine institution, not by force of any express precept, but implicit practice of the Apostles.
21. They also returned that his Majesty's definition of Episcopal Government, is extracted out of the Bishops of later date then Scripturetimes.
21. Concerning the Ages succeeding the Apostles. However Episcopal Government was generally current, yet the superscription thereof was not judged Divine, by some of those which were themselves Bishops, or lived under that Government.
22. As they firmly believed, (as to matter of fact) that Chrysostom and Augustine were Bishops, as that Aristotle was a Philosopher, so they would rather call such a belief (grounded upon human Testimonies uncontroled) certain than infallible.
23. The darkness of the History of the Church in the times succeeding the Apostles, had an influence on the Catalogue-makers, who derived the Series of the succession of Bishops, taken much from tradition and Reports. And it is a great blemish of their Evidence, that the nearer they come to they Apostles times (wherein this should be most clear to establish the succession firm at the first ) they are most doubtful and contradictory one to the other.
24. They granted that a succession of men to feed and govern those Churches which by Ecclesiastical Writers, in compliance with the language of their own times, were called Bishops, but not distinct from Presbyters. So that if such a succession from the Primitive times, Seriatim were proved, they would either be found more then Bishops, as Apostles and extraordinary persons; or less, as merely first Presbyters, not having the three Essentials to Episcopal Government insisted on by his Majesty.
25. As for Ignatius, he cannot distinctly be known in Ignatius his Epistles, such their Insincerity, adulterate mixture, and Interpolations, and take him in gross, he is the Patron of such Rites, as the Church in that Age never owned.
26. They professed, that in their last Answer, they related not to a School-Nicety, Utrum Episcopatus sit Ordo vel Gradus, the question being stated by Popish Authors, to whom they had no Eye or Reference.
27. They humbly moved His Majesty, that the Regiments of Human Testimonies on both sides might be discharged the field, and the point of dispute tried alone by dint of holy Scripture.
28. They honored the pious intentions, and Magnificence, of his royal Progenitors, acknowledging the Ornamental Accessions to the Persons made no Substantial change in the Office; but still is remained to be proved that Primitive Episcopacy, and Present Hierarchy are the same.
29. They affirmed also that the power of Episcopacy under Christian and Pagan Princes, is one, and the same, though the exercise be not; but acknowledging the subordination thereof, to the sovereign power with their accountableness to the Laws of the Land.
30. They conclude with thanks to his Majesty's condescension in vouchsafing them the Liberty and Honor in examining his learned reply, praying God that a Pen in the hand of such Abilities, might ever be employed in a subject worthy thereof.
31. Some days after, his Majesty returned his last paper, wherein he not only acknowledgeth the great pains of these Divines to inform his judgment, according to their persuasions, but also took especial notice of their Civilities of the Application, both in the beginning and body of their Reply.
32. However he told them they mistook his meaning when they— of a Writ of Partition, as if his Majesty had cantoned out the Episcopal Government, one part to the Bishops, another to the Presbyterians alone, whereas his meaning was that the Office of teaching is common to both alike, but the other of Governing peculiar to Bishops alone.
33. I know not what Truth there was in (and by consequence what Truth is to be given to) their intelligence, who have reported and printed that in Order of a pacification his Majesty condescended.
- 1. That the Office of Ordination for the space of three years, should not be exercised by the Bishops without the assent of the Presbyterie, and if this did not please;
- 2. That it should be suspended until twenty of his own Nomination, consulting with the Synod, (assembled by the appointment of the Houses ) should determine some certainty, touching some Ecclesiastical Government.
- 3. That in the mean time, the Presbyterie should be settled for experimentsake.
- 4. That though he would not suffer Bishops Lands to be sold, and alienated from the Church, yet he permitted them to be Let out for ninety nine years, paying a small price yearly in Testimony of their Hereditary Right for the maintenance of Bishops.
- 5. That after that time expired, they should return to the Crown, to be employed for the use of the Church.
Here some presumed to know his Majesty's intention, that he determined with himself, in the interim to redeem them, by their own Revenues, and to refund them to Ecclesiastical uses, which is proportionable to his large heart, in matters of that nature.
34. Many now did hope for a happy Agreement betwixt the King and Parliament, when Divine Providence, (whose ways are often above Reason, but never against Right ) had otherwise ordered it; and seeing it was God's will, it shall be ours to submit thereunto. Oh what can a day bring forth! especially some pregnant day in the Crisis of Matters, producing more than what many barren years before beheld. The Kings person is seized on, and brought up to London, arraigned before a select Committee for that purpose, indicted, and upon his refusal to own their Authority, finally condemned. But these things belong to the Historian of the state, and this subject in itself is not so amiable and tempting, as to invite us to trespass in the property of others, in Courting the prosecution thereof.
35. My Cue of entrance is to come in, where the State-Writer doth go out, whose Pen hath always followed the Confessors, into the Chambers of dying people; and now must do its last Devoire to my gracious Master, in describing his pious death, and Solemn Burial.
36. Having received in himself the sentence of death, D r Juxon, Bishop of London, preached privately before Him, at S. James on the Sunday following; his text Romans 2. 16. In the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ, according to my Gospel.
37. Next Tuesday being the day of His dissolution, in the morning alone He received the Communion, from the hands of the said Bishop. At which time he read for the second lesson, the 27 th Chapters of S. Matthew, containing the history of the death and passion of our Savior. Communion ended, the King heartily thanked the Bishop for selecting so seasonable, and comfortable a portion of Scripture, seeing all human hope and happiness is founded on the sufferings of our Savior. The Bishop modestly disavowed any thanks due to himself, it being done merely by the direction of the Church of England, whose Rubric appointeth that Chapter the second morning-lesson for the thirtieth of January.
38. His hour drawing nigh, He passed thorough the Park to White-Hall. As He always was observed to walk very fast, so now He abated not any whit of His wonted pace. In His passage a sorry fellow, (seemingly some mean Citizen,) went abrest along with Him; and in an affront, often stared His Majesty in the face, which caused Him to turn it another way. The Bishop of London (though not easily angered) was much offended hereat, as done out of despiteful design, to discompose Him before His death, and moved the Captain of the guard, he might be taken away, which was done accordingly.
39. Entring on the floor of death, He asked of Colonel Tomlingson who attended there; whether He might have the liberty to dispose of His own body, as to the place and manner of the burial thereof? The Colonel answered that he could give his Majesty no account at all therein.
40. His Majesty held in his hand a small piece of paper, some four inches square, containing heads whereon in His speech He intended to dilate; and a tall soldier looking over the Kings shoulders read it, as the King held it in His hand. As for the speech which passeth in print for the Kings, though taken in short-hand, by one eminent therein, it is done so defectively, it deserveth not to be accounted His speech, by the testimony of such as heard it. His speech ended, He gave that small paper to the BP of London.
41. After His death, the officers demanded the paper of the Bishop; who, because of the depth of his pocket, smallness of that paper, and the mixture of others therewith, could not so soon produce it as was required. At last he brought it forth, but therewith the others were unsatisfied (jealousy is quick of growth) as not the same which His Majesty delivered unto him. When presently the soldier, whose rudeness (the bad cause of a good effect) had formerly over-inspected it in the Kings hand, attested this the very same paper, and prevented farther suspicions, which might have terminated to the Bishops trouble.
42. On the Wednesday sennight after, His Corpse embalmed, and coffined in lead, was delivered to the care of two of His servants, to be buried at Windsor. The one Anthony Mildmay, who formerly had been His Sewer, as I take it: the other John Joyner, bred first in His Majesty's Kitchen, afterwards a Parliament-Captain, since by them deputed (when the Scots surrendered His person) Cook to His Majesty. This night they brought the Corpse to Windsor, and digged a grave for it in S. George his Chapel, on the South side of the Communion-Table.
43. But next day the Duke of Richmond, the Marquess of Hertford, the Earls of South-Hampton, and Lindsey (others, though sent to, declining the service, so far was their fear above their gratitude to their dead Master) came to Windsor and brought with them two Votes, passed that morning in Parliament; Wherein the ordering of the Kings burial, for the form and manner thereof, was wholly committed to the Duke of Richmond, provided, that the expense thereof exceeded not five hundred pounds. Coming into the Castle, they shown their Commission to the Governor Colonel Wichcot, desiring to interr the Corpse, according to the Common-Prayer-Book of the Church of England. The rather, because the Parliaments total remitting the manner of the Burial to the Dukes discretion, implied a permission thereof. This the governor refused, alleging, it was improbable that the Parliament would permit the use of what so solemnly they had abolished, and therein destroy their own Act.
44. The Lord's returned, that there was a difference betwixt destroying their own act, and dispensing with it, or suspending the exercise thereof. That no power so bindeth up its own hands, as to disable itself in some cases, to recede from the rigor of their own acts, if they should see just occasion. All would not prevail, the Governor persisting in the negative, and the Lord's betook themselves to their sad employment.
45. They resolved not to interre the Corpse in the grave which was provided for it, but in a Vault, if the Chapel afforded any. Then fall they a searching, and in vain seek for one in King Henry the eighth His Chapel (where the tomb, intended for Him by Cardinal Wolsey, lately stood) because all there was solid earth. Besides, this place at the present, used for a Magazine, was unsuiting with a solemn sepulture. Then with their feet they tried the Choir, to see if a sound would confess any hollowness therein, and at last (directed by one of the aged poor Knights ) did light on a Vault in the middle thereof.
46. It was altogether dark (as made in the midst of the Choir) and an ordinary man could not stand therein without stooping, as not past five foot high. In the midst thereof lay a large leaden coffin (with the feet towards the East ) and a far less on the left side thereof. On the other side was room, neither to spare nor to want, for any other coffin of a moderate proportion.
47. That one of the Order was buried there, plainly appeared by perfect pieces of purple-velvet, (their proper habit) remaining therein. Though some pieces of the same velvet were fox-tawnie, and some coleblack (all eye of purple being put out therein,) though all originally of the same clothe, varying the color, as it met with more, or less moisture, as it lay in the ground.
48. Now a concurrence of presumptions concluded this great Coffin to contain the Corpse of King Henry the eighth, though there was neither Arms, not any inscription to evidence the same.
- 1. The place exactly corresponds to the designation of His burial, mentioned in His last Will and Testament.
- 2. The small Coffin, in all probability was His Queens, Jane Semaurs (by whom in His Will He desired to be buried) and the room on the other side seems reserved, for His surviving Wife, Queen Katherine Parr.
- 3. It was never remembered, nor recorded, that any Subject of that Order, was interred in the body of that Choir, but in by-Chapels.
- 4. An herse stood over this vault, in the days of Queen Elizabeth, which (because cumbering the passage) was removed in the reign of King James.
I know a tradition is whispered from mouth to mouth, that King Henry His body was taken up, and burned in the reign of Queen Mary, and could name the Knight (Her Privy-Counselor, and then dwelling not far off) muttered to be employed in this inhumane action. This prevailed so far on the Lord Herberts belief, that he closeth his History of King Henry the eighth, with these suspicious words. To conclude, I wish I could leave Him in His grave. But there is no certainty hereof, and more probable that here He quietly was reposed. The lead-coffin, being very thin was at this time casually broken, and some yellow stuff, altogether sentless, like powder of gold, taken out of it (conceived some exsicative gumms wherewith He was embalmed) which the Duke caused to be put in again, and the Coffin closed up.
49. The Vault thus prepared, a scarce of lead was provided some two foot long, and five inches broad, therein to make an inscription. The Letters the Duke himself did delineate, and then a workman called to cut them out with a Chesil. It bare some debate, whether the letters should be made in those concavities to be cut out, or in the solid lead betwixt them. The latter was concluded on, because such vacuities are subject to be soon filled up with dust, and render the inscription less legible, which was
The Plummer souldred it to the Coffin, about the breast of the Corpse, within the same.
50. All things thus in readiness, the Corpse was brought to the vault, being borne by the soldiers of the Garrison. Over it a black velvet hersecloth, the four labels whereof the four Lord's did support. The Bishop of London stood weeping by, to tender that his service which might not be accepted. Then was It deposited in silence and sorrow, in the vacant place in the vault (the herse-cloth being cast in after it) about three of the clock in the afternoon; and the Lord's that night (though late) returned to London.
XVII. CENTURIE.
1. THe sad news of King James his death was soon brought to White-hall, at that very instant, when D r Land Bishop of S t David's, was preaching therein. This caused him to break off his Sermon in the midst thereof, out of civil compliance with the sadness of the congregation: and the same day was King Charles proclaimed at White-Hall.
2. On the fourteenth of May following King James his funerals were performed very solemnly, in the Collegiate-Church at Westminster, his lively statue being presented on a magificent Herse. King Charles was present thereat. For, though modern state used of late to lock up the chief Mourner in his Chamber, where his grief must be presumed too great for public appearance; yet the King caused this ceremony of sorrow so to yield to the substance thereof, and pomp herein to stoop to piety, that in his person he sorrowfully attended the funerals of his Father.
3. D r . Williams, Lord Keeper and Bishop of Lincoln, preached the Sermon, taking for his Text 2 Chron. 9. 29, 30. and part of the 31, verse. containing the happy reign, quiet death, and stately burial of King Solomon. The effect of his Sermon was to advance a parallel betwixt two peaceable Princes, King Solomon and King James. A parallel which willingly went, (not to say ran of its own accord) and when it chanced to stay, was fairly led on by the art, and ingenoitie of the Bishop, not enforcing, but improving the conformity betwixt these two Kings in ten particulars, all expressed in the Text, as we read in the vulgar Latin somewhat different from the new Translation.
Be it here remembered, that in this Parallel the Bishop premised to set forth Solomon, not in his full proportion, faults and all, but half-faced (imagine lusca as Apelles painted Antigonus to conceal the want of his eye) adding, that Solomon's vices could be no blemish to King James, who resembled him only in his choicest virtues. He concluded all with that verse Ecclesiasticus 30. 4. Though his Father die, yet he is as though he were not dead, for he hath left one behind him that is like himself: in application to his present Majesty.
4. Some Auditors, who came thither rather to observe than edify, cavil than observe, found, or made faults in the Sermon, censuring him for touching too often, and staying too long on an harsh string, three times straining the same, making eloquence too essential, and so absolutely necessary in a King, that the want thereof made Moses in a manner refuse all Government though offered by God: that no man ever got great power without eloquence; Nere being the first of the Caesar's qui alienae facundiae eguit, who usurped another man's language to speak for him. Expressions which might be forborne in the presence of his Son, and Successor, whose impediment in speech was known to be great, and mistook to be greater. Some conceived him too long in praising the passed, too short in promising for the present King (though saying much of him in a little) and the Bishops Adversaries (whereof then no want at Court) some took distaste, others made advantage thereof. Thus is it easier, and better for us to please one God, than many men with our Sermons. However the Sermon was publicly set forth by the Printer (but not the express command) of his Majesty, which gave but the steddier Mark to his enemies, noting the marginal notes thereof, and making all his Sermon the text of their captious interpretations.
5. Now began animosities to discover themselves in the Court, whose sad influences operated many years after, many being discontented that on this change they received not proportionable advancement to their expectations. It is the prerogative of the King of Heaven alone, that he maketh all his Sons Heirs, all his Subjects Favorites, the gain of one being no loss to the other. Whereas the happiest Kings on Earth are unhappy herein, that unable to gratify all their Servants (having many Suitors for the same place) by conferring a favor on one, they disoblige all other competitors, conceiving themselves, as they make the estimate of their own deserts, as much (if not more) meriting the same preferment.
6. As for Doctor Preston he still continued, and increased in the favor of the King, and Duke; it being much observed, that on the day of King James his death, he rode with Prince, and Duke, in a Coach shut down from Theobalds to London, applying comfort now to one now to the other, on so sad an occasion. His party would persuade us, that he might have chose his own mitre, much commending the moderation of his mortified mind, denying all preferment which courted his acceptance; verifying the Anagram which a friend of his made on his name Johannes Prestonius, Enstas pius in honor. Indeed he was conceived to hold the Helme of his own party, able to steer it to what point he pleased, which made the Duke [as yet] much to desire his favor.
7. A book came forth called Appello Caesarem made by M. Montague. He formerly had been Fellow of Kings College in Cambridge, at the present a Parson of Essex and Fellow of Eaton. One much skilled in the Fathers, and Ecclesiastical Antiquity, and in the Latin and Greek Tongues. Our great Antiquarie confesseth as much ( Greece simul & Latin doctus ) though pens were brandished betwixt them: and virtues allowed by ones adversary may pass for undeniable truths. These his great parts were attended with tartness of writing, very sharp the neb of his pen, and much gall in his ink, against such as▪ opposed him. However, such the equability of the sharpness of his style he was impartial therein, be he ancient or modern writer, Papist or Protestant, that stood in his way, they should all equally taste thereof.
8. Passe we from the Author to his Book, whereof this was the occasion. He had lately written satyrically enough against the Papists in consutation of The Gagger of Protestants: Now two Divines of Norwich Dioces, M r . Yates, and M r . Ward informed against him for dangerous errors of Arminianism and Popery, deserting our cause, instead of defending it. M. Montague, in his own vindication, writes a second Book licensed by Francis White, Dean of Carlisle, finished, and partly printed in the reign of James, to whom the Author intended the dedication. But on King James his death, it seems it descended by succession on King Charles his Son, to whom M r . Montague applied the words which Ockam once used to Louis of Bavier, Emperor of Germany, Domine Imperator defend me gladio, & ego te defendam calamo, Lord Emperor defend me with thy Sword, and I will defend thee with my Pen. Many bitter passages in this his Book gave great exception, whereof largely, hereafter.
9. On Sunday being the twelfth of June, about seven of the clock at night, Queen Marie landed at Dover: at what time a piece of Ordinance being discharged from the Castle, flew in fitters, yet did nobody any harm. Moe were fearful at the presage, than thankful for the providence. Next day, the King coming from Canterbury, met her at Dover, whence with all solemnity she was conducted to Sommerset-House in London, where a Chapel was new prepared for her devotion, with a Covent adjoining of Capuchin-Friers, according to the Articles of her Marriage.
10. A Parliament began at London, wherein the first Statute agreed upon, was for the more strict observation of the Lord's-day. Which day, as it first honored the King (His Reign beginning thereon) so the King first honored it by passing an Act for the greater solemnity thereof. The House of Commons fell very heavy on M r . Montague, for many bitter passages in his Book: who in all probability, had now been severely censured, but that the King himself was pleased to interpose in his behalf; signifying to the House, That those things which were then spoken, and determined concerning Montague, without his Privitie, did not please Him; who by his Court-friends being employed in the Kings Service, his Majesty signifiyed to the Parliament that he thought his Chaplains (whereof M r . Montague was one) might have as much protection as the Servant of an ordinary Burgess: nevertheless his bond of two thousand pounds wherewith he was tailed, continued uncancelled, and was called on the next Parliament.
11. The Plague increasing in London, the Parliament was removed to Oxford. But alas! no avoiding God's hand. The infection followed, or rather met the Houses there, (whereof worthy D r . Challenor died, much lamented) yet were the Members of Parliament, not so careful to save their own persons from the Plague, as to secure the Land from a worse, and more spreading contagion, the daily growth of Popery. In prevention whereof they presented a Petition to his Majesty, containing sixteen particulars, all which were most graciously answered by his Majesty, to their full satisfaction. Thus this meeting began hopefully, and cheerfully; proceeded turbulently, and suspiciously; brake off suddenly, and sorrowfully; the reason whereof is to be fetched from our Civil Historians.
12. The Convocation kept here, is scarce worth the mentioning, seeing little the appearance thereat, nothing the performance therein. Dean Bowles, the Prolocurour, absented himself for fear of infection, D r . Thomas Good officiating in his place, and their meeting was kept in the Chapel of Merton-College. Here D r . James that great Book-man, made a motion, that all Manuscript-Fathers in the Libraries of the Universities, and elsewhere in England, might be perused, and that such places in them as had been corrupted in Popish editions (much superstition being generated from such corruptions ) might faithfully be printed, according to those ancient Copies. Indeed, though England at the dissolving of Abbeys lost moe Manuscripts than any Country of Christendom (of her dimensions) ever had, yet still enough were left her, if well improved, to evidence the truth herein to all posterity. This design might have been much beneficial to the Protestant cause, if prosecuted with as great endeavor, as it was propounded with good intention: but, alas! this motion was ended, when it was ended, expiring in the place with the words of the mover thereof.
13. The King according to his late answer in the Parliament at Ox. issued out a Commission to the Judges to see the Law against Recusants put in execution. This was read in all the Courts of Judicature at Reading (where Michaelmas Terme was kept) and a letter directed to the Arch-bishop of Cant. to take special care for the discovery of Jesuits, Seminary Priests &c. within his Province. A necessary severity, seeing Papists (presuming on Protection by reason of the late Match) were grown very insolent. And a Popish Lord when the King was at Chapel was heard to prate on purpose louder in a Gallery adjoining then the Chaplain prayed, whereat the King was so moved that he sent him this message; Either come and do as we do, or I will make you prate further off.
14. In this, and the next year, many Books from persons of several abilities, and professions, were written against M r . Montague, By
- 1. D r . Sutcliffe, Dean of Exeter. One who was miles emeritus, age giving him a Supersedeas, save that his zeal would employ itself, and some conceived, that his choler became his old age.
- 2. M r . Henry Burton, who then began to be well (as afterwards wards too well) known to the World.
- 3. M r . Francus Rowse, a Lay-man by profession.
- 4. M r . Yates, a Minister of Norfolk, formerly a Fellow of Emmanuel in Cambridge: he entitles his Book Ibus ad Caesarem.
- 5. D r . Carleton, Bishop of Chichester.
- 6. Anthony Wootton, Divinity-Professor in Gresham-College.
In this Army of Writers the strength is conceived to consist in the rere, and that the last wrote the solidest confutations. Of these six, Dean Sutcliffe is said to have chode heartily, M r . Rowse meant honestly, M r . Burton wrote plainly, Bishop Carleton very piously, M r . Yates learnedly, and M r . Wootton most solidly.
15. I remember not at this time any of Master Montague's party engaged in print in his behalf. Whether, because they conceived this their Champion, sufficient of himself to encounter all opposers; or, because they apprehended it unsafe (though of the same judgment) to justify a Book which was grown so generally offensive. Insomuch as his Majesty himself, sensible of his Subjects great distaste thereat (sounded by the Duke of Buckingham to that purpose) was resolved to leave Mr. Montague to stand or fall, according to the justice of his cause. The Duke imparted as much to Dr. Laud, Bishop of Saint David's, who conceived it of such ominous concernment, that he entered the same in his Diarie, viz. I seem to see a cloud arising, and threatening the Church of England, God for his mercy dissipate it.
16. The day of the Kings Coronation drawing near, his Majesty sent to survey, and peruse the Regalia, or Royal Ornaments; which then were to be used. It happened that the left wing of the Dove on the Scepter was quite broken off, by what casualty God himself knows. The King sent for Mr. Acton then his Goldsmith, commanding him that the very same should be set on again. The Goldsmith replied, that it was impossible to be done so fairly, but that some mark would remain thereof. To whom the King in some passion returned, If you will not do it, another shall. Hereupon Mr. Acton carried it home, and got another Dove of Gold to be artificially set on; whereat, when brought back, his Majesty was well contented, as making no discovery thereof.
17. The Bishop of Lincoln, Lord-Keeper, was now daily descendant in the Kings favor; who so highly distasted him, that he would not have him, as Dean of Westminster, to perform any part of His Coronation; yet so (was it a favor, or a trial?) that it was left to his free choice, to prefer any Prebendary of the Church to officiate in his place. The Bishop met with a Dilemma herein. To recommend Dr. Laud, Bishop of Saint David's (and Prebendary of Westminster ) for that performance, was to grace one of his greatest enemies: to pass him by, and prefer a private Prebendary for that purpose before a Bishop, would seem unhandsome, and be interpreted a neglect of his own Order. To avoid all exceptions, he presented a list of all the Prebendaries of that Church, referring the election to his Majesty himself, who made choice of Dr. Laud, Bishop of Saint David's, for that attendance.
18. Dr. Senhouse, Bishop of Carlisle (Chaplain to the King when Prince) preached at the Coronation; his text,— And I will give unto thee a Crown of life. In some sort it may be said, that he preached his own funeral, dying shortly after; and even then the black Jaundice had so possessed him (a disease which hangs the face with mourning as against its burial) that all despaired of his recovery. Now, seeing this Coronation cometh within (if not the pales and Park) the purlews of Ecclesiastical History, we will present so much thereof, as was acted in the Church of Westminster. Let Heralds marshall the solemnity of their advance from Westminster-Hall to this Church, where our pen takes the first possession of this subject.
19. But first we will premise the equipage, according to which they advanced from Westminster-Hall, to the Abbey-Church, in order as followeth.
- 1. The Aldermen of London two by two, ushered by an Herald.
- 2. Eightie Knights of the Bath in their Robes, each having an Esquire to support, and Page to attend him.
- 3. The Kings Serjeants at Law, Solicitor, Attorney, Masters of Request, and Judges.
- 4. Privy-Counselors that were Knights, and chief Officers of the Kings Household.
- 5. Barons of the Kingdom, all bareheaded, in their Parliament-Robes, with swords by their sides.
- 6. The Bishops with Scarlet-gowns, and Lawn-sleeves, bare-headed.
- 7. The Vice-Counts, and Earls (not in their Parliament, but) in their Coronation-Robes, with Coronetted-Caps on their Heads.
- 8. The Officers of State for the day; whereof these are the principal.
| The Earl of Dorset | carrying | The first | Sword naked. |
| The Earl of Essex | The second | ||
| The Earl of Kent | The third | ||
| The Earl of Montgomerie | The Spurs. | ||
| The Earl of Sussex | The Globe, and Cross upon it. | ||
| The Bishop of London | The Golden Cup | for the Communion. | |
| The Bishop of Winchester | The Golden Plate | ||
| The Earl of Rutland | The Scepter. | ||
| The Marquess Hammilton | The Sword of State naked. | ||
| The Earl of Pembroke | The Crown. |
The Lord Major in a crimson Velvet gown, carried a short Scepter before the King, amongst the Serjeants. But I am not satisfied in the criticalness of his place.
The Earl of Arundel, as Earl-Marshall of England, and the Duke of Buckingham, as Lord High-Constable of England for that day, went before his Majestity in this great solemnity.
20. The King entered at the West-gate of the Church, under a rich Canopy carried by the Barons of the Cinque-Ports, his own person being supported by Dr. Neyle Bishop of Durham on the one hand; and Dr. Lake, Bishop of Bath and Wells, on the other. His train being six yards long of purple Velvet, was held up by the Lord Compton (as belonging to the Robes) and the Lord Viscount Dorcester. Here he was met by the Prebends of Westminster (Bishop Laud supplying the Dean his place) in their rich Copes, who delivered into his Majesty's hand the Staff of King Edward the Confessor, with which he walked upto the Scaffold.
21. This was made of wood at the upper end of the Church, from the Choir to the Altar. His Majesty mounted it, none under the degree of a Baron standing thereon, save only the Prebends of Westminster who attended on the Altar, three Chaires were appointed for him in several places; one of Repose, the second the ancient Chair of Coronation, and the third (placed on an high square of five Stairs ascent) being the Chair of State.
22. All being settled and reposed, the Lord Archbishop did present his Majesty to the Lord's and Commons, East, West, North, South, asking their minds four several times, if they did consent to the Coronation of King Charles their lawful Sovereign. The King mean time presented himself bare-headed: the consent being given four times with great acclamation, the King took his Chair of repose.
23. After the Sermon (whereof before) the L. Archbishop, invested in a rich Coape, tendered to the King (kneeling down on cushions at the Communion-Table ) a large Oath, then were his Majesty's Robes taken off him, and were offered on the Altar. He stood for a while stripped to his Doublet and Hose, which were of white Satten (with Ribbons on the Arms and Shoulders, to open them) and he appeared a proper Person to all that beheld him. Then was he led by the L. Archbishop and the Bishop of St. David's, and placed in the Chair of Coronation (a close Canopy being spread over him) the L. Archbishop anointing his head, shoulders, arms, and hands with a costly ointment, the Choir singing an Anthem of these words, Zadok the Priest anointed King Solomon.
24. Hence the King was led up in his Doublet and Hose with a white Coyfe on his head to the Communion Table, where Bishop Laud (Deputy for the Dean of Westminster ) brought forth the ancient Habiliments of King Edward the Confessor, and put them upon him. Then was his Majesty brought back to the Chair of Coronation, and received the Crown of King Edward (presented by Bishop Laud, and) put on his head by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The Choir singing an Anthem, Thou shalt put a Crown of pure Gold upon his head. Whereupon the Earls and Viscounts put on their Crimson Velvet Caps with Coronets about them (the Barons and Bishops always standing bare headed) Then every Bishop came severally to his Majesty to bring his benediction upon him, and he in King Edwards Robes with the Crown upon his head, rose from his Chair, and did bow severally to every Bishop apart.
25. Then was King Edwards Sword girt about him, which he took off again and offered up at the Communion Table with two Swords more (surely not in relation to Scotland and Ireland, but to some ancient Princi palities his Predecessors enjoyed in France. ) Then the Duke of Buckingam (as Master of the Horse ) put on his Spurres, and thus completely crowned; his Majesty offered first Gold, then Silver at the Altar, and afterwards Bread and Wine which were to be used at the holy Communion.
26. Then was his Majesty conducted by the Nobility to the Throne upon that square B • fs of five ascents, the Choir singing Te deum. Here his Majesty took an Oath of homage from the Duke of Buckingam (as Lord high Constable for that day) and the Duke did swear all the Nobility besides to be Homagers to his Majesty at his Majesty's knees.
27. Then as many Earls and Barons as could conveniently stand about the Thrane, did lay their hands on the Crown on his Majesty's head, protesting to spend their bloods, to maintain it to him and his lawful Heirs. The Bishops severally kneeled down, but took no oath as the Barons did, the King kissing everyone of them.
28. Then the King took a Scrowle of parchment out of his bosom and gave it to the Lord Keeper Williams, who re • d it to the Commons four several times, East, West, North and South. The effect whereof was, that his Majesty did offer a pardon to all his Subjects-who would take it under his Broad-Seal.
29. From the Throne, his Majesty was conducted to the Communion Table, where the Lord Archbishop kneeling on the North side, read prayers in the Choir; and sung the Nicene Creed. The Bishop of Landaff and N •• ich, read the Epistle and Gospel, with whom the Bishops of Durham and St. David's in rich Copes kneeled with his Majesty and received the Communion; the bread, from the Archbishop, the wine, from the Bishop of St. David's, his Majesty receiving last of all, whilst Gloria in excelsis was sung by the Choir, and some prayers read by the Archbishop concluded the solemnity.
30. The King after he had disrobed himself in King Edwards Chapel, came forth in a short Robe of red Velvet girt unto him, lined with Ermins, and a Crown of his own on his head set with very precious stones, and thus the Train going to the Barges on the water side returned to White Hall in the same order wherein they came, about three a clock in the afternoon.
31. I have insisted the longer on this Subject moved thereunto by this consideration, that if it be the last Solemnity performed on an English King in this kind, Posterity will conceive my pains well bestowed, because on the last. But if hereafter Divine providence shall assign England another King, though the transactions herein be not wholly precedentiall, something of State may be chosen out grateful for imitation.
32. And here if a Blister was not, it deserved to be on the fingers of that scandalous Pamphleteer, who hath written that King Charles was not Crowned like other Kings. Whereas all essentills of his Coronation were performed with as much ceremony as ever before, and all Robes of State used according to ancient prescription. But if he indulged his own fancy for the color of his clothes, a White Sute &c. Persons meaner than Princes, have in greater matters assumed as much libery to themselves.
33. Indeed one Solemnity (no part of, but preface to the Coronation ) was declined on good consideration. For whereas the Kings of England used to ride from the Tower, through the City to Westminster; King Charles went thither by water, out of double providence, to save health and wealth thereby. For though the infectious Air in the City of London had lately been corrected with a sharp Winter, yet was it not so amended, but that a just suspicion of danger did remain. Besides such a procession would have cost him threescore thousand Pounds, to be disbursed on Scarler for his Train. A sum which if then demanded of his Exchequer, would scarce receive a satisfactory answer thereunto; and surely some who since condemn him for want of state, in omitting this Royal Pageant, would have condemned him more for prodigality, had he made use thereof.
34. As for any other alterations in Prayers or Ceremonies, though heavily charged on Bishop Laud, are since conceived by impartial people, done by a Committee, wherein (though the Bishop accused as most active) others did equally consent. Indeed a passage not in fashion, since the Reign of King Henry the sixth, was used in a prayer at this time. Obtineat gratiam huic populo sicut Aaron in Tabernaculo, Elisha in Fluvio, Zacharias in Templo, sit Petrus in Clave, Paulus in Dogmate. Let him obtain favor for this people like Aaron in the Tabernacle, Elisha in the Waters, Zacharias in the Temple, give him Peters Key of dicipline, Paul's Doctrine. This I may call a Protestant passage, though anciently used in Popish times, as fixing more spiritual power in the King, than the Pope will willingly allow, jealous that any should finger Peters Keys save himself.
35. A few days after a Parliament began, wherein M r . Montague was much troubled about his Book, but made a fhift by his powerful Friends to save himself. During the sitting whereof, at the instance and procurement of Robert Rich Earl of Warwick, a conference was Kept in York house, before the Duke of Buckingam and other Lord's, betwixt Dr. Buckridge, Bishop of Rochester, and Dr. White, Dean of Carlisle, on the one side, and Dr. Morton Bishop of Coventry, and Dr. Preston on the other, about Arminian points, and chiefly the possibility of one elected to fall from grace. The passages of which conference ar • variously reported. For it is not in tongue combats, as in other battails, where the victory cannot be disguised, as discovering itself in keeping the field, number of the slain, Captives, and Colours taken. Whilest here no such visible effects appearing, the persons present were left to their liberty, to judge of the Conquest, as each one stood affected. However William Earl of Pembroke was heard to say, that none returned Arminians thence, save such who repaired thither with the same opinions.
36. Soon after a second conference was entertained, in the same place, on the same points, before the same Persons; betwixt Dr. White Dean of Carlisle, and Mr. Montague, on the on side; and Dr. Morton, Bishop of Lichfield, and Dr. Preston on the other. Dr. Preston carried it clear at the first, by dividing his adversaries, who quickly perceiving their error, pieced themselves together in a joint opposition against him. The passages also of this conference, are as differently related as the former. Some making it a clear conquest on one, some on the other side, and a third sort a drawn battle betwixt both. Thus the success of these meetings, answered neither the commendable intentions, nor hopeful expectations, of such who procured them. Now whilst other dare say, Universally of such conferences, what David saith of mankind, that of them there is none that doth good, no not one, we dare only intimate, that (what Statesmen observe of Interviews betwixt Princes; so) these conferences betwixt Divines rather increase the differences than abate them.
37. The Bishop of Lincoln fell now through the Dukes, into the Kings displeasure; and such who will read the late letters in the Cabala, may conjecture the cause thereof, but the certainty we leave to be reported by the Historians of the State; belonging in his Episcopal capacity to my pen, but as Lord Keeper properly to theirs.
38. The Bishop finding his own tottering condition, addressed himself to all who had intimacie with the Duke to reingratiate himself. But such After-games at Court seldom succeed. All would not do, for as Amicus omnium optimus was part of the Dukes Epitaph , so no fiercer foe when displeased, and nothing under the Bishops removal from his office would give him satisfaction.
39. Sir John Suckling was sent unto him from the King, to demand the broad Seal of him, which the cautious Bishop refused to surrender into his hands, to prevent such uses as might be made thereof (by him or others ) in the interval betwixt this resigning it, and the Kings conferring it on another; but he charily locked it up in a Box, and sent the Box by the Knight, and Key thereof enclosed in a letter to his Majesty.
40. However his bruise was the less, because he fell but from the first Loft and saved himself on the second Floere. Outed his Lord Keepership, but keeping his Bishopric of Lincoln and Deanarie of Westminster, though forced to part with the Kings Purse, he held his own and that well replenished; And now he is retired to Bugden-great, where, whither greater his anger at his enemies for what he had lost, or gratitude to God, for what he had left, though others may conjecture, his own Conscience only could decide. Here we leave him at his hospitable Table, where sometimes he talked so loud, that his discourse at the second hand was heard to London, by those who bare no good will unto him.
41. An old Hall turned into a new College, was this year finished at Oxford. This formerly was called Broadegates Hall and had many Students therein, amongst whom Edmund Bonner afterwards Bishop of London ( Scholar enough and Tyrant too much ) had his education. But this place was not endowed with any Revenues till about this time, for Thomas Tisdale of Glimpton in the County of Oxford Esquire, bequeathed five thousand Pounds, wherewith Lands were purchased to the value of two hundred and fifty pounds per annum, for the maintenance of seven Fellowes and six Scholars. Afterwards Richard Wightwick Bachelor of Divinity, Rector of East-Isle in Barkshire, gave Lands to the yearly value of one hundred pounds, for the maintenance of three Fellowes and four Scholars; whereupon petition being made to King James, this new College was erected, and a Charter of Mortmain of seven hundred pounds per annum, granted thereunto.
42. It was called Pembrook College, partly in respect to William Earl of Pembrook, then Chancellor of the University, partly in expectation to receive some favor from him. And probably had not that noble Lord died suddenly soon after, this College might have received more than a bare Name from him. The best, where a Child hath rich parents it needeth the less any gifts from the Godfather.
| Masters | Benefactors | Bishops | Learned Writers. |
|
1 Dr. Clayton 2 Dr. Langley |
King Charles, who gave the Patronage of St. Aldates the Church adjoining. |
So that this College consisteth of a Master, ten Fellowes, and ten Scholars with other Students and Officers to the number of one hundred sixty nine.
43. The Doctor and the Duke were both of them unwilling to an openbreach, loved for to temporise and wait upon events. Surely Temperise here is taken in the Apostle sense, according to some copies, serving the Times. And henceforwards the Duke resolved to shake off the Doctor, who would not stick close unto him, betaking himself to the opposite Interest. Nor was the other surprised herein, as expecting the alteration long before.
44. By the late conferences at York-house it appeared, that by the Dukes cold carriage towards him (and smiling on his Opponents ) Dr. Preston was now entering into the Autumn of the Dukes favor. Indeed they were well met, each observing, neither trusting other (as I read in the Doctors Life, written by his judicious Pupil.)
45. This year concluded the life of Arthur Lakes, Warden of New-College in Oxford, Master of St. Crosses, Dean of Worcester, and at last promoted Bishop of Bath and Wells, not so much by the power of his Brother Sir Thomas (Secretary to King James ) as his own desert; as one whose piety may be justly exemplary to all of his Order. He seldom (if at all) is said to have dreamt, justly imputed, not to the dullness of his fancy, in which faculty he had no defect, but to the staidness of his judgment, wherein he did much excel, as by his learned Sermons doth appear.)
46. About the sametime Lancelot Andrew's ended his religious life, born at Alhollows-Barking in London, Scholar, Fellow, and Master of Pembrook-Hall in Cambridge. Then Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Chicester, Eli, and at last of Winchester. The world wanted learning to know how learned this Man was, so skilled in all (especially oriental ) Languages, that some conceive he might (if then living) almost have served as an INTERPRETER GENERALL at the confusion of Tongues. Nor are the Fathers more faithfully cited in his books, than lively copied out in his countenance and carriage, his gravity in a manner awing King James, who refrained from that mirth and liberty, in the presence of this Prelate, which otherwise he assumed to himself. He lieth buried in the Chapel of St. Mary Overees, having on his Monument a large, elegant , and TRUE Epitaph.
47. Since his death some have unjustly snarld at his memory, accusing him for covetousness, who was neither rapax, to get by unjust courses (as a professed enemy to usury, simony, and bribery: ) nor tenax, to hold money when just occasion called for it: for in his life time he repaired all places he lived in, and at his death left the main of his Estate to pious uses. Indeed he was wont to say, that Good Husbandry was good Divinity, the truth whereof no wise man will deny.
48. Another falls foully upon him for the ornaments of his Chapel as Popish and superstitious, in the superabundant ceremonies thereof. To which I can say little; but this I dare affirm, that wheresoever he was a Parson, a Dean, or a Bishop, he never troubled Parish, College, or Diocese with pressing other ceremonies upon them, then such which he found used there before his coming thither. And it had not been amiss, if such who would be accounted his friends and admirers, had followed him in the footsteps of his moderation, content with the enjoying, without the enjoining their private practices, and opinions, on others.
49. As for such who causelessly have charged his Sermons as affected, and surcharged with verbal allusions, when they themselves have set forth the like, it will then be time enough to make this Bishops first defense, against their calumniations. Nor is it a wonder that the M • sters Pen, was so in his writings, whose very Servant (a Lay man) was so successful in the same: I mean Mr. Henry Isackson (lately gone to God) the industrious Author of the useful Chronology.
50. It is pity to part this Patron from his Chaplain, Nicholas Fuller, born, as I take it, in Hampshire, bred in Oxford, where he was Tutor to Sir Henry Walhop, who afterwards preferred him to the small Parsonage of Aldingeton in Wiltshire: And Robert Abbot, Bishop of Salisbury, made him Canon of that Church. Afterwards a Living of great value was sent by Bishop Andrew's (the Patron thereof) on the welcome errand to find out Mr. Fuller to accept the same, who was hardly contented to be surprised with a presentation thereunto; such his love to his former small Living and retired life. He was the Prince of all our English Critics; And whereas men of that tribe are generally morose, so that they cannot dissent from another without disdaining, nor oppose without inveighing against him, it is hard to say whether more candor, learning, or judgment, was blended in his Miscellanies. By discovering how much Hebrew there is in the New-Testament-Greek, he cleereth many real difficulties from his verbal observations.
51. A Commission was granted unto five Bishops (whereof Bishop Laud of the Quorum ) to suspend Archbishop Abbot from exercising his Authority any longer, because uncanonicall for casual Homicide; the proceeding against him being generally condemned as over-rigid and severe.
- 1. The Act was committed seven years since, in the reign of King James.
- 2. On a Commission then appointed for that purpose, he was cleared from all Irregularity, by Bishop Andrew's, in Divinity; Sir Ed. Coke, in Common; and Sir Henr. Martin, in Canon Law.
- 3. It would be of dangerous consequence to condemn him by the Canons of foreign Councils, which never were allowed any Legislative Power in this Land.
- 4. The Archbishop had manifested much remorse and self-affliction, for this (rather sad than sinful ) act.
- 5. God may be presumed to have forgotten so much as there was of fault in the fact, and why then should man remember it:
- 6. Ever since he had executed his Jurisdiction without any interruption.
- 7. The Archbishop had both feet in the Grave, and all his whole Body likely soon after to follow them.
- 8. Such heighsning of Casual-Homicide, did • avour of Intentional malice.
The truth is, the Archbishops own stiffness and averseness to comply with the Court-Designes, advantaged his Adversaries against him, and made him the more obnoxious to the Kings displeasure. But the blame did most light on Bishop Laud, men accounting this a kind of Filius ante diem, &c. As if not content to succeed, he indeavored to supplant him; who might well have suffered his decayed old age to have died in honor: What needs the felling of the tree a falling?
52. However a double good accrued hereby to the Archbishop. First, he became the more beloved of Men: (the Country hath constantly a blessing for those, for whom the Court hath a curse. ) And secondly, he may charitably be presumed to love God the more, whose service he did the better attend, being freed from the drudgery of the World, as that soul which hath the least of Martha, hath the most of Mary therein.
53. And although this Archbishop survived some years after, yet it will be seasonable here for us to take a fair farewell of his memory, seeing henceforward he was buried to the World. He was bred in Oxford, Master of University College; an excellent Preacher, as appears by his Lectures on Jonah; Chaplain to the Earl of Dunbar (with whom he was once solemnly sent by King James into Scotland to preach there) and afterwards by his means promoted to the Arch-bishop-rick of Canterbury, haply according to his own; but sure I am above, if not against, the expectations of others; A grave man in his conversavion, and unblameable in his life.
54. Indeed it is charged on him that non amavit Gentem nostram, he loved not our Nation, forsaking the Birds of his own feather to fly with others, and generally favoring the Laity above the Clergy, in all cases brought before him. But this he endeavored to excuse to a private friend, by protesting he was himself so severe to the Clergy on purpose to rescue them from the severity of others, and to prevent the punishment of them from Lay Judges to their greater shame.
55. I also read in a nameless Author, that towards his death he was not only discontented himself, but his house was the randezvouz of all male-contents in Church and State: making mid-night of noon-day, by constant keeping of candles light in his Chamber and Study; as also such visitants as repaired unto him, called themselves Nicodemits, because of their secret addresses. But a credible person, and one of his nearest relations knew nothing thereof, which with me much shaketh the probability of the report. And thus we leave this Archbishop, and the rest of his praises to be reported by the poor people of Gilford in Surrey, where he founded and endowed a fair Alms-house in the Town of his Nativity.
56. The Kings Treasury now began to grow low, and his expenses to mount high. No wonder then if the Statesmen were much troubled to make up the distance betwixt his Exchequer and his Occasions. Amongst other designs, the Papists in Ireland (taking advantage of the Kings wants) proffered to pay constantly 5000 Men, if they might but enjoy a Toleration. But that motion was crushed by the Bishops opposing it, and chiefly by Bishop Dounhams sermon in Dublin, on this Text, Luke 1. 74. That we being delivered from the hands of our Enemies might serve him without fear.
57. Many a man, sunk in his Estate in England, hath happily recovered it by removing into Ireland; whereas, by a contrary motion, this project, bankrupt in Ireland, presumed to make itself up in England: Where the Papists promised to maintain a proportion of Ships, on the aforesaid condition, of free exercise of their Religion. Some were desirous the King should accept their tender, who might lawfully take what they were so forward to give, seeing no injury is done to them who are willing.
58. It was urged on the other side, that where such willingness to be injured proceeds from the Principle of an erroneous conscience, there their simplicity ought to be informed, not abused. Grant Papists so weak as to buy, Protestants should be more honest than to sell such base wares unto them. Such Ships must needs spring many leaks, rig'd, victualed, and manned withil-gotten money, gained by the sale of Souls. And here all the objections were revived, which in the reign of King James were improved against such a Toleration.
59. Here Sir John Savil interposed, that if the King were pleased but to call on the Recusants to pay thirds (legally due to the Crown) it would prove a way more effectual and less offensive to raise a mass of Money: it being but just, who were so rich and free to purchase new Privileges, should first pay their old Penalties. This motion was listened unto, and Sir John (with some others) appointed for that purpose in the Counties beyond Trent, scarce a third of England in ground, but almost the half thereof for the growth of Recusants therein. But whether the Returns seasonably furnished the Kings occasions is to me unknown.
60. It is suspicious that all such Projects to quench the thirst of the Kings necessities proved no better then sucking-bottles, soon emptied, & but cold the liquor they afforded. Nothing so natural as the milk of the breast, I mean Subsidies granted by Parliament, which the King at this time assembled. But alas, to follow the Metaphor, both the breasts, the two Houses, were so sore with several grievances, that all money came from them with much pain and difficulty; the rather, because they complained of Doctrines destructive to their propriety, lately preached at Court.
61. For towards the end of this Session of Parliament Dr. Manwaring was severely censured for two Sermons he had preached and printed about the power of the Kings Prerogative. Such is the precipice of this matter (wherein each casual slip of my Pen may prove a deadly fall) that I had rather the Reader should take all from Mr. Pimm 's mouth, than from my hand, who thus uttered himself:
Master Speaker, I am to deliver from the Sub-Committee, a Charge against Mr. Manwaring, a Preacher and Doctor of Divinity, but a man so criminous that he hath turned his titles into accusations; for the better they are, the worse is he that hath dishonored them. Here is a great Charge that lies upon him; it is great in itself, and great because it hath many great Charges in it: Serpens, qui Serpentem devorat, fit Draco; his Charge, having digested many Charges into it, is become a Monster of Charges. The main and great one is this; A plot and policy, to alter and subvert the frame and fabric of this State and Commonwealth. This is the great one, and it hath others in it, that gains it more greatness. For, to this end, he labors to infuse into the conscience of his Majesty, the persuasion of a power not bounding itself with Laws, which King James of famous memory calls, in his Speech in Parliament 1619, Tyrannie, yea Tyrannie accompanied with Perjurie.
2. Secondly, He endeavors to persuade the consciences of the Subjects, that they are bound to obey illegal commands; yea, he damns them for not obeying them.
3. Thirdly, He robs the Subjects of the property of their goods.
4. Fourthly, He brands them that will not lose this property, with most scandalous and odious titles, to make them hateful both to Prince and People, so to set a division between the Head and Members, and between the Members themselves:
5. Fifthly, To the same end (not much unlike to Faux and his fellows) he seeks to blow up Parliaments and Parliamentary Power. These five being duly viewed, will appear to be so many Charges, and withal they make up the main and great Charge, A mischievous Plot to alter and subvert the frame and Government of this State and Commonwealth. And now that you may be sure that Mr. Manwaring, though he leave us no propriety in our Goods, yet he hath an absolute propriety in his Charge; Audit ipsam belluam, hear Mr. Manwaring by his own words making up his own Charge.
Here he produced the Book, particularly insisting on pag. 19. 29. and 30. in the first Sermon, pag. 35. 46. and 48 in the second Sermon. All which passages he heightened with much eloquence and acrimony; thus concluding his Speech, I have shown you an evil Tree that bringeth forth evil Fruit; and now it rests with you to determine, whether the following sentence shall follow, Cut it down and cast it into the fire.
62. Four days after the Parliament proceeded to his censure, consisting of eight particulars, it being ordered by the House of Lord's against him, as followeth:
- 1. To be imprisoned during the pleasure of the House.
- 2. To be fined a thousand pounds.
- 3. To make his submission at the Bar in this House, and in the House of Commons, at the Bar there, in verbis conceptis, by a Committee of this House.
- 4. To be suspended from his Ministerial function three years, and in the mean time a sufficient preaching man to be provided out of the profits of his living, and this to be left to be performed by the Ecclesiastical Court.
- 5. To be disabled forever hereafter from preaching at Court.
- 6. To be forever disabled of having any Ecclesiastical Dignity in the Church of England.
- 7. To be uncapable of any secular Office or preferment.
- 8. That his Books are worthy to be burned, and his Majesty to be moved that it may be so in London, and both the Universities.
But much of this censure was remitted, in consideration of the performance of his humble submission at both the Bars in Parliament:
63. Where he appeared on the three and twentieth of June following, and on his knees, before both Houses, submitted himself, as followeth, with outward expression of sorrow:
How this Doctor, Roger Manwaring (notwithstanding the foresaid censure) was afterwards preferred, first to the Deanarie of Worcester, next to the Bishopric of St. David's, God willing in due place thereof.
64. On Thursday the 26 th . of this month, ended the Session of Parliament, wherein little, relating to Religion, was concluded; save only that diverse abuses on the Lord's-day were restained: All Cariers, Carters, Waggoners, Wain-men, Drovers of Cattle forbidden to travel there • n, on the forfeit of twenty shillings for every offense. Likewise, Butchers to lose six shillings and eight pence for killing or selling any victuals on that day. A Law was also made, That whosoever goeth himself, or sendeth others beyond the Seas to be trained up in Popery, &c. shall be disabled to sue, &c. and shall lose all his Goods, and shall forfeit all his Lands, &c. for life. Five entire Subsidies were granted to the King by the Spirituality, and the said Grant confirmed by the Act of this Parliament, which now was first prorogued to the twentieth of October following, and then, (on some intervening obstructions) put off to the twentieth of January when it began again.
65. As for the Convocation, concurent [in time] with this Parliament, nothing considerable was acted therein. Dr. Thomas Winniff, Dean of Gloucester, preached the Latin Sermon; his text Acts 20. 28. Attendite ad vos ipsos, & totum gregem, &c. Dr. Curle was chosen Prolocutor: and a low voice would serve the turn where nothing was to be spoken.
66. On the twentieth of July following Dr. Preston died in his native Country of Northamptonshire, near the place of his birth, of a consumption, and was buried at Fawsley, Mr. Dod preaching his funeral Sermon: An excellent Preacher, of whom Mr. Noy was wont to say, that he preached as if he knew God's Will: a subtle Disputant and great Politician; so that his Foes must confess, that (if not having too little of the Dove) he had enough of the Serpent. Some will not stick to say he had large parts of sufficient receipt to manage the Broad Seal itself, which if the condition had pleased him, was proffered unto him: For he might have been the Dukes right hand, though at last less than his little finger unto him: Who despairing that this Patriarch of the Presbyterian Party would bring off his side unto him, used him no longer who would not or could not be useful unto him. Most of this Doctor's posthume-books have been happy in their education, I mean in being well brought forth into the World, though all of them have not lighted on so good guardians: But his life is so largely and learnedly written by one of his own Pupils, that nothing can be added unto it.
67. About this time George Carleton, that grave and godly Bishop of Chichester ended his pious life. He was born at Norham in Northumberland, where his Father was the Keeper of that important Castle in the Marches; an employment speaking him wise and valiant, in those dangerous and warlike days. He was bred and brought up under Mr. Bernard Gilpin, that Apostolical man (whose Life he wrote in gratitude to his memory) and retained his youthful and Poetical studies fresh in his old age. He was selected by King James one of the five Divines sent over to the Synod of Dort. He wrote many small Tracts (one against Sir John Heydon, about judicial Astrology) which conjoined would amount to a great volume. Mr. Richard Montague, one of a different judgment, succeeded in his See, who at first met with some small opposition on the following occasion.
68. There is a solemnity performed before the consecration of every Bishop, in this manner. The Royal assent being passed on his election, the Archbishops Vicar-general proceeds to his Confirmation, commonly kept in B • w Church. A Process is issued forth to call all persons to appear, to show cause why the Elect there present should not be confirmed. For, seeing a Bishop is in a manner married to his See (save that hereafter he taketh his surname from his