A Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Roman Government

late deceased, who was then proclaimed Queen; but how lucky would this ma • ch have proved, if the King had longer lived, God knows, seeing in the short time of three years they lived together, it was no small danger she escaped, which though it hapenned not till a year or • woe after this time, yet will not unfitly be spoken of in this place, that so her story may come together; this Queen as being an • arnest Protestant, had many great adversaries, by whom she was accused to the King, to have Heretical books found in her closet; and this was so agravated against her, that they prevailed with the King, to sign a warrant to commit her to the Tower, with a purpose to have her burnt for Heresy; this warrant was delivered to Wriothsley Lord Chancellor, and he by chance, or rather indeed by God's providence, letting it fall from him, it was taken up and carried to the Queen; who having read it, went soon after to visit the King, at that time keeping his chamber, by reason of a sore leg; being come to the King, he presently fell into talk with her, • bout some points of Religion, demanding her resolution therein; but she knowing that his nature was not to be crossed, specially considering the case she was in, made him answer, that she was a woman accompanied with many imperfections, but his Majesty was wise and judicious, of whom she must learn as of her Lord and Head; not so by Saint Mary (said the King) for you are a Doctor Kate to instruct us, and not to be instructed by us, as often we have seen heretofore: indeed Sir (said she) if your Majesty have so conceived, I have been mistaken, for if heretofore I have held talk with you touching Religion, it hath been to learn of your Majesty some point, whereof I stood in doubt, and sometimes that with my talk, I might make you forget your present infirmity: a • d is it even so Sweet heart (quoth the King) why then we are friends, and so kissing her, gave her leave to depart. But soon after, the day was appointed by the Kings warrant, for apprehending her; on which day, the King being disposed to walk i • the Garden, had the Queen with him, when suddenly the Lord Chancellor with forty of the Guard • c • me into the Garden, with a purpose to apprehend her: when as soon as the King saw, he stepped to him, and calling him knave and fool, bid him avaunt out of his presence: the Queen seeing the King so angry with him, began to entreat for him, to whom the King said; ah poor soul, thou little knowest what it is he came about, of my word sweet heart, he hath been to thee a very knave; and thus by God • providen •• was this Queen preserved, who else had tasted of as bitter a c • p, as any of his former wives had done.

About this time King Henry and the Emperor sent Garter and Toyson d • or, kings at Arms, to demand performance of certain Articles of the French King: which if he denied, they were then comanded to defy him: but the French King would not suffer them to come within his land, and so they returned: whereupon King Henry caused the s • id demand • to be declared to the French Ambassador at Westminster ; and in July sent over six thousand men, under the leading of Sir John Walloppe accompanied with divers Knights & Gentlemen, Sir Thomas Seymour was Marshal of the Army, Sir Robert Bows Treasuror, Sir Richard Cronwal Captain of the horse, and Sir George Carew his Lieutenant. There were likewise Sir Thomas Palmer, Sir John Rainsford, Sir John St. John, and Sir John Gascoigne Knights, that were Captains of the foot. Their Comission was to join with the Emperor, and together to m • ke war upon France. The third of August open wa • was proclaimed in London, between the Emperor & the King of England on the one part, and the F • e • ch King on the other, as mortal enemy to them both; and to all other Christian Princes besides, as he that had confederated himself with the Turk. Sir John Wallop marching forth of Calais with his Army, joined with •• e Emperors Forces, who together went and besieged Landersey a Town lately fortified by the French, lying within the borders of the Emperors dominions: to raise this siege, the French King had raised a mighty army; with which he came on, as if he meant to give the Emperor battle; and thereupon the Emperor raising his siege, with a purpose to encounter him, the French King took the opportunity to put men and victuals into the town, which was the thing he intended: and having done this, the night following departed with his army; and then the Emperor seeing him gone, and finding the winter coming on, and no hope of sudden ge • ting the Town, being now newly supplied, he also broke up his Army, and returned home.

This year, the sunday before Christmas, the Lord William Parre, brother to the Queen, who had married the daughter and heir of Henry Bourchier Earl of Essex, was at Hampton Court created Earl of Essex, & Sir William Parre knight unckle to them both, was made Lord Parre of Horton and Lord Chamberlin to the Queen; and on New-years-day Sir Thomas Wriothsley, the Kings Secretary, was made Lord Wriothsley of Tichfield.

In June this year, Matthew Earl of Lenox fled out of Scotland and came into England, whom King Henry received kindly, and gave him in marriage the Lady Margaret his Sisters daughter, by whom he had Henry, Father of our late King James of blessed memory.

Thomas Audley Lord Chancellor, being lately dead, Thomas Lord Wriothsley succeeded him in the place; and now was an Army levied to go for France ; the Duke of Norfolk and the Lord Privy Seal, accompanied with the Earl of Surrey the Dukes Son, the Lord Gray of Wilton, the Lord Ferrers of C • artley and his Son Sir Robert Devereux, Sir Thomas Chainey Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, the Lord Montjoy, Sir Francis Byran, Sir Thomas Poynings Captain of Guysnes, with many other Knights and Gentlemen, about Whitsuntide passed over to Calais ; and marching toward Muttrel, joined with the Emperors forces, under the leading of the Count de Buren ; which two Armies laid siege to Muttrel, whereof Monsseur de Bies, one of the Martials of France was Captain, but being then at Bulloign, and hearing of the siedg of Muttrel, he left Bulloigne and with his forces came thither, which was the thing that was desired, to draw him from Bnlloign ; and thereupon was the Duke of Suffolk appointed to pass over with the Kings army, accompanied with the Earl of Arundell. Marshall of the Field, the Lord St. John, the Bishop of Winchester, Sir John Gage Controlor of the Kings house, Sir Anthony Brown Master of the Kings horse, with divers others; who the nineteenth of July came and encamped before Bulloigne ; the four and twentieth of July the King in person, accompanied with divers of the Nobility, came to Calais ; and the six and twentieth encamped before Bulloign on the north side; many batteries and assaults were made, so long, till at last the Town upon composition yielded, and the Duke of Suffolk entered and took possession, suffering six thousand French, as was agreed, with bag and baggage to depart. The eight of September King Henry entered the town himself, and then leaving the Lord Lisle Lord Admiral, his Deputy there, he returned into England, landing at Dover the first of O • tober. Many enterprises after this were made by the Dolphin of France, and by Monsieur de Bies for recovery of Bulloigne, but they were still repulsed, and the English kept the town in spite of all they could do; although at one time there came an Army of eighteen thousand foot, at another time an Army, wherein were reckoned twelve thousand Lance-knights, twelve thousand French foot-men, six thousand Italians, four thousand of Legionarie soldiers of France, a thousand men of Arms, besides eight thousand light Horse; great Forces certainly to come and do nothing.

Whilst these things were doing about Bulloign, the ships of the west Country and other places wa • ted abroad on the Seas, and took above three hundred French ships; so that the Gray-friers Church in London was laid full of wine, the Austin-friers and Black-friers full of herrings and other fish, which should have been conveyed in France.

About this time the King demanded a Benevolence of his Subjects, towards his wars in France and Scotland, to which purpose, the Lord Chancellor, the Duke of Suffolk, and other of the Kings Counsaile sat at Baynards Castle, where they first called before them the Major and Aldermen, and because Richard Read Alderman, would not agree to pay as they set him, he was commanded to serve the King in his wars in Scotland, which the obstinate man rather choose to do, then he would pay the rate he was required, but being there, he was taken prisoner by the Scots, to his far greater damage, then if he had agreed to the Benevolence required. For at this time, Sir Ralph Evers Lord Warden of the Marches, after many fortunate Roades into Scotland, assembled four thousand men, and entering Scotland now again, was encountered by the Earl of Arraigne by whom he and the Lord Oagle, and many other Gentlemen were slain, and diverse were taken prisoners, of whom Alderman Read was one.

It was now the seven and thirtieth year of King Henries Reign, when on Saint Georges day Sir Th • mas Wriothsley Lord-Chancellor, was made Knight of the Garter, also Trinity Tearme was adjourned, by reason of the wars but the Exchequer and the Court of the Te • thes were open.

At this time, the English fleet went before New-haven, but being there encountered by a far greater fleet of French, they ret • rned; with whose retreat, the French Admiral emboldened, came upon the Coast of Sussex, where he landed Soldiers, but upon firing of the Beacons was driven back, after which he landed two thousand men in the Isle of Wight, but was there repelled, though reported to have in his ships threescore thousand men.

In Angust this year, died the valiant Captain, the Lord Poynings, the Kings Lieutenant of his Town of Bulloigne, and the same month also, died at Guildford, the noble Duke of Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Lord great Master of the Kings House, whose Body was honourably buried at Windsore at the Kings cost.

About this time, the Scots having received aide out of France, approached the English Borders, but durst attempt nothing, whereupon the Earl of Hertford, Lieutenant of the North parts, raising an army of twelve thovsand men, English and strangers, entered Scotland and burnt a great part of Mers and Tividale, as Kelsay Abbey and the Town, the Abbeys of Medrosse, Driborne, and Yedworth, with a hundred Towns and Villages more; when on the sixteenth of September, an Army of Scots and French attempted to enter into England on the East borders, but in a straight were set upon by the English, who slew and took of them to the number of seven score, amongst whom was the Lord Humes son, and a principal French Captain; in another road, which they made into the West Borders, the Lord Maxwels son, and diverse other were taken, but then at another time (such is the chance of war) five hundred English entering the West Borders of Scotland were discomfited, and the greatest part of them either taken or slain.

And now to revenge the presumptious attempts of the French upon the Isle of Wight, the Lord Admiral with his fleet approached the Coasts of Normandy landed six thousand men at Treport, burnt the Suburbs of that Town with the Abbey, destoryed thirty ships there in the Haven, and then returned, not having lost above fourteen persons in the whole voyage.

At this time the Earl of Hartford lying at Bulloigne, had in his Army above fourscore thousand men, and many skirmishes passed between him and the French, till at last, by mediation of the Emperor and diverse other Princes a meeting was appointed to treat of a peace, between the two Kings of England and France ; hereupon there came to Guisnes for the King of England, the Earl of Hertford, the Bishop of Winchester, Sir John Dudley Viscount Lisle, Baron of Mawpas and high Admiral of England, Sir William Paget the Kings Secretary & Doctor Nicholas Wootton Dean of Canterbury. For the French King, there came to Ard, Claude Danebolt Admiral of France, the Bishop of Eureux, Monsieur Reymond chief President of Roan, and the Secretary Bouchetell. Diverse times they met betwixt Ard and Guisnes, and after long debating of matters, and diverse breakings off • at length, the seventh of June, a Peace was concluded, and proclaimed in the City of London on Whitsunday the thirteenth of June, by sound of trumpet; and the same day in like manner at Paris and Roan ; the chief Article of which Peace was this; that the French King paying to the King of England eight hundred thousand Crowns, within the term of eight years, should have Bulloigne again restored to him, which in the mean time should remain in possession of the King of England, as a pledge for assurance of the said money; and now for a full establishment of this Peace, the Viscount Lisle Lord Admiral, with the Bishop of Duresme and divers other Lord's, were sent into France to take oath of the French King and of the Dolphin; as likewise at the same time, divers Lord's came from the French King to take oath of King Henry ; who by the way were met by the young Prince and many Lord's, and conducted to the King at Hampton-Court.

In his seven and thirtieth year, the three and twentieth of November, a Parliament began at Westmins • er, wherein was granted to the King, a Subsidy both of Spiritualty and Temporalty, and all Colleges, Chanteries and Hospitals were given to him to dispose of: the four and twentieth of December the Parliament was prorogued, on which day the King coming to the Parliament House, the Speaker made to him an Oration, which the Lord Chancellor was used to answer, but at this time the King would answer himself, the effect whereof was, that where Master Speaker had commended him for many excellent qualities that were in him, he thanked him for it, not that he had them, but for putting him in mind, how necessary it was, he should have them; then he thanked the whole House for their Subsidy, and for giving him the Colleges and Chanteries, which he promised to see bestowed, to the glory of God and good of the Realm; lastly, he ackowledged their love to himself, but found fault with want of love to one another; for what love, where there is not concord? and what concord, when one calleth another Heretic and Anabaptist, and he again calleth him Papist and Hipocrite: and this not only amongst those of the Temporalty, but even the Clergy men themselves preach one against another, inveigh one against another, without Charity or Discretion; some be so stiff in their old mumpsimus, and others so curious in their new sumpsimus, that few or none Preacheth truly and sincerely the word of God; now therefore let this be amended, fear and serve God, be in Charity amongst yourselves, to the which I as your supreme Head and Sovereign Lord, exhort and require you: and this said, the Acts were openly read, to some he gave his Royal assent, and to diverse assented not.

Whilst oath for the peace was thus taken by both Kings, Bulloigne remaining still in King Henries possession, Monsieur de Chatillon Captain of Mont-pleasier began to make a new Bastillion at the very mouth of the Haven of Bulloigne naming it Chatillous Garden: hereof the Lord Gray of Wilton as then Deputy of Bulloigne advertised the King by Sir Thomas Palmour, requiring to know his pleasure whither he should race it, as a thing very incommodious to the Town, or let it stand; the King asked advice of his Counsail, who all agreed, that the conditions of the peace ought in no wise to be infringed, and therefore to let the Bastillian stand; whereupon the King caused his Secretary the Lord Paget, to write a letter to the Lord Gray, to that purpose, but then called Sir Thomas Palmour secretly to him, bidding him tell the Lord Gray, that whatsoever he had written in his letter, yet with all speed possible, he should race the fortification to the ground; Sir Thomas Palmour replying that a message by word of mouth being contrary to his leter, would never be believed, well (said the King) do you tell him as I bid you, and leave the doing it to his choice; upon the coming back of Sir Thomas Palmour, the Lord Gray called a counsel, showing them th • King • letter, and withal Sir Thomas Palmours message, and then asked their Advise, what in this case he should do? who all agreed without any question, that the letter was to be followed, and not the message, to which the Lord Gray himself said nothing, but caused the message to be wtitten verbatim from Sir Thomas Palmours mouth, and those of the Counsaile, to set their hands to it: this done, the night following he issued forth with a company of Armed men and Pioners, and overthrew the fortification to the ground, a • d then sent Sir Thomas Palmour with letters to the King, who as soon as he saw him, asked aloud, what, will he do it or no? Sir Thomas Palmour delivering his letter said, your Majesty shall know by these, but then the King half angry, nay tell me (saith he) will he do it or no? being then told it was done, and the fortification clean raced, he turned to his Lord's and said, what say you my Lord's to this, Chatillous Garden is raced to the • loore; whereto one presently answered, that he that had done it, was worthy to loose his head, to which the King streightl • replied, that he would rather lose a dozen such heads as his was, that so J • dged, then one such servants as had done it, and therewith commanded the Lord Grays pardon should presently be drawn, the which he sent with letters of great thanks, and promise of reward; the cause why the King took this course was this, lest if he written the racing of the Fortification, in his letter it might have come t • the French-men's knowledge, before it could have been done, and so have been prevented, and by this may be taken a scantling of King Henries great Capacitie.

It is now the eight and thirtieth year of his reign, when about Michaelmas Thomas Duke of Norfolk, and Henry Earl of Surrey his Son and heir, upon certain surmises of treason, were committed to the Tower of London ; and the thirteenth of January, the King then lying at the point of death, the said Earl was arraigned in the Guild-hall, before the Lord Major, the Lord Chancellor, and other Lord's there in Commission; the special matter wherewith he was charged, was the bearing of certain Arms that were said to belong to the King and to the Prince; though the Earl justified the bearing of them, as belonging to divers of his Ancestors; affirming withal, that he had the opinion of Heralds therein: But this notwithstanding, being no Lord of the Parliament, he was tried by a common Jury, and by them was found guilty, and thereupon had judgment of death; and the nineteenth of January was beheaded on the Tower-hill. The Duke was attainted by Parliament and kept in prison, • ill in the first year of Queen Mary the Attaindour was reversed. The death of this Earl might lay an imputation of cruelty upon King Henry, if a just jealousy growing from the many circumstances of the Earls greatness, in the tender age of his own Son did not excuse him.

Soone after the death of this Earl, the King himself died; having made his last Will, in which he took order, that his Son Edward should succeed him in the Crown, and he dying without issue, his daughter Mary, and she dying without issue, his daughter Elizabeth ; although another order of succession had passed before by Act of Parliament. The Executors of his last Will were these sixteen; Thomas Cranmor Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Wriothsley Lord Chancellor, Sir William Pawlet Lord Saint John, and great Master of the Household, Sir Edward Seymor Earl of Hartford and high Chamberlin of England, Sir John Russell Lord Privy Seal, Sir John Dudley Viscount Lisle, Lord Admiral • Cutbert Tunstall Bishop of Durham, Sir Anthony Brown Master of the Horse, Sir Edmund Montacute, Lord chief Justice of the Common-Pleas, Sir Thomas Bromley one of the Justices of the Kings Bench, Sir Edward North Chancellor of the Augmentation, Sir William Paget Knight of the Order, Sir Anthony Dennie, Sir William Herbert, Sir Edward Wootton Treasurour of Calais, and Nicholas Wootton Dean of Canterbury and Yooke. To whom were adjoined as assistance these twelve, Henry Fitz Allan Earl of Arundell, William Par Earl of Essex, Sir Thomas Cheyney Treasurour of the Household, Sir John Gage Controlour, Sir Anthony Wingfield Vice-chamberlaine, Sir William Peter Principal Secretary, Sir Richard Rich, Sir John Baker of Sissingherst in Kent, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Richard Southwell and Sir Edward Peckham. And it was not without need to leave a full Council Table, considering in what terms he left the Kingdom when he died. Abroad, in league with the Emperor, at Peace with the King of France ; but whether these were not personal only, and no longer binding then King Henry lived, might be doubted; with the Scots at deadly send; with the Pope at utter defiance; from both which coasts there could be expected but little fair weather: at home, the frame of Religion extremely disioynted; and the Clergy that should set it in frame, out of frame themselves: the minds of the people extremely distracted; and the Nobility that should cyment them, scarce holding themselves together: And in this stare was the Kingdom when King Henry the eight died, in the year 1547. the fifty sixth of his life, and of his Reign the eight and thirtieth.

THE REIGNE OF KING EDWARD THE SIXTH.

I T was now the year 1547. when on the eight and twentieth of January King Henry dying; Prince Edward his Son by his third wife, the Lady Jane Seymour, and the only Son he left behind him, as well by right of Inheritance, as by his last Will, succeeded him in the Kingdom; to whom as being but nine years old, and therefore unripe for Government; he had assigned eight and twenty Counselors; a fit number, if agreeing amongst themselves; too many, if at variance: and at variance they would soon fall, if there were not a moderatour to keep them in concord; the first work therefore necessary to be done in this new world, was to make choice of such a man, as might be to the Counsailors a Moderator, a protector to the King, and in his minority, to the Kingdom. To this place, by common consent of the King and Counsaile, Edward Seymour Earl of Hartford the Kings Unckle, was chosen to hold the place, until the King should accomplish the age of eighteen years. In which Office the first thing he did, was to make the young King Knight, who presently thereupon, made Henry Hobblethorne Major of London Knight, and then King Henries Obsequies being solemnly performed; on the seaventeenth of February, were raised in Honor the Earl of Hartford Protectour, to be Duke of Somerset, William Par Earl of Essex, to be Marquis of Northampton, Dudly Viscount Lisle, to be Earl of Warwick; Wriothsley Lord Chancellor, to be Earl of Southampton, Sir Thomas Seymour the Protectours brother, was made Lord of Sudeley, and Admiral of England, Sir Richard Rich was made Lord Rich, Sir William Willoughby was made Lord Willoughby, and Sir Edmund Sheffield was made Lord Sheffield of Butterwick : on the nineteenth of February, the King in great state rode from the Tower to the Palace of Westminster, where the day following, he was Crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury, with all rites accustomed, in great solemnity. At which time a general pardon was Proclaimed for all offenders, six only excepted, namely the Duke of Norfolk, Cardinal Poole, Edward Courtney eldest son to the Marquis of Excetur, Master Fortescue, Master Throgmorton, and Doctor Pa • es Bishop of Worcester, who was fled to Rome, to avoid taking the oath of Suprem • cy, all which six continued unpardo • ed, till the first year of Queen Mary, and then were restored. A few days after, the Earl of Southampton Lord Chancellor for be • ng contumacious to the rest of the Lord's in matters of Counsaile, was removed both from his Office of being Chancellor, and from his place in Counsaile, and the great Seal was delivered to Sir William Pawlet, Lord Saint-John, and Lord great Master of the Kings Huoshold.

Within two months after the death of King Henry, died Francis King of France also, for whom solemn Obsequies were kept in Paul's Church, as he likewise had kept before at Paris for King Henry : these two Kings were of so consenting natures, that they had certainly been great friends while they lived, if they had not been Kings, and that jealousy of state had not made them oftentimes not to be themselves.

King Henry before his death, had left in charge with the Lord's of his Counsaile, by all means possible, to procure a proceeding in the marriage with the young Queen of Scots ; and now in discharge thereof the Lord Protectour himself, with an Army of twelve thousand foot, and six thousand horse, besides Laborers and Pioners thirteen hundred, entered Scotland the third of September, at which time also Edward Lord Clinton with a fleet of threescore sails assisted by sea, but before he would do any hostile Act, he caused Proclamation to be made, that his coming was only to have performance of the Articles heretofore agreed on fo • the marriage, tending to the good of both Kingdoms, if they would yield unto, he would then return in peaceable manner, and the more to draw them on, w • ere before it was demanded to have the Queen brought into England, and there to be brought up, the Protectour was content, she should remain in Scotland till years of consent • this demand, the more moderate sort of the Scots accou • ted very reasonable, but those of the French and Papal faction, who were the greatest persons, and the greatest number strongly opposed; whereupon, the Lord Protectour, presently put his Army into Array, the Lord Gray and Sir Francis Brian, with eight hundred Light-horse, were sent before to provide lodging for the Army, and to give advertisement of the enemies approaches; then followed the Avant-guard, in number between three and four thousand foot, one hundred men at Arms, and six hundred Light-horse, led by the Earl of Warwick ; then followed the main Battle, consisting of above six thousand foot, six hundred men at Arms, and one thousand Light-horse led by the Protecter himself lastly followed the Arrear, wherein were between three and four thousand foot, one hundred men at Arms, and six hundred Light-horse, u • der the conduct of the Lord Dacres, upon one wing the Artillery was drawn, being sixteen pieces of great Ordinance; the other wing was made by men at Arms and Demilances; for the Avant-guard and half the battle, ridi • g about two flight shoot from their side, the other half of the battle, and th • whole flanke of the Arrear was closed by the carraiges, being nine hundred • arts besides Waggons; • he rest of the men at Arms, and the Demilances marched behind. In this order they marched two days, taking in three Castles • s they went, with little resistance; where it is memorable, what a sudden device the Defendants of one of them used to save themselves; for finding they w • re no longer able to defend themselves, and that their obstinacy had excluded a •• hope of pardon; they made suite, they might not presently be slain, but have some time to commend their souls to God, and afterwards be hanged: which respite being obtained, thei • pardon afterward did more easily ensue; so much doth the winning of time oftentimes prevail, more then any other policy. T • e Governor of Scotland, hearing of the Protectours approach and having no sufficient Army ready to resist him, sent his Heralds abroad, into all parts of the R • alm, and commanded the fire-cross to be carried (an ancient custom in cases of importance) which, was two firebrands set in fashion of a cross, and pitched upon the point of a spear, and therewith Proclamation to be made, that all above sixteen years of age, and under sixty, should resort forthwith to Musselborough & bring convenient provision of victuals with them. By this means, having gotten a sufficient Army, he set forward towards the English who were now come to a River called Linne, and here the Earl of Warwick being too • enterous, was like to have been entrapped, but by his valor came off bravely; and now the Scottish Horse-men began to hover about the English Army, and to come pricking towards them, sometimes within length of their staves, using provoking words, to draw the English from their strength, but the Protector, not moved with their provocations, maintained a close march till he came to Salt-presion by the Frith, where he encamped within two miles of the Scottish Army: and here the Scots having gotten the advantage of a Hill came upon the English with the number of twelve hundred Horse, besides five hundred foot that lay in ambush behind the Hill; at which time the Lord Gray and Sir Francis Brian, impatient of such bravaries, obtained leave of the Gene • to encounter them, and so as they came scattered upon the spurr, within a stones cast of the English, and were beginning to wheel about, the Lord Gray with some troops of Light hors-men, charged them home, and was forthwith seconded by certain numbers of Demilances, and both of them backed with a thousand men at Arms; yet the Scots resolutely maintained the fight three hours and more, but in the end, overlaid with number, they were put to flight and chased almost to the edge of their Camp. In this fight the chiefest force of the Scottish Hors-men was defeated, the Lord Hume, by a fall from his Horse lost his life, his son and Heir with two Priests and six Gentlemen were taken prisoners, and about fifteen hundred slain: the next day, the Protectour and the Earl of Warwick, rode towards the place where the Scottish Army lay, to view the manner of their incamping. As they returned, an Herald and a Trumpeter from the Scots overtook them; who having obtained Audience, the Trumpeter said, that the Lord Huntley his Master, to spare effusion of Christian blood, would fight upon the whole quarrel, either with twenty against twenty, or with ten against ten, or else try it between the Lord General and himself: the Protectour answered, that for number of Combatants, it was not in his power to conclude any bargain; and as for himself, that being in public charge, it was not fit he should hazard himself against a man of private Conditions, which otherwise he would most willingly accept: here the Earl of Warwick entreated the Lord General, that he might accept the Challenge, and Trumpeter (saith he) bring me word, that thy Master will perform the Combat with me, and thou shalt have an hundred Crowns for thy pains; nay rather (saith the Lord General) bring me word that thy Master will abide and give us battle, and thou shalt have a thousand Crowns for thy pains: and thereupon, when no other agreement could be made, a general battle was resolved on: in the Army of the Scots, were five or six and thirty thousand men; in the Avant-guard, commanded by the Earl of Angus, about fifteen thousand; in the Battle, over whom was the Lord Governor, about te • thousand; and in the Arreare as many, led by the valiant Gourdon Earl of Huntley; Hackbutters • hey had none nor men at Arms, bur about two thousand Hors-men (Prickers as they term them) the rest were all on foot we' • l furnished with Jack and Scull, pikes, daggers, Bucklers made of board, a • d slicing swords broad and thin; every man had a long Kirchiffe, folded twic • or thrice about his neck, and many of them had cheines of Lattin, drawn th • ee or four times along their hoses and doublet-sleeves: they had also to affright the enemies Horses, great • attles covered with parchment or paper, and small stones within put upon staves three ells long. And now both Armies joined in battle, where a long fight and much variety of fortune on both sides; at length, the victory fell to the English : in this fight, divers of the Nobility of Scotland were slain; of the inferior sort about ten, or as some say, fo • rteen thousand: of the English were slain, only one and fifty Horse-men a • d on footmen, but many hurt; the Lord Gray was dangerously thrust with a pike in the mouth which struck two inches into his neck; the Scottish prisoners accounted by the Marshals book, were about fifteen hundred, the chief whereof were, the Earl of Huntley, the Lord's Yester, Hobley and Hamilton, the Master of San • -Poole and the Lord of Wimmes ; the Earl of Huntley being asked whilst he was a prisoner, how he stood affected to the marriage; made this answer, that he liked the marriage well enough, but he liked not this kind of wooing. This victory of Muskelborough against the Scots, was on the tenth of December, the very same day on which thirty years before a victory had been had against them at Flodden field; so as it seems this day was fatal to the Scots, and confirms the opinion of Astologers, that there are days to some men fortunate & unfortunate to others if they could be known. This victory struck such a terror into many of the Scots, that the Earl Bothwel and divers chief Gentlemen of Tividale and Meers submitted themselves to the King of England, and were received by the Prorectour into his protection: after this, the English army took many towns and Castles, and then for want of Provision, returned into England, having not stayed above five and twenty days in Scotland, and not lost above threescore men. But notwithstanding this great overthrow at Muskelborough, the Governor of Scotland would not yet be quiet; but assembling the people, made unto them a long Oration, exhorting them to defend the liberty of their Country, and not to be daunted with any event of war. In this mean time many distractions and troubles happened in England ; partly in matters of Religion, and partly about Inclosures: • nd first for enclosures, the Lord Protector caused Proclamation to be set forth, commanding they who had Inclosed any Lands, accustomed to lie open, should upon a certain pain, before a day assigned, lay them open again: and then in matter of Religion, certain Injunctions were set forth, for removing of Images out of Churches; and divers Preachers were sent with Instructions to dissuade the people from praying to Saints or for the dead; from use of Beads, Ashes & Processions; from Masses, Durges, praying in any unknown tongue; and for defect of Preachers, Homilies were appointed publicly to be red in Churches: & many for offering to maintain these Ceremonies, were either punished or forced to recant. Edmund Bonner Bishop of London, was committed to the Fleet, for refusing to receive these Injuctions; Stephen Gardener Bishop of Winchester, was likewise committed first to the Fleet and after to the Tower, for that he had preached; It were well, these changes in Religion should be stayed until the King were of years to govern by himself: for the like causes Tunstall Bishop of Durham, Heath Bishop of Rochester, and Day Bishop of Chichester, were in like manner committed to prison, and all of them dispossessed of their Bishoprics; and that which was worse, the Bishoprics themselves were dispossessed of their Revenues, in such sort, that a very small pa • t remained to the Bishops that came after. And now a Parliament was held, in the first year of the King, and by Prorogation in the second; wherein divers Chantries, Colleges, free Chapels, Fraternities and Guildes, with all their Lands and goods were given to the King; which being sold at a low rate, enriched many and ennobled some, and thereby made them firm in maintaining the change: also it was then ordered, that no man should speak against receiving the Eucharist in both kinds, and that Bishops should be placed by Collation of the King under his Letters Patents, without any election preceding, or confirmation ensuing; and that all Processes Ecclesiastical should be made in the Kings name, as in Writs at the Common-Law; and that all Persons exercising Ecclesiastical jurisdiction, should have the Kings Arms in the Seals of their Office: and further, the Statute of the six Articles and other Statutes concerning punishment of Lollards were repealed, and the Kings Supremacy over the Church of England was confirmed.

All this while the wars in Scotland continued, and were managed by the Lord Gray of Wilton with variable success; and now about this time was sent to him in aide, the Earl of Shrewsbury with fifteen thousand men; against him, in aid of the Scots was sent the Rhinegrave with ten thousand French ; who entering into consul • ation, how to remove the young Queen out of the reach of the English ; provided a Fleet, and sailing round about Scotland, notwithstanding the English Fleet lay in wait to impeach their passage, yet conveyed her safely into France, being then but six years old; accompanied in the journey with James her base brother, John Erskin and William Leviston ; and in April following was married to Francis the Dolphin of France.

You heard before the alterations, now hear the troubles; for when the Injunctions were sent abroad into the Country, and Commissioners appointed to see them executed; one Master Bodye a Commissioner, as he was pulling down Images in Cornwall, was suddenly by a Priest stabbed into the body with a knife. Hereupon the people flocked together in divers parts of the sheere, taking Arms, and beginning to commit outrages; and although the chief Offendour was hanged and quartered in Smithfield, and many of his complices executed in divers parts of the Realm; and withal a Pardon proclaimed to all that would lay down Arms, yet neither could that severity, nor this lenity restrain them from their insolencies; but in divers Countries, as Sussex, Hampshire, Kent, Glostershire, Warwickshire, Wostershire, but specially in Semersetshire and Devonshire, great assemblies of people gathered to a head; whose chief Leaders were Humfrey Arundel, and about six others of inferior note, but many Priests. Some of these (we may say) were Commonwealth mutiners; and some mutined for religion: they who were for the Common-wealth could agree upon nothing; some would have no Justices, some no Gentlemen, some no Lawyers, nor ordinary Courts of Justice, but above all Inclosures must down; but whether all, or which, or how to be employed, none could tell. The religious Mutiners were not altogether so various in their voices, as having some few amongst them by whom they were guided: these in name of the people hamered up these Ar • icles following; upon granting of which, they pro • essed that both their bodies and goods should be at the Kings devotion.

• 1. That Curates should administer Baptism at all times of necessity, a • well o • week-days as on holy-days.
• 2. That their children might be confirmed by the Bishop.
• 3. That the Mass might be celebrated, no man communicating with the Priest.
• 4. That they might have reservation of the Lord's body in their Churches.
• 5. That they might have holy-bread and holy-water in remembrance of Christ's precious body and blood.
• 6. That Priests might live unmarried.
• 7. That the six Articles set forth by King Henry the eight might be continued, at lest till the King should come to full age.

Upon these demands, the King, although he knew that Reasons would little prevail with unreasonable men; yet to discharge the place he held, he sent them in writing Answers to them all, and withal a general pardon, if they would desist and lay down arms. But the seditious growing the more outrageous, the fairer they were entreated; and finding themselves unable to subsist with their own estates, began to think upon the spoil of Cities; and first they came to Excetour, and demanded entrance, which the Citizens refusing, they fell to set fire on the ga • es; but the Citizens prevented this, by casting in wood and maintaining the fire, till they had cast up a half moon within; upon which when the Seditious attempted to enter, they were presently hewn and cut in pieces. After this they mined the walls, laid powder, and rammed the mouth; but the Citizens prevented this also, by making a countermine, whereinto they poured such plenty of water, that the wet powder could not be fired. All this while, the Lord Russell Lord Privy Seal, who had been sent down to suppress the Commotion, lay at Huntingdon, expecting more Forces; whilst these Citizens of Excetour, for twelve days together endured so great famine, that they were fain to eat horses, and make bread of course bran molded in clothes, for that otherwise it would not cleave together. At last the Lord Gray came to the Lord Russell with supply of Forces; who after many conflicts with the Rebels, forced them to raise their siege at Excetour ; and thereby freed the City from many miseries: to whom the King afterward, gave the Manor of Evyland, in reward for their loyalty. After this, the Rebels rallying their Force • , were again set upon by the Kings Army, and the greatest part of them slain, the rest fled; many were taken and executed by Martial Law; the chief Leaders were sent to London and there executed. The sedition being thus suppressed; it is memorable what sport Sir William Kingston the Provost Marshall made, by virtue of his Office, upon men in misery. One Boyer Major of Godmin in Cornwall, had been amongst the Rebels, not willingly but enforced; to him the Provost sent word he would come and dine with him, for whom the Major made great provision; a little before dinner, the Provost took the Major aside, and whispered him in the ear, that an execution must that day be done in the town, and therefore required to have a pair of Gallows set up against dinner should be done; the Major failed not of his charge, presently after dinner the Provost taking the Major by the hand, entreated him to lead him to the place where the Gallows was, which when he beheld he asked the Major if he thought them to be strong enough; yes (said the Major) doubtless they are; well then (said the Provost) get you up speedily, for they are provided for you. I hope (answered the Major) you mean not as you speak: in faith (said the Provost) there is no remedy, for you have been a busy Rebell; and so without respite or defense he was hanged to death:) a most uncurreous part, for a guest to offer his host. Neere the said place dwelled a Millar, who had been a busy actor in that Rebellion; who fearing the approach of the Marshall, told a sturdy fellow his servant, that he had occasion to go from home, and therefore bid him, that if any man came to inquire after the Millar, he should not speak of him, but say that himself was the Millar, and had been so for three years before. So the Provost came and called for the Millar, when out comes the servant, and saith, he was the man: the Provost demanded how long he had kept the Mill; these three years answered the servant: then the Provost commanded his men to lay hold on him, and hang him on the next tree. At this the fellow cried out, that he was not the Millar but the Millars man: nay Sir (said the Provost) I will take you at your word, and if thou beest the Millar thou art a busy knave; if thou beest nor, thou art a false lying knave, and howsoever thou canst never do thy Master better service then to hang for him; and so without more ado he was dispatched.

When this sedition in Devonshire was appeased, there rose another in Norfolk, and that specially upon a grievance for enclosures; the Rebels had got one Robert Ket a Tanner of Wimondham to be their Leader, and were grown to a body of twenty thousand, seating themselves at Monshold, near Mount-Surrey, where they carried a face as it were of Justice and Religion; for they had one Conyers an idle fellow to be their Chapleyne, who morning and evening read solemn Prayers, also Sermons they had often, and as for Justice they had a bench under a tree where Ket usually sat, and with him two of every hund • ed whence their Companies had been raised, to hear complints and to give Judgment, and from hence were warrants sent in the Kings name, to bring in powder, shot, victuals, and all things necessary: which tree hath ever since been called the tree of Reformation; and now being grown to a heighth, they presented certain complaints to the King, requiring, he would send a Herald to them, to give them satisfaction; the King though he took it for a great indignity, to have such base fellows to capitulate with him, yet framing himself to the time, he returned this answer; that in October following he would cal a Parliament wherein their complaints should be heard, and all their grievances should be redressed, requiring them in the mean time, to lay down Arms and return to their houses, and thereupon granting them a general pardon: but this was so far from satisfying the seditious, that hereupon first, they assaulted the Town of Norwich took it, and made the Major attend them as their servant, and then returned again to their station at Manshold • not long after William Parre Marquess of Northampton, with the Lord Sheffield, the Lord Wentworth, divers Knights, and fifteen hundred Horse, with a small band of Italians was sent against them; whom the seditious so stoutly oppos • d, that much mischief was done on both sides, the Lord Sheffield falling with his Horse in a ditch was taken prisoner, and as he pulled off his helmet to show who he was, he was by a Butcher stricken down with a club and slain; so as the Marquess with his forces not prevailing, there was afterward sent the Earl of Warwick with six thousand • oot, and fifteen hundred Horse, with whom were the Lord's Willoughby, Powis and Bray his two sons Ambrose and Robert, and many Knights and Gentlemen of Name. When the Earl was come near to the Camp of the seditious, he sent a Herald to them, offering them the Kings pardon, if they would desist, but they were so far from accepting it, that a lewd Boy turned up his naked breech towards the Herald and bid him kiss it; upon this, many skirmishes passed between the Earl and them, with loss sometimes to one side, and sometimes to another; at last they came to a Battle, where the Rebels placed in the Fro • t, all the Gentlemen they had taken prisoners, meaning they should be the first slain, of whom yet very few were hurt, but of the Rebels were slain above two thousand, and now once again the Earl offered them pardon, if they would desist; but for all their losses, they continued obstinate still, at last the Ea • le sent to know if they would entertain their pardon, in case he should come in person and assure them of it; this moved them much, and then they answered, they knew him to be so honorable, that from himself they would embrace it; whereupon the Earl riding to them, and causing their pardon to be read, they three • away their weapons, wishing all joy and prosperity to the King: nine of • he principal Rebels were hanged upon the tree of Reformation; Ket himself flying away was taken and hanged in chains upon Norwich Castle; the day of this defeat of the seditious, was a long time after observed for a festival day by the Inhabitants of Norwich, and thus ended the sedition in Nor • olke ; whe • at the same time another arose in Yorkshire, whereof the chief movers were William Ombler a Gentleman, Thomas Dale a Parish Clerk, and Stephenson a Post, to whom were assembled four or five thousand, who took their encouragement from a certain Prophesy, which did foretell, that the time should come, when there should be no King, when the Nobility and Gen • ry should be destroyed, when the Realm should be ruled by four Governors elected by the Commons, holding a Parliament in commotion, which should begin at the South and North Seas of England, and that time they understood to be the present, and that the Rebels of Devonshire, Norfolk and Yorkshire should draw together to accomplish this prophesy; but as soon as they heard that the tumults of Devonshire and Norfolk were quieted, they found that they were deceived in the understanding of the prophesy, and thereupon presently upon the Kings pardon, they fell off and dispersed, their chief Leaders Ombler, Dale and four others were executed at York ; and with this, the Spirit of sedition was quite laid in all places of the Kingdom.

But the King of France, taking advantage of these sedicio • s, though he had been in treaty before of peace with England, yet now he brake off the treaty, Proclaimed war, and denounced it by his Ambassador to the King: hereupon all French-men in England, not Denizens, were taken prisoners, and all their goods seized for the King, which the French King understanding, he sent a fleet of Ships to surprise Gernsey and Iarnsey, but was repelled with the loss of a thousand men: after this, he levied an Army by land, and went himself in person against Bulloigne, defended by the valiant Sir Nicholas Arnold, but being weary of the work, he left his Lieutenant Chatillon to pursue the Siedge, who having made many fierce batteries, and at last assaults and no • prevailing, he then attempted to hinder the Town from supply of victuals; and to this end, charged a Galley with gravel and stones, meaning to sink it in the Haven, but the English took the Galley before it was sunk, and made use of the stones for their own defense: after this, they made faggo • s of light matter, mixed with pi • ch, tar, tallow, rosi •• powder and wild-fire, with intention to fire the ships in the Haven, but that enterprise was defeated by the Bulloignes, and the faggots taken from the French ; and more then this, there was little done in those parts at this time.

But in England in the mean time, an unfortunate accident happened, which beginning upon a very light occasion, produced afterward very heavy effects; whereof, though there were many concurrant circumstances, yet the original cause was the pride of a woman, upon a point indeed, wherein the natures of women are commonly most tender, Precedency of place: the Protectour had married Anne Stanhope, a woman of a haughty stomach, and the Lord Admiral his Brother the Queen Dowager, a Lady of great mildness: the nearness of the Husbands, gave occasion to the Ladies often meeting, where the Duchess would inwardly murmur, why she being the wife of the elder brother and the better man, should give place to her, who was the wife of the younger brother, and the meaner man; this envy of hers toward the Queen, bred a malice in her towards the Admiral, as thinking the mischief she did to the husband, to be a part of revenge upon the wife, and though the Queen shortly after died in Child-bed, yet the malice of the Duchess towards the Admiral lived still; (so hard a thing it is, for malice once settled in a woman's heart, to be removed) out of this malice, she put divers surmises into her husband the Protectours head against his brother the Admiral, as though he went about to procure his death, to the end he might aspire to the place he held; but certainly as misliking his government being a Protestant, who was himself a Papist; in this case causes of jealousy against the Admiral was obvious enough, for it was known that in King Henries time, he had aimed at the marriage of the Lady Elizabeth King Henries second daughter; and now his wife the Queen Dowager being dead (and not without suspicion of poison) he fell upon that marriage a fresh, which could not be thought to tend, but to some very high aspiring end: the Protectour a plain man, and one that had not the clearest insight into practices; whether too importunately provoked by his wife, or whither out of an honest mind, not willing to patronize faults though in a brother, gave way to accusatio • s brought against him, so as in a Parliament then holden, he was accused, for attempting to get into his custody the person of the King, and government of the Realm, for endeavoring to marry the Lady Elizabeth the Kings sister, for persuading the King in his tender years, to take upon him the rule and ordering of himself; upon which points (though perhaps proved, yet not sufficiently against him, who was never called to his answer) he was by Act of Parliament condemned, and within few days after condemnation, a warrant was sent under the hand of his brother the Protectour to cut off his head; wherein (as after it proved) he did as much, as if he had laid his own head down upon the block; for whilst these brothers lived and held together, they were as a strong fortress one to the other; the Admirals courage supporting the Protectours authority, and the Protectours authority maintaining the Admirals stoutness; but the Admiral once gone, the Protectours authority as wanting support began to totter, and fell at last to utter ruin: besides there was at this time, amongst the Nobility a kind of faction; Protestants who favored the Protectour for his own sake, and other of Papal inclination, who favored him for his brothers sake, but his brother being gone, both sides forsook him, even his own side; as thinking they could expect little assistance from him, who gave no more assistance to his own brothe • ; and perhaps more then all this, the Earl of Warwick at this time, was the most powerful man both in Courage and Counsaile amongst all the Nobility, and none so near to match him as the Admiral while he lived, but he being gone, there was none left that either was able and durst, or durst and was able to stand against him: however it was, not long after the Admirals death, the Protectour was invaded with sundry accusations, wherein • h • Earl of Warwick made not always the greatest show, but yet had always the greatest hand; one thing the Protectour had done, which though a private act, yet gave a public distaste. To make him a Mansion house in the Strand (the same which is now called Somerset-house ) he pulled down a Church, and two Bishops houses by the Strand Bridge ; in digging the foundation whereof, the bones of many who had been there buried, were cast out and carried into the fields; and because the stones of those houses and the Church suffised not for his work, the steeple a • d most part of the Church of Saint John's of Jerusalem near Smithfield, was mined and overthrown with powder, and the stones applied to this sparious building; and more then this, the Cloister of Paul's on the North side of the Church, in a place called Pardon Church-yard, and the dance of Death very curiously wrought about the Cloister, & a Chapel that stood in the midst of the Churchyard; also the Charnal house, that stood upon the South side of Paul's (now a Carpenters yard) with the Chapel, timber and Monuments therein were beaten down, the bones of the dead carried into Finsbury-fields, and the stones converted to this building. This Act of the Protectours, did something alienate the Peoples minds from him; which the Earl of Warwick perceiving thought it now a fit time to be falling upon him; and thereupon drew eighteen of the Privy Counsaile to join with him, who withdrawing themselves from the Court, held secret consultations together, and walked in the Citty with many Servants weaponed, and in new Liveries; whereof when the Lord Protectour heard, he sent secretary Peter to them, to know the causes of their Assembly, requiring them to resort unto him peaceably, that they might comune together as friends; but in the mean time, he Armed five hundred men, and removed the King by night from Hampton-court to Windsor : on the other side, the Lord's at London having first taken possession of the Tower, sent for the Majo • and Aldermen of the Citty, to the Earl of Warwicks lodging at Eli-house in Holburn ; to whom the Lord Rich then Lord Chancellor made a long Oration wherein he shown the ill government of the Lord Protector, and the many mischifes that by it were come upon the Kingdom; and therup • n requiring them to join with the Lord's there assembled to remove him; and presently that day, a Proclamation was made in divers parts of the Citty to that purpose; to which the Lord's and Counsailors that subscribed their names were these; the Lord Rich Chancellor, the Lord Saint-John Lord great Master, the Marquess of Northampton, the Earl of Warwick Lord great Chamberlain, the Earl of Arundell Lord Chamberlain, the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earl of Southampton, Sir Thomas Cheyney Treasurer of the Household, Sir John Gag • Constaple of the Tower, Sir William Peter secretary, Sir Edward North Knight, Sir Edward Montague chief Justice of the Common-pleas, Sir John Baker Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Edward Wootton, Sir Richard Southwell Knights: and Doctor Wootton Dean of Canterbury. In the afternoon of the same day, the Lord Major assembled a Common Counsaile in the Guild-hall where two letters arrived almost in one instant from the King and the Lord Protectour, for a thousand men to be Armed for defense of the Kings Person; another from the Lord's at London for two thousand men to aide them in defense of the Kings person also; both pretending alike, and therefore hard how to please them both. The Recorder set forth the complaint of the Lord's against the Protectour, in such sort, that he made many inclinable to favor that side, but one named George Stadlow better advised, stepped up, and in a long Speech shown, what mischiefs had come to the City by opposing the King; and therefore gave his opinion to suspend giving aide to the Lord's, at lest for a time. His advice was harkened to, and thereupon the Court resolved only to arm a hundred Horsemen and four hundred foot, in defense of the City; and to the letters, returned submissive but dilatory answers. After some other passages between the Protectour and the Lord's, Sir Edward Winkfield Captain of the Guard, was sent from the Lord's to Windsor ; who so well persuaded the King of the Lord's loyal affection towards him, and of their moderate intention towards the Protectour, that the King was contented to have him presently remvoed from him, and suffered him within two days after to be carried to the Tower. In whose absence, seven Lord's of the Council and four Knights were appointed by turns to attend the Kings person; and for affairs of State, the government of them was referred to the whole body of the Council: soon after were sent to the Protectour in the Tower, certain Lord's of the Council, with Articles against him, requiring his present Answer, whether he would acknowledge them to be true, or else stand upon his justifica • ion. The chief Article was this; That he took upon him the Office of Protectour, with express condition, that he should do nothing in the Kings affairs, but by assent of the late Kings Executours, or the grea • est part of them; and that contrary to this condition, he had hindered Justice, and subverted laws of his own authority, as well by letters as by other command; and many other Articles, but all much to this purpose. The Protectour, whether thinking to speed better by submission then by contesting; or perhaps finding himself not altogether innocent, (for indeed in so great a place, who can bear himself with such sincerity, but he will commit errors, with which he may be taxed;) subscribed an acknowledgement with his own hand; humbly submitting himself to the Kings mercy, and desiring their Lordships favor • owards him. Upon this submission, three months after he had been imprisoned, he was released, entertained and feasted by the King, and swor • e again to be a Privy Counselor, but no more Protectour: at which time, between him and the Lord's, a show at lest of perfect amity was made; and to make it the more firm, the Dukes daughter was afterward married to the Lord Lisle, Son and heir to the Earl of Warwick ; at which marriage the King himself was present; and perhaps to honor their reconcilement and this marri • ge, the Earl of Warwick was made Lord Admiral of England, Sir John Russell Lord Privy Seal was created Earl of Bedford, the Lord Saint-John was created Earl of Wiltshire, and soon after made Lord Treasurour, Sir William Paget Controlour of the Kings House, was made Lord Paget, Sir Anthony Winkfield Captain of the Guard, was made Controlour, and Sir Thomas Darcye was made Captain of the Guard. But of the other side, the Earl of Arundell, the Earl of Southampton, were put off from the Council; of whom, the Earl of Southampton died shortly after at Lincoln-Place in Holborne, and was buried in Saint Andrew's Church there.

About this time a Parliament was held at Westminster, wherein one Act was made against spreading of Prophesies; another against unlawful Assemblies: but for fear of new tumults, the Parliament was untimely Dissolved, and Gentlemen were commanded to retire to their Count • ey-habitations; and • or the same cause also Trinity Terme did not hold.

About this time also, Pope Paul the third died; after whose death the Cardinals being divided about the election of a new Pope; the Imperial part, which was the greatest, gave their voices for Cardinal Poole ; which being told him, • e disabled himself, and wished them to choose one that might be most for the glory of God, and good of the Church: upon • his stop, some that were no friends to Poole, and perhaps looked for the place themselves, if he were put off, laid m • ny things to his charge; amongst other, that he was no • withou • suspicion of Lutharisme, as having been very conversant with Immanuell Tremellius and Anthonius Flaminius, great Lutherans, and not altogether without blemish of incontinency; there being a young Nun that was thought to be his daughter. But of these criminations Poole so cleared himself, that he was afterward more importuned to take the place then he was before; and thereupon one night the Cardinals came unto him, being in bed; and sent him word they came to adore him (which is one special kind of electing the Pope) but he being awaked out of his sleep, and acquainted with it; made answer, that this was not a work of darkness, and therefore required them to forbear till the next day, and then to do as God should put in their minds. But the Italian Cardinals attributing this putting off, to a kind of stupidity and sloth in Poole ; looked no more after him, but the next day chose Cardinal Montanus Pope, who was afterward named Julius the third.

And now the King of France, upon many just considerations, was grown desirous to have a Peace with England ; and thereupon sent one Guidol • i a Florentine in • o England, to make some overture of his desire to the Lord's of the Council; who addressing himself to the Earl of Warwick, whom he knew to be most prevalent; so prevailed, that it was concluded four Ambassadors should be sent from the King of England into Franee • and four from the French King, to treat with them. The Commissioners for the English were John Earl of Bedford, William Lord Paget, Sir William Peter and Sir John Mason, Secretaries of State. For the French were Monsieur Rochpot, Monsieur Chatillon, Guyllart de Martyer and Rochetelle de Dassie: much time was spent to agree about a place of meeting; till at last the English to satisfy the French, were contented it should be before Bulloigne ; where were many meetings and m • ny diff • rences about conditions; but in conclusion, a Peace was concluded upon certain Articles; the chief whereof was, that Bulloigne and the places adjacent should be delivered up to the French within six weeks after the Peace Proclaimed; and that the French should pay for the same two hundred thousand crowns, within three days after delivery of the Town; and other two hu • dred thousand crows upon the fifth day of August following: hostages were on both sides given for performance; and to those Articles the French King was sworn at Amyens, and the King of England in London: the Lord Clinton who had been Deputy of Bulloigne was made Lord Admiral of England.

Presently after this Agreement, the Duke of Brunswicke sent to the King of England, to offer his service in the Kings wars, with ten thousand men, and to entreat a marriage with the Lady Mary, the Kings eldest sister. To his offer of aide, answer was made, that the Kings wars were ended; and touching the marriage with the Lady Mary, • hat the King was in speech for her marriage with the Infanta of Portugal, which if it succeeded not, he should then be favourably heard. Upon this, the Emperors Ambassador demanded of the King, that the Lady Mary might have free exercise of the Mass, which the King not only constantly denied, but thereupon Sermons were exercised at Court, and order taken, that no man should have any Benefice from the King, but first he should Preach before him; and shortly after, under pretence of preparing for Sea-matters, five thou • and pounds were sent to relieve Protestants beyond the Seas. At this time also, an Ambassador came from Gustanu • King of Sweden, to enter league with the King for intercourse of Merchants; and charge was then also given, that the Laws of England should be administered in Ireland.

About this time the Queen Dowager of Scotland, going from France to her Country, passed thorough England, having first obtained a safe Conduct, she arrived at Portesmouth, and was there met by divers of the English Nobility; conducted to London, she was lodged in the Bishops-Palace : after four days staying, having been feasted by the King at Whitehall, she departed; being waited on by the Sheriffs of Counries to the borders of Scotland. And now was one Steward a Scot apprehended in England, and imprisoned in the Tower, for intending to poison the young Queen of Scots, whom the King delivered to the French King upon the frontiers of Calais, to be by him justiced at his pleasure.

At • his time certain Ships were appointed by the Emperor, to transport the Lady Mary either by violence or by stelth out of England to Antwerpe ; whereupon Sir John Gates was sent with Forces into Essex, where the Lady lay; and besides, the Duke of Somerset was sent with two hundred men, the Lord Privy Seal with other two hundred, and Master Sentleger with four hundred more, to several coasts upon the Sea, and the Lord Chancellor and Secretary Peter were sent to the Lady Mary ; who after some conference, brought her to the Lord Chancellors house at Lyee in Essex, and from thence to the King at Westminster. Here the Council declared unto her, how long the King had permitted her the use of the Mass, and considering her obstinacy, was resolved now no longer to permit it, unless she would put him in hope of some conformity in short time. To which she answered, that her soul was God's; and touching her faith, as she could not change, so she would not dissemble it. Reply was made, that the King intended not to contstrain her faith, but to restrain the outward profession of it, in regard of the danger the example might draw. After some like enterchange of speeches, the Lady was appointed to remain with the King, when there arrived an Ambassador from the Emperor, with a threatening message of war, in case his cousin the Lady Mary, should be denied the free exercise of the Mass: hereupon the King presently advised with the Archbishop of Canterbury, and with the Bishop of London and Rochester, who gave their opinion, that to give license to sin was sin, but to connive at sin might be • llowed so it were not too long, nor without hope of reformation: then answer was given to the Ambassador, that the King would send to the Emperor within a month or two, and give him such satisfaction as should be fit.

And now the King being uncertain of the faith, both of his Subjects and of his Confederates, intended by alliance to strengthen himself; and thereupon sent one Bartwicke, to the King of Denmark with private instructions, to treat of a marriage, between the Lady Elizabeth the Kings youngest sister, and the King of Denmarks eldest son; but when it came to the point, this Lady could not be induced to entertain marriage with any.

After this, the Marquess of Northampton was sent Ambassador to the French King, as well to present him with the Order of the Garter, as to treat with him of other secret affairs: with him were joined in Commission the Bishop of Eli, Sir Philip Hobbie, Sir William Pickering, Sir John Mason, and Master Smith Secritary of State; also the Earl of Worcester, Rutland, and Ormond were appointed to accompany them; as likewise the Lord's Lisle, Fitzwater, Bray, Aburgavenie and Evers, with other Knights and Gentlemen of note, to the number of six and twenty; and for avoiding of immoderate train, order was given that every Earl should have but four attendants, every Baron but three, every Knight and Gentlem • n but two, only the Commissioners were not limited to any number. Being come to the Court of France, they were forthwith brought to the King, being then in his Bedchamber; to whom the Marquess presented the Order of the Garter, wherewith he was presently invested: then the Bishop of Eli in a short Speech, declared, how the King of England, out of his love and desire of amitye, had sent this Order to his Majesty; desiring with all, that some persons might be authorized to treat with them, about some other m • tters of importance; whereupon a Commission went forth to the Cardinal of Lorraigne, Chastillion the Constable, the Duke of Guysae, and others. At the first, the English demanded, that the young Queen of Scots might be s • nt into England for perfecting of marriage between King Edward and her. But to this the French answered, That conclusion had been made long before for her marriage with the Dolphin of France. Then the English proposed a marriage between King Edward and the Lady Eliza • eth the French Kings eldest daughter: to this the French did cheerfully incline; but when they came to talk of Portion, the English demanded at first fifteen hundred thousand crowns, then fell to fourteen, and a • last to eight hundred thousand: the French offered at first, one hundred thousand crowns, then rose to two hundred thousand, and higher they would not be drawn; saying, it was more then ever had been given with a daugh • er of France. Shortly after Monsieur the Marshall and other Commissioners were sent by the French King, to deliver to the King of England the Order of Saint Michael ; and then was further treaty about the marriage; and because the French could be s • rued no higher then two hundred thousand crowns, it was at last accepted, and the agreement was reduced into writing, and delivered under Seal on both sides.

And now King Edward supposing his state to be most safe, when indeed it was most unsure; in testimo • y both of his joy and love, advanced many to new titles of honou • ; the Lord Marquess Dorset, who had married the eldest daughter of Charles Brandon was created Duke of Suffolk, the Earl of Warwick Duke of Northumberland, the Earl of Wiltshire was created Marquess of Winchester, Sir William Herbert Lord of Cardisse and Master of the Horse, was created Earl of Pembroke ; also William Cecil the Kings Secretary, John Cheeke one of his Schoolmasters, Henry Dudley and Henry Nevill were made Knights, and (that which perhaps it had been happy, if it had never been) Sir Robert Dudley one of the Duke of Northumberlands sons (the same who was afterward the great Earl of Leicester ) was sworn one of the six orninary Gentlemen of the Kings Chamber; for after his coming into a place so near about him, the King enjoyed his health but a while.

The aspiring thoughts of the Duke of Northumberland, were now grown up to be put in execution: He was advanced in title of honor equal with the highest; in authority and power above the highest; he had placed his political Son near about the Kings person; the next thing was to remove the Duke of Somerset out of the way; and for this also he had prepared instruments; Sir Thomas Palmer, Crane, Hamond, Cecil, and others; who brought several accusations against the Duke; some trenching upon the King and Kingdom, but one specially against the Duke of Northumberlands person; whose practices when the Duke of Somerset found, and had cause to fear; he went one day Armed into the Duke of Northumberlands Chamber, with a purpose to kill him; but finding him in his bed, and being received with much kind complement by him, his heart relen • ed, and thereupon came away without anything done: at his coming out, one of his company asked him if he had done the deed? who answered, No: then said he, you are yourself undone: and indeed it so fell out; for when all other Accusations were refelled, this only stuck by him, and could not be denied; and so on the first of December he was arraigned at Westminster ; where the Lord William Pa • let Marquess of Winchester and Lord Treasurour, sat as high Steward of England, and with him Peers to the number of seven and twenty; the Dukes of Suffolk and Northumberland, the Marquess of Northampton, the Earls of Derby, Bedford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Bathe, Sussex, Worcester, Pembroke and Hert • ord ; the Barons, Aburgaveuy, Audeley, Wharton, Evers, La • ymer, Borough, Zouth, Stafford, Wentworth, Darcye, Sturton, Windsor, Cromwell, Cobham and Bray. The Lord's being set, the Indit • ments were read, in number five, containing a charge, for raising men in the North parts of the Realm; and at his house, for assembling men to kill the Duke of Northumberland ; for resisting his Attac • meant, for raising London, for assaulting the Lord's, and devising their deaths. To all which he pleaded, Not guilty, and made a satisfactory Answer to every point, though the Kings learned Council p • essed them hard against him. This done, the Lord's went together, where exception was taken by some, • s a thing unfit, that the Duke of Northumberland, the Marquess of Northampton, and the Earl of Pembroke should be of the Jury; seeing the prisoner was chiefly charged with practices against them. But to this, the Lawyers made answ • r, that a Peer of the Realm might not be challenged; so after much variation of opinions, the prisoner was acqui • t of Treasor, but by most voyees found guilty of Felony; and that by a Statute, lately by his own p • ocureme • t made; That if any should attempt to kill a Privy Counselor, although the Fact were not done, yet it should be Felonie, and be punished with death. But upon his being acquit of Treason, t • e Axe of the Tower was presently laid down, which m • de people conceive he had been acquitted of all; who thereupon for joy, gave so great a shout, that it was heard as far as Charing-Cross: but the Duke was little the better for being acquitted of Treason, seeing he was found guilty of Felonie; and had Judgment to die. It is thought by some, he might have saved his life, if he had demanded his Clergy; but it is rather thought, that in that Statute Clergy w • s denied. Two months after his condemnation; (much against the Kings will) He was brought to the Tower-Hill to execution; where • b • ing • scended the Scaffold, he entered into a Speech, wherein though he justified himself, for any matter tending to the hurt of the King or Kingdom; yet he confessed, he was justly by the Law brought to th •• d ••• h; and thanked God, that had given him so large a time of repentance, spe • ially that he had opened his eyes, to see clearly the light of the Gospel; and going on in his Speech, a sudden noise arose, of some crying, away, • way; which made some think a Pardon had been come; but was indeed the voice of some that had been warned to be at the Execution, and were come somewhat late: but the tumult being appeased, the Duke went on with his Speech, and at last commending his soul to God, with a coun • enance not showing a sign of fear or perturbation, only his cheeks a little redder then they use • o be; he peaceably laid down his head upon the block, and in a moment with one stroke of the Axe, had it stricken off. The death of this Duke, made the Duke of Northumberland more odious to the people then he was before; and there were some that dipped H • ndkerchiffes in his blood, and kept them to upbraide the Duke of Northumberland withal, when he came himself afterward to the like end. After execution of the Duke, Sir Ralph Vane and Sir Miles Partridge were hanged at the Tower-hill, Sir Michael Stanhope and Sir Thomas Arundell were there beheaded.

After the Dukes condemnation, it was thought fit to have something done for averting the Kings mind, from taking thought; and to that end, one George Ferrers, a Gentleman of Lincolns-Inn, was appointed in the Christmastime, to be Lord of Misrule; who so carried himself, that he gave great delight to many, and some to the King, but not in proportion to his heaviness.

About this time was a call of seven Serjeants at Law, who kept their Feast at Grayes-Inn ; of whom, Master Robert Brooke Recorder of London, was the first; and the next Master Dyer, who was chosen Speaker the next Parli • meant.

About this time also, the Lord Paget was committed to the Tower, • or what cause is not certain; and being a Knight of the Order, his Garder was taken from him by Garter king at Arms, upon this pretence, that he was said to be no Gentleman, either by Father or Mother; and the Garter was then bestowed on the Earl of Warwick, the Duke of Nor • hum • erlands eldest Son, and the Lord Rich Lord Chancellor, was put off from his Place, and the Seal then delivered to Doctor Thomas Goodricke Bishop of Eli.

About this time also three great Ships were set forth at the Kings charge, for discovery of a passage to the East Indies by the North Seas; the chief Pilot and directour in this Voyage, was one Sebastian Gabato an Englishman, borne at Bristow, but the son of a Genoway: these Ships at the last arrived in the Country of Muscovia, but not without loss of their Captain Sir Hugh Willoughby, who being tossed and driven by tempest, was afterward found in his Ship frozen to death, and all his people.

At this time all • o the Duke of Suffolks three Daughters, which he had by Frances, Daughter of Charles Brandon and Mary Queen of France, were married at Durham -House; the eldest Jane to the Lord Guildford Dudley • , fourth Soone of the Duke of Northumberland: the second Katherine, to Henry Son and heir to the Earl of Pembroke ; the yo • gest Mary, being somewhat deformed, to Martyn Keys the Kings Gentleman-Porter. And then also Katherine the Duke of Northumberlands youngest daughter, to the Lord Hastings, eldest son of the Earl of Huntingdon. And now had the Duke of Northumberland gone a great way in his design; it remained to persuade King Edward to exclude his two sisters from succession in the Crown; for that do • e, his daughter in law the Lady Ian • , would come to have a right; for as for pretenders out of Scotland, or any other, he made no great matter. And now to work the King to this persuasion, (being in a languishing sickness, not far from death) he inculcates to him, how much it concerned him to have a care of Religion, that it might be preserved in purity, not only in his own life, but as well after his death; which would not be, if his sister the Lady Mary should succeed, and she could not be put by unless her other sister the Lady Elizabeth were put by also, seeing their rights depended one upon another; but if he pleased to appoint the Lady Jane, the Duke of Suffolkes eldest daughter, and his own next kinswoman to his Sisters, to be his successor, he might then be sure that the true Religion should be maintained, to God's great glory, and be a worthy Act of his own religious Providence. This was to strike upon the right string of the young Kings affection, with whom nothing was so deer as preservation of Religion; and thereupon his last Will was appointed to be drawn (contrived chiefly by the Lord chief Justice Montague, and Secretary Cecil: ) by which Will, as far as in him lay, he excluded his two sisters from the succession, and all other, but the Duke of Suffolkes daughters; and then causing it to be read before his Council, he required them all to assent unto it, and to subscribe their hands; which they all, both Nobility, and Bishops and Judges did; only the Archbishop Cranmer refused at first, Sir James Hales a Judge of the Common-Pleas to the last, and with him also Sir John Baker Chancellor of the Exchequer. And now remained nothing for the Duke of Northumberlands purpose, but that the King should die; which soon after he did at Greenwich the sixth of July, in the year 1553. One point of the Dukes policy must not be forgotten, that fearing what troubles the Lady Mary might raise after the Kings decease, if she should be at liberty; he therefore, seeing the King drawing on, used all means possible to get her within his power; to which end Letters are directed to her in the Kings name from the Council, willing her forthwith to repair to the King, as well to be a comfort to him in his sickness, as to see all matters well ordered about his person: whereupon, the Lady suspecting nothing, addressed her self with all speed to the journey; till being upon the way, she was advertised of the Dukes design; and then she returned to her House at Howden, and so escaped the snare; by whose escape, the whole design of the Duke of Northumberland was disappointed; as soon after will be seen.

THE REIGNE OF QUEEN MARY.

T HE Lady Mary having been Proclaimed Queen in London and other parts of the Realm; removed from her castle of Framingham towards London ; and being come to Wanstead in Essex, on the thirtieth of July, the Lady Elizabeth her sister, with a train of a thousand horse, rode from her place in the Strand to meet her: on the third of August the Queen rode through London to the Tower, where at her entrance were presented to her Thomas Duke of Norfolk, Edward Lord Courtney, Stephen Gardener late Bishop of Winchester, and the Du • chesse of Somerset ; who all kneeling down • she kissed them, and said, These be my Prisoners, and then caused them presently to be set at liberty: the next day she restored the Lord Courtney to his Marchisate of Exceter ; and the same day also she not only restored Stephen Gardener to his Bishopric of Winchester, but a few da • es after made him Chancellor of England ; yet this was the man that had subscribed to her Mothers Divorce • and had written Books against the lawfulness of her marriage. The fifth of August Edmund Bonner late Bishop of London prisoner in the Marshalsey, and Cutbert Tunstall the old Bishop of Durham prisoner in the Kings Bench, had their Pardons and were restored to their Sees. Sortly aft • r, all the Bishops which had been deprived in the time of King Edward the sixth, were restored to their Bishoprics • and the new removed, as Ridley was removed from London and Bonner placed, Skory from Chichester and Day placed, Miles Coverdale from Exceter and West placed, John Hooper from Worcester and Heath placed. Also all Beneficed men that were married, or would not renounce their Religion, were put out of their Livings, and other of a contrary opinion put in their rooms.

On the thirteenth of August one Master Bourne a Canon of Paul's, preaching at Paul's Cross, not only prayed for the dead, but also declared that Doctor Bonner Bishop of London, (late restored, and there in presence) for a Sermon by him made four years before, in the same place, and upon the same Text, had unjustly been cast into the vile prison of the Marshalsey; which Speech so offended some of the Auditory, that they cried, Pull him down, pull him down; and had certainly done him violence (for a Dagger was thrown at him) if Master Bradford a Protestant Preacher, had not stepped into his place and appeased the tumult, and Master Rogers another Protestant Minister (who were both afterward burnt for Religion) had not shifted away Bourne into Paul's School.

Hitherto Queen Mary's reign had been without blood, but now the Cataracts of seventy will be opened, that will make it rain blood: for now on the eighteenth of August, John Dudley Duke of Northumberland, William Parre Marquess of Northampt • n, and John Earl of Warwick, so • ne and heir to the Duk, were arraigned at Westminster-hall, before Thomas Duke of N •• folk as high Steward of England ; where the Duke of Northumberland, after his Indictment read, required the opinion of the Court in two points; first, whither a man doing any Act by authority of the Princes Couns •• le, and by warrant of the great Seal of England, might for any such Act be charged with treason: secondly, whither any such persons as were equally culpable, and by whose commandments he was directed, might be his Judges and pass upon his trial: whereunto was answered, that concerning the first; the great Seal which he alleged for his warrant, was not the Seal of the lawful Queen of the Realm, but of an Usurper, and therefore could be no warrant for him: and as to the second, it was resolved, that if any were as deeply to be touched in the case as himself, yet so long as no Attainder were of record against them, they were persons able in law to pass • pon his trial, and not to be challenged but at the Princes pleasure. After which answers, the Duke used few words, but confessed the Indictment, and accordingly had judgment to die. By whose example the other prisoners arraigned with him, confessed the Indictments, and thereupon had judgment: the nineteenth of August, Sir Andrew Dudley, Sir John, and Sir Henry Gates brethren, and Sir Thomas Palmer Knights, were arraigned at Westminster, who c • nfessing their Indictments, had judgment, which was pronounced by the Marquess of Winchester, Lord high Treasu • er, sitting that day as chief Justice: after these condemnations, followed the executions; for on the two and twentieth of August John Duke of Northum • erland was brought to the Tower-hill, and there beheaded; being upon the scaffold in a gown of green coloured damaske, he put it off and then made a long Speech, wherein he asked the Queen forgiveness, whom he acknowledged to have grievously offended; and then making profession of his Faith, that he died a true Catholic (meaning a Papist) he said the Psalms of Miserere and De Profundis, the Pater noster, and six of the first verses of the Psalm In te Domine speravi, ending with this verse, Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit ; and this said, he looked about him, as looking for a Pardon, but none coming, he laid his head down upon the block, and at one blow had it stricken off; his body with the head was buried in the Tower, by the body of Edward late Duke of Somerset (mortal enemies while they lived, but now lying together as good friends) so as there lieth before the high Altar in Saint Peters Church, • woe Dukes between two Queens, namely the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland between Queen Anne and Queen Katherine, all four beheaded. Of what religion this Duke was may well be doubted, seeing at his death he professed himself a Papist, when lately before he had importuned King Edward to make the Lady Jane his successor, lest the Papal religion should be restored; it seems he was not greatly of either but for other ends; a Protestant then when it was to make his daughter in law Queen; now a Papist, when it was to save his life (for it was thought he had Pardon promised, if he would recant. At the same time and place were beheaded Sir John Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer, who were no such temporizers but persisted and died in the Protestant Religion, which they had always professed.

After this, a sprinkling of mercy came from the Queen; for on the third of September the Lord Ferrers of Chartley, the two chief Justices, Sir Roger Cholmley and Montague, Sir John Cheeke and others were delivered out of the Tower whether before they had been committed; but a shower of severity followed soon after, for on the fifteenth of September Master Latimer and Doctor Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury were sent to the Tower, and on the third o • November following, the said Archbishop Cranmer, the Lady Jane (late Queen) and the Lord Guildford her husband, with the Lord's Ambrose and Henry, sons to the late Duke of Northumberland, were all arraigned at the Guild-hall, found guilty and had judgment to die.

All this while Queen Mary had contented her self to be Queen by Proclamation; but now that things were something settled, she proceeds to her Coronation: for on the last of September she rode in her Chariot through London towards Westminster in this order; first rode a number of Gentlemen and Knights, then Doctors, then Judges, then Bishops, then Lord's, then the Council, after whom followed the Knights of the Bath, thirteen in number in their Robes, then the Bishop of Winchester Lord Chancellor, and the Marquess of Winchester Lord high Treasurer, next came the Duke of Norfolk, and after him the Earl of Oxford who bore the sword, then the Major of Lond • n in a Gowne of Crimson Velvet, who bore the Scepter of Gold; after came the Queens Chariot, and then followed another Chariot wherein sat the Lady Elizabeth her sister and the Lady Anne of Cleeve, and then came Ladies and Gentlewomen riding on horses, trapped with red velvet: &c. In this order they came through London to Westminster ; where in many places by the way, were Pagents and stately shows, and many rich presents given to the Queen. The next day she went by water to the old Palace, and remained there till eleven of the clock, and then went on foot upon blew cloth, being railed on either side to Saint Peters Church, where she was Crowned and Anointed by the Bishop of Winchester, (the two Archbishops being then in the Tower) with all Rites and Ceremonies of old accustomed.

After her Coronation, a general pardon was published in her name, but interlaced with so many exceptions of matters and persons, that very few took benefit by it; for after the pardon published, there were Commissioners assigned, to compound with such persons as were excepted: from some of whom they took away their Fees and Offices, some they fi • ed, and some they deprived of their estates and livings.

About this time Sir James Hales one of the Justices of the Common Pleas, who in the time of King Edward had refused to sign a writing for disinheriting the Lady Mary, and the Lady Elizabeth ; (a fact worthy at least of a kind remembrance from the Lady Mary now Queen) yet now, for that at a quarter Sessions in Kent, he gave charge upon the statutes of King Henry the eight, and King Edward the sixth, in derogation of the Primacy of the Church of Rome ; he was first committed to the Kings Bench, then to the Counter, and lastly to the Fleet ; where he grew so troubled in mind, that he attempted with a Pen-knife to kill himself; and being afterward recovered of that hurt, and brought to the Queens presence, who gave him very comfortable words, yet could never come to be quiet in his mind; but in the end, drowned himself in a River not half a mile from his house, the River being so shallow, that he was fain to lie groveling before he could dispatch him • else of life.

And now another sprinkling of mercy came from the Queen; for the Marquess of Northampton, and Sir Henry Gates, lately before condemned to die, were now pardoned and set at liberty. The Lady Jane also was allowed the liberty of the Tower, not without hope of life and liberty altogether; if her father the Duke of Suffolk had not the second time been cause of her destruction.

About this time also a Synod was assembled, for consulting about matters of Religion; and the point specially of the real presence in the Sacrament. The Prolocutour was Doctor Weston ; and of the Protestant side, were John Almer and Richard Cheyney, both Bishops afterward in Queen Elizabeth's time, also John Philpo • , afterward burnt, James Haddon and others. After long disputation, where reasons were not so much weighed as voices numbered; the Papal side, as having most voices, carried it; and thereupon was that Religion again restored, and the Mass commanded in all Churches to be celebrated, after the ancient manner.

It was now the year 1553. when Queen Mary was come to the age of seven and thirty years, and therefore high time now to think of marriage, at least if she meant to have issue of her body; but a hard ma • ter it was to find a husband in all points • itting for her, yet three at this time (in common fame at least) were taken into consideration: one was the Lord Courtney M • rquesse of Exceter, a goodly Gentleman and of Royal blood, but there was exception against him because inclining (as was thought) to Lutheranism ; another was Cardinal • oole, of a dignity not much inferior to Kings, and by his Mother descended from Kings; but there was exception against him also, because four and fifty years old, (as old a Bachelor as Queen Mary was a maid) and so the less hope of issue between them: but the third (if he might be had) was without exception, and this was Phillip Prince of Spain, the Emperor Charles his eldest son, with whom being a Spaniard, she was the fitter matched, as being by the Mother a Spaniard her self. And now very oppertunely came in the beginning of Ian. Ambassadors into England about it; amongst others, the Cou •• of Egmond Admiral of the L • w Countries ; and John of Memorancy Lord of Curryers ; whose message was so kindly entertained, that the marriage in short time was absolutely concluded, though it seemed something strange to many, that she should now be wife to the son, who thirty years before should have been wife to the father. But so it is, Queens are never old, so long as they are within years of bearing children. And indeed the match was concluded, with conditions of far more advantage to Quee • e Mary, then they were to King Phillip, as on the fourteenth of January Stephen Gardener Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor of England, openly in the Presence Chamber at Westminster, declared to all the Lord's and Gentlemen there present: for it was agreed, that after the mar • iage, King Phillip should have the Title of all the Queens Dominions, and be assumed into fellowship of the government; but yet with reservation to the Queen, of all Privileges and Customs of the Kingdom, and free disposition of all Offices and Honors, as likewise the Queen should be assumed into the fellowship of all the Kings Dominions, and surviving him, should have a Jointure of two hundred thousand Pounds a year. Then for the issue between them, if she had a Son, that he should inherit the Low Countries and Burgundy ; and King Phillips son Charles, which he had by a former wife, should inherit all his Dominions in Italy and Spain ; but if his son Charles should fail without issue, then the son he should have by Queen Mary, should inherit his Kingdoms of Italy and Spain also. And the like good provision was also made for daughters. But notwithstanding these great • dvantage • of the ma • ch, yet such was the precipitant rashness of some; that thinking themselves wiser then the Queen and the Council, they sought by all means to oppose the match; giving out that it • ended to bring England under the yoke of Spain, and to make the Country a slave to strangers. This was the general murmuring of people; but the first that shown himself in Arms, was Sir Thomas Wyat of Kent ; who having communicated the matter with the Duke of Suffolk the Lady Ianes father, with Peter Caroe a Knight of Devonshire, and divers others; intended only to make secret provision, but not to stir till Prince Phillip should be come, that so their cause of taking arms might have the better color. On the fifteenth of January, Robert Dudley son to the Duke of Northumberland, was arraigned at the Guildhall of high Treason, who confessed the indictment, and had judgment given by the Earl of Sussex, to be drawn, hanged, bowelled and quartered.

But now in counsels communicated to many, it is a hard matter to have counsel kept, and Sir Peter Caroe finding that their plot was discovered, fled privily into France, where lurking for a time, he was afterward taken at Bruxells, and brought captive into England ; as likewise at the same time and place Sir John Cheeke King Edwards Schoolmaster was taken, who being drawn by terrors to embrace the Papal Religion, with very grief afterward of his error pined away and died; Sir Peter Caroe lived many years af • er, and died in Ireland ; though it be falsely recorded, they were both burnt for Religion, in June of this year. Wyatt hearing of Sir Peter Caroes flight, and that all their purpose was discovered; was driven before his time to enter into arms, giving out for the cause that it was not to attempt anything against the Queen, but only to remove ill Counselors, and chiefly to repel Prince Phillip ; least by this marriage the Kingdom should come in subjection to the Spaniard. With Wyatt were joined Sir Henry Isley, Sir George Harper, Anthony and William Knevet, and divers other Gentlemen of the County; against him were the Lord Abuegaveny, Sir Thomas Cheyney Lord Warden of the Ports, Sir Sobert Southwell Sheriff of Kent, Sir Warram Sentleger, Sir Thomas Kempe Sir Thomas Moyle, Sir Thomas Finch with divers other; yet all these great men had such doubt of the people, that they durst not proceed but very warily. The five and twentieth of January, news came to London of Wyats rising; against whom was presently sent the Duke of Norfolk, with Sir Henry • erningham Captain of the Guard, Sir Edward Bray, Sir John Fogge, John Covert Roger Appleton Esquires, and five hundred soldiers out of London ; appointed to go after him, under the leading of Captain Brett. And now see in times of Sedition, how uncertain a thing it is to trust to the people; for before Brett could overtake the Duke, Sir George Harper was secretly got to him, who so persuaded him that he and his five hundred soldiers left the Duke and went all to Wyatt ; which made the Duke and those with him presently to fly, and put such boldness into Wyatt, that now he marched in great confidence towards London, with so great terror to all sorts of people, that at Westminster-Hall, the Serjeants and other Lawyers, pleaded in harness.

In the mean time, the Duke of Suffolk was perceived in Warwickshire, to be raising of Forces in assistance of Wyatt ; against whom was presently sent the Earl of Huntingdon, and the Duke finding himself unable to make resistance, having with all his industry gotten together but only fifty men; he betook himself to a Tenant of his One, Vnderwood, with whom he hoped and had promise to remain undiscovered, till he might have opportunity to escape, as some say, as others to a Keeper of his Park called Nicholas Lawrence, who kept him in a hollow Oak in the said Park • for two or three days: but whether Vnderwood or Lawrence, either out of fear, or out of hope of reward, he betrayed him to the Earl, by whom he was taken, and under a strong guard carried to the Tower. Upon this, Queen Mary her self came into London, where calling the Major and chief of the City together, she made an Oration, wherein she shown the insolency of Wyatt ; who though he pretended the but only the crossing of the marriage; yet was now grown to such presumption, that he required to have the custody of her person; and to have Counselors retained or removed at his pleasure. A • d as for her marriage, she there affirmed she had done nothing in it, but by advice of her Council; and for her self, tha • she was not so longing for a husband, but that if it were not more for the good of the Kingdom, then for her ownsatisfaction, she would never once think of entertaining it. Having by her speech confirmed the minds of the Citizens; Forces are presently raised, and placed about the Bridge, and other fit places of the City. The third of February, Wyatt with an Army of three or four thousand, came to London, hoping of present entrance, but finding the Bridge broken, and soldiers placed to resist him, after two days stay in Southwarke, he removed to Kingstone, where he found likewise the Bridge broken, yet with great industry suddenly repairing it, he passed over his men, and meant with all speed, to get to the Court, before the Queen should have notice of him coming; and had done so indeed, if a mischance, and an error upon that mischance had not hindered him. For being come within six miles of London, the carriage of one of his great Ordnance brake, in mending whereof so much time was spent (and Wyatt by no persuasions would go forward without it) that the time was past, in which his friends at London expected his coming; which disappointment made many in those parts to fall off, and being perceived by those about him, many of them also; so as one half of his Army was suddenly gone and left him; amongst other, Sir George Harper, the most intimate of all his council, went to the Queen and discovered all his purposes: whereupon the Earl of Pembroke with a company levied upon the sudden • was sent against him; which made Wyat slack his pace, so as it was noon before he came to the suburbs of the City; and then placing his Ordnance upon a hill, and leaving there the greatest part of his Army, he only with five Ensigns marched towards Ludgate, and being encountered at Charing-cross by the Lord Chamberlin and Sir John Gage, after a small fight put them to flight in such sort, that word was carried to the Queen, how near Wyat approached, and how wonderfully he prevailed all the way he came: with which nothing dismayed; well then (said she) I will go in person against him myself; and was prep • ring to do so indeed (so much was her Fathers valor running in her veins:) but it needed not; for by this time Sir Henry Ie • ningham Captain of the Guard, Sir Edward Bray Master of the Ordnance, and Sir Phillip Paris, had given him battle and slain many of his men; and that which was more, coming • o Ludgate, he was denied entrance; and then thinking to retire, • e heard the Earl of Pembroke with his Forces was behind at Cha • ing-cross; so as neither able to go forward nor yet backward, he was at a stand and in amazement, and then lea • ing a while upon a stall by the Bell-savage, after a little musing, he returned towards Temple-gate; where Clarentius the Herald meeting him, fell to persuade him, not to be a cause of more effusion of blood, nor by persisting in obstinacy to exclude all hope of the Queens mercy. The Soldiers of Wyat were earnest with him to have stood it out; but Wyat as sillily ending, as he had unadvisedly begun; yielded himself to Sir Maurice Berkeley, and getting up upon his horse behind him, in that manner rode to the Court; where he had not the entertainment he expected, for without more ado he was presently sent away to the Tower. The Captain taken, the rest made no resist • nce, few fled, and of the other many were taken and laid in prison: and this was done the sixth of February. And now consultation was held what Delinquents should be punished; where the first that was thought on was the Lady Jane, in whom was verified, The Fathers have eaten sower grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge • the innocent Lady must suffer for her Fathers fault; for if her Father the Duke of Suffolk, had not this second time made shipwreck of his loyalty, his Daughter perhaps had never tasted the salt-waters of the Queens displeasure: but now as a rock of offense, she is the first that must be removed; and thereupon is Doctor Fecknam sent to acquaint her, that she must prepare her self to die the next day: which Message was so little unpleasing to her, that she seemed rather to rejoice at it, as whereby she should at last be set at liberty; and the Doctor being earnest with her to leave her new Religion, and to embrace the old; she answered, She had now no time to think of anything, but of perparing her self to God by Prayer: Fecknam thinking she had spoken this, to the end she might have some longer time of life, obtained of the Queen three days longer, and then came and • old so much to the Lady Jane ; whereat she smiling said, You are much deceived if you think I had any desire of longer life; for I assure you, since the time you went from me, my life hath been so tedious to me, that I long for nothing so much as death, and since it is the Queens pleasure, am mo •• willing to undergo it. Before she was brought to Execution, her hu • band the Lord Guildford, had made suit, and obtained to see her and have some conference with her; but she refused it, saying, These were rather augmenters of grief, then comfort • of death • she made no doubt, but they should shortly meet in a better place, and in a better condition of society: so on the twelfth of February, her husband the Lord Guildford first, and then she an hour or two after, was beheaded within the Tower; where she acknowledged her self to have deserved death, not for seeking the Crown, but for not refusing it, being offered; and after prayers to God, unclothing her self, and putting a Handcarchiffe before her eyes, she laid her head down upon the block, and patiently suffered death, more grievous to the beholders, then to her self. This end had the Lady Jane Gray, a Lady of incomparable Piety; and (for her years) of incomparable learning; for being not past seventeen years of age, she understood perfectly the Greek and Latin tongues, and was so ready in all points of Divinity, as if she knew them by inspiration rather then by instruction; no less a miracle in this kind then King Edward ; and therefore no marvel if he appointed her to succeed him in the Kingdom, who in the endowments of mind was so like unto him, that whilst she reigned, it might be thought he continued to reign himself, at lest no more differing but only the sex. It may not be forgotten, that Judge Morgan, who at her arraignment gave the sentence against her, shortly after fell mad, and in his raving, cried continually to have the Lady Jane taken away from him, and so ended his life.

Two days after the execution of the Lady Jane, namely the fourteenth and fifteenth of February, twenty pair of Gallows were set up in divers places of the City, whereon were handed fifty of Wyats faction; on the eighteenth of February Bret was hanged at Rochester in chains, Sir Henry • Isle, who had been taken in an old freeze coat and an old pair of hose, with his brother Thomas Isle and Walter Mantell were hanged at Maidstone, Anthony Knevet and his brother William, with another of the Mantels were executed at Sevenocke ; but then on the twentieth of February a sprinkling of mercy came, for four hundred of Wyats followers, being brought before the Queen with halters about their necks, were all pardoned and set at liberty. But then severity soon after began again, for on the three and twentieth of February the Lord Henry Gray Duke of Suffolk, and Father to the Lady Jane, who the week before had been attaigned and condemned, was on the Tower-hill beheaded, and on the eleventh of April, in the same place was beheaded (the Author of all this mischief) Wyot himself, whose quarters were set up in divers places of the City, his head upon the Gallows at Hay-hill, besides Hide Park. This man, in hope of life, having before accused the Lord Courtney and the Lady Elizabeth the Queens sister • to be privy to his conspiracy, yet at his death he cleared them, and protested openly, that they were altogether innocent, and never had been acquainted with his proceedings. Yet was this matter so urged against them by Stephen Gardener, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor, that both of them in March before had been committed to the Tower, though in May following they were both again released, but yet confined, the Lady Elizabeth to Woodstock, under the custody of Sir Henry Beningfield of Oxenborough in the County of Norfolk ; the Lord Courtney to Foderingham, under the custody of Sir Thomas Tres • am, who after some time was set at liberty, and going into Italy there died. It is memorable, what malice this Bishop Gardener bore to the Lady Elizabeth, by whose only procurement, not only she was kept i • most hard durance, but a Warrant was at last framed under certain Counselors hands, to put her to death, and had been done, but that Master • ridges L • ev • enant of the Tower, pitying her case, went to the Queen to know her pleasure, who utterly denied that she knew anything of it; by which means here life was preserved. Indeed the Bishop would sometimes say, how they cut off boughs and branches, but as long as they let the root remain, all was nothing: and it is not unworthy the remembering what • rains were laid to ens • are her. The common net at that time for catching of Protestants, was the Real Pres • nce, and this net was used to catch her; for being asked one time, what she thought of the words of Christ, This is my Body ; whether she thought it the true body of Christ, that was in the Sacrament. It is said, that after some pawsing, she thus answered:

Which though it may seem but a slight expression, yet hath it more solidness then at first fight appears; at lest it served her turn at that time to escape the net, which by direct answering she could not have done.

On the seventeenth of April Thomas Lord Grey, the Duke of Suffolkes brother was beheaded, the last, and indeed the lest in delinquency, that suffered, for having any hand in Wyats conspiracy. There remained yet a fagge end, and was indeed but a fagge end, as nothing worth; for on the same day Sir Nichol • s Thr • gmorton, being accused to have been a party in Wyats conspiracy, was at the Guild-hall arraigned before Sir Thomas White Lord Major, the Earls of Shrewsbury and Derby, Sir Thomas Bromley Lord chief Justice of England, Sir Nicholas Hare Master of the Roles, Sir Francis Englefield Master of the Wards, Sir Richard Southwell and Sir Edward Walgrave Privy Counselors, Sir Roger Chomley, Sir William Portman one of the Justices of the Kings Bench, Sir Edward Sanders one of the Justices of the Common Pleas, Master St •• ford and Master Dyer Serjeants at Law, Master Edward Griffin Attorney ge • erall, Master Sendall and Peter Titch • orne Clerks of the Crown, where the said M • ster Nicholas Throgmorton so fully and discreetly answered all objections brought against him, that he was found by the Jury, Not Guilty, and was clearly acquitted, but the Jury notwithstanding was afterward troubled for acquitting him, and sent prisoners, some of them to the Tower, and some to the Fleet, and afterward fined to pay a thousand makes a piece at lest, and some 2000. l. though these sums were afterward something mitigated.

More of Wya • s complices had been taken, arraigned and adjudged to die, but in judgment the Queen remembered mercy, and gave them their Pardon; of which number were Master Rudston of Kent, Sir James a Crofts, the Lord John Gray brother to the Duke of Suf • olke, and some others.

About this time, a little before and after, were advancements in honor, the Lord William Howard, Lord Admiral of England, was created Baron Ho • ard of E •• ingham, Sir John Williams was created Baron of Tames, Sir Edward North was created Ba • on of Chartleigh, Sir John Bridges was created Baron Chandowes of Sudeley, Gerrard Fitz Garret was created Earl of