A Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Roman Government

oward Graveling, was by the way met by the Emperor, and by him conducted thithet, and there in most royal manner ente • tained; whereof when the French King heard, he began from that day forward, to have King Henry in a kind of jealousy, as though to love him and the Emperor both were inconsistent, and could not stand together. On Wednesday the eleventh of July, the Emperor and his Aunt the Lady Margaret, Duchess of Savoy, came with the King of England to the town of Calais, and there continued with Feasting, Dancing and Masking, till the fourteenth of July. In which time, all the Articles of the league tripartito, between the Emperor and the Kings of England and France were reviewed; to which the King of France had so fully condescended, that he had sent Monsieur de Roche to the Emperor with Let • ers of credence; that in the word of a Prince, he would inviolably observe and keep them all: all which notwithstanding, he dispensed with his conscience afterward, in breaking them all. On Saturday, July 14. the Emperor took his leave and went to Graveling ; the King with his Queen returned into England.

It was now the twelfth year of King Henries reign; when being returned from Calais, he kept his Christmas at Greenwich with great magnificence; & on twelfth day he and the Earl of Devonshire maintained a solemn Justs against all comers.

The Cardinal had long born a grudge against the Duke of Buckingham, for speaking certain words in his disgrace, and now hath made his way for revenge: for the Earl of Surrey, Lord Admiral, who had married the Dukes daughter, the Cardinal had caused to be sent Deputy into Ireland, and the Earl of Northumberland, the Dukes special friend he had caused upon certain suggested crimes to be Imprisoned; so as the Duke having his friends sequestered from him, he lay now open to accusations, and accusations shall not long be wanting; for the Duke having some time before put from him in displeasure, one Charles Knevet, that had been his Surveyar, and inward with him; him the Cardinal gets to him, to see what he could get out of him against the Duke. And whether it was out of desire of revenge, or out of hope of reward, or that the matter was so indeed, this Knevet confessed to the Cardinal, that the Duke had once fully determined to make away the King; being brought into a hope to be King himself by a vain Prophesy, which one Nicholas Hopkins (a Monk of an house of the Chartnar Order, besides Bristow, called Henton ) sometimes his Confessor, had opened to him; and as for the Cardinal, that he had often heard the Duke swear, he would punish him soundly for his manifold misdoings. And now had the Cardinal matter enough for Accusation, which he so aggravated to the King, that the King bid him do with him according to Law. Hereupon the Duke is apprehended and brought to the Tower by Sir Henry Marney, Captain of the Guard, the fifteenth of April, and shortly after in Guild-hal before Sir John Brugge, then Lord Major, was indicted of divers points of High-treason; the substance whereof was, that in the second year of the Kings reign, and at divers times before and after, he had imagined and compassed the Kings death at London and at Thornbery in Glocestershi • e ; and that in the sixth year of the Kings reign, he went in person to the Priory of Henton, and there had conference with the foresaid Nicholas Hopkins, who told him he should be King; and that he had often said to the Lord Aburgayne who had married his daughter, that if King Henry died without issue, he would look to have the Crown himself. Upon these points he was arraigned in Westminster-hall, before the Duke of Norfolk, sitting then as high Steward of Engla • d, the Duke of Suffolk, the Marquess Dorset, the Earls of Worcester, Devonshire, Essex, Shrewsbury, Kent, Oxford and Darby, the Lord's of Saint John's de la ware, Fitz-water, Willoughby, Brook, Cobha • Herbert & Morley. The Duke pleaded for himself til he sweet again, but all booted • ot, for by these Peers he was found guilty and condemned, and so on Friday the seventeenth of May was led by John Keyme and John Skevington Sheriffs of London to the scaffold on Tower-hill, and there beheaded. The Augustine Friers took his body and head and buried them. This Edward Bohun Duke of Buckingham was the last high Constable of England (the greatest place, next the high Steward in the kingdom) whose Power extended to restrain some actions of the King. He was also Earl of Hereford, Stafford and Northampton, he married Elianor the daughter of Henry Earl of Northumberland, and had issue Henry Lord Stafford (Father to Henry Lord Stafford la • e living) and three daughters, Elizabeth married to Thomas H • ward Earl of Surrey, Katherine married to Ralph Nevill Earl of Wes • merland, and Mary married to George Nevill Lord of Abu • ga • enie.

In this mean while, a new War was begun between the Emperor and the King of France ; for composing whereof, the Cardinal of York was sent attended with the Earl of Worce • ter, Lord Chamberline, the Lord of Saint John's, the Lord Ferrers, the Lord Herbert, the Bishop of Du • ham, the Bishop of Eli, the Primate of Armagh, Sir Thomas Boleyn, Sir John Pechye, Sir John Hussey, Sir Richard Winkfield, Sir Henry Guild • ord, and many other Knights, Gentlemen and Doctors. On the twelfth of July he arrived at Calais, whether came to him the Cha • cellour of France, and the Count de Palice attended with four hundred horse, as Ambassadors from the French King; and from the Emperor the like, with Commissions to treat and conclude of Peace. There were also Ambassadors from the Pope, whom the Cardinal moved to have the Pope be a party also in their League, but they wanting Commission. Letters were presently sent to Rome about it, and in the time till answer might be had, the Cardinal went to Bruges, to speak with the Emperor, with whom having stayed thirteen days, after most Royal entertainment, he returned back to C • llice, and then fell presently to the treaty of Peace, with the French Commissioner, but was colder in the matter then he was before, as having had his edge taken off, by some dealings with the Emperor, so as nothing was concluded; but that Fishermen of both the Princes might freely Fish on the Seas without disturbance, till the end of February following; whereof he sent advertisement to both the Princes; to the Emperor by the Lord of Saint John's and Sir Thomas Boleyn ; to the French King by the Earl of Worcester and the Bishop of Eli. During all which time of the Cardinals stay in Calais, all Writs and Pa • ents were there by him sealed, and no Sheriff could be chosen for lack of his presence, having the Great Seal there with him, and full power in things, as if the King had been there in person. Before he returned he made a new League with the Emperor, and intimated to the French King, that he doubted the King of England would not hereafter be so much his friend, as heretofore he had been; whereat, though the King of France were much offended, yet he signified by his Letters (perhaps dissemblingly) that he would continue the King of England's friend as much as ever: only he enveighed against the Cardinal, as a man of no truth, & withdrew many Pensions which he had before given to some English. Presently upon this, was Tourney besieged, by the Lord Hugh de Moncada a Spaniard ; and though the French King sent great Forces to succor it; yet it was rendered up to the Emperor the last of November, in the thirteenth year of King Henries Reign.

This year Pope Leo died the first of December, suspected to be poisoned by Barnabie Malespina his Chamberlain, whose office was always to give him drink. After whose death, Doctor Pace was sent to Rome, to make friends in behalf of the Cardinal of York ; who was brought into a hope through the Kings favor to be elected Pope, but that hope was soon quailed; for before Doctor Pace could get to Rome, Adrian the sixth was chosen Pope. This Doct. Pace was a very learned and religious man, yet thorough crosses in his employment, fell mad and died; in whose place of Employment succeeded Doct. Stephen Gardyner.

On the second of February, King Henry being then at Greenwich, received a Bull from the Pope, whereby he had the Title given him to be defender of the Christian Faith, for him and his successors forever; which Title was ascribed • o him, for writing a Book against Luther, of which Book (saith Holings • eard ) I will only say • hus much, that King Henry in his Book, is reported to rage against the Devil and Antichrist, to cast out his foam against Luther, to race out the Name of the Pope, and yet to allow his Law; which Book Luther a • swered with as little respect to the King, as the King had done to him.

In this mean time, many displeasures grew between the two Kings of England and France, specially two: one that French-men seized upon English ships as they passed: for remedy whereof, one Christopher Cee an expert seaman, was sent with six ships to safeguard the Merchants. Another, that the Duke of Albanye was returned into Scotland, contrary to that which was Covenanted by the league, which though the King of France denied to be done with his privity, yet King Henry knew the Duke of Albanye had Commission from the French King to return, which did the more exasperate him; and hereupon were Musters made in England, and a note taken of what substance all men were.

This year died the Lord Brooke, Sir Edwad Poynings Knight of the Gar • er, Sir John Pechy, and Sir Edward Belknappe, all valient Captains, suspected to have poisoned at a Banquet made at Ard, when the two Kings met last.

At this time, Owen Dowglas Biship of Dunkell, fled out of Sco • lnad into England, because the Duke of Albanye being come thither, had taken upon him the whole Government of the King and Kingdom; whereupon Clarentiaux the Herald was sent into Scotland, to command the Duk of Albany to avoid that Realm; which he refusing, the Herald was • ommanded to defy him. Thereupon the, French King seized all English-men's goods in Burdeaux, and impisoned their persons; and retained not only the money to be paid for the restitution of Tourney ; but also withheld the French Queens Dower: whereof when King Henry understood; he called the French Ambassador residing in England, to give account thereof; who though he gave the best reasons he • old to excuse it, yet was commanded to keep his house, and the French Hostages remaining here, for the money to be paid for the delivery of Tourney, were restrained of their liberty, and committed to the custody of the Lord of Sa • t John's, Sir Thomas Lovell, Sir Andrew Windsor, and Sir Thomas Nevyle ; each of them to keep one; and withal, all French-men in London were committed to prison, and put to their Fines; and all Scots-men much more. There were then also sent to sea under the conduct of Sir William Fitz-Williams Viceadmirall, eight and twenty great ships, and seven more towards Scotland ; who set fire on many Scottish-ships in the Haven, and at length took many prisoners, and returned.

King Henry hearing that the Emperor would come to Calais, so to pass into England, as he went into Spain ; appointed the Lord Marquess Dorsett, to go to C • llice, there to receive him • and the Cardinal to receive him at Daver • The Cardinal taking his Journey thither on the tenth of May, rode thorough London accompanied with two Earls, six and thirty Knights, and a hundred Gentlemen, eight Bishops, ten Abbots, thirty Chaplains, all in Velvet and Satin; and Yeomen seven hundred. The five and twentieth of May being Sunday, the Marquess Dorset with the Bishop of Chichester, the Lord de Law • re and divers others, at the water of Graveling, received the Emperor, and with all honor brought him to Calais, where he was received with Procession, by the Lord Berners Lieutenant of the Town. On Monday he took ship at Calais, and landed at Dover, where the Cardinal with three hundred Lord's, Knights and Gentlemen received him, and in great State brought him to the Castle, where he was lodged. On Wednesday being Ascension Even, the King came to Dover, and there with great joy and gladness, the Emperor and he met. On Friday in the afternoon they departed from Dover, and came that night to Canterbury, and from thence next day to Greenwich, where the Queen received her Nephew with all the joy that might be. Here to honor the Emperors presence, Royal Justs and Turneys were appointed; where the King, the Earl of D • vonshire and ten Aydes, kept the place against the Duke of Suffolk, the Marquess Dorset and other ten Aydes, on their part. On Friday the sixth of June, the Emperor and the King with all their companies went to London, where the City received them with Pageants, and other as rare device • , as at a Coronation, and the Emperor was lodged at the Blackf • yers, and all his Lord's in the new Palaces of Bridewell. On Whitsunday, the King and the Emperor rode to the Cathedral Church of Saint Paul, where the Cardinal sung M • sse, and had his Traverse and his Cupboord. Before Mass, two Barons gave him water, and after the Gospel, two Earls, and at the last Lavatory two Dukes, which pride the Spaniards much disdained. After many Feastings in other places, at last they rode to Windsor, where they stayed a whole week; and there on Corpus Chris • i day, the Emperor wore his Mantle of the Garte • , and sat in his own Stall. On the same day, both the Princes received the Sacrament, and took their oaths to observe the League concluded between them. On the morrow after, they came to Winchester : before whose coming thither there was come to Hampton, the Earl of Surrey Admiral of England, with all the Kings Navy, and with him the Lord Fitz-Water, the Barron Curson, Sir Nicholas Carew, Sir Richard Wink •• eld Sir Richard Ierning • am, Francis Brian, Sir William Barentine, Sir Adrian Foskew, Sir Edward Donne, Sir Edward Chamberlain, Sir Richard Cornwall, Sir Antony Poynes, Sir Henry Shirborn, and the Viceadmirall, Sir William Fitz-Williams, Sir Edmund Bray, Sir Giles Capell, Sir William Pirton, John Cornwallis, Sir John Walloppe, Sir Edward Ichingham, Sir William Sidney, Anthony Browme, Giles Hus • ey, Thomas Moore, John Rus • el, Edward Bray, Henry Owen, George Cobham, Thomas Old • all, Thomas Lovell, Robert Ichingham, Anthony Knevet, Sir John Tremaile, Sir William Skevington, Master of the Ordinance, and John Fabian Serjant at Arms, by whom chiefly a diss • gne was moved, though now noised only that it was but to scour the seas for the safe conducting of the Emperor. For the Earl of Surrey having wafted the Emperor over to the co • st of Biskay ; upon his return, made to the coast of Britain ; and there landing seven thousand of his men, marched to the Town of Morleys, and by assault took it: having • on this Town, the E • rle called to him certain Gentlemen and made them Knights; as Sir Francis Brian, Sir Anthony Brown, Sir Richard Cornwall, Sir Thomas Moore, Sir Giles Hus • ey, Sir John Russell, Sir John Rainsford, Sir George Cobham, Si • John Cornwallis, Sir Edward Ridgley, and some others; and after the Earl had lien a while on the Coast of Britain, he was commanded home by the Kings letters: who thereupon brought back his whole fleet, to a place ca • led the Cow under the Isle of Wight, and then went on land, leaving diverse of of his ships, under the Governa • ce of the Vice-admirall Sir William Fitz-Williams.

In this mean time, diverse exploits were achieved between them of the Garrison in the marches of Calais, and the French men of Bulloigne, where the French commonly had the worst: but being of no great moment, may well be passed over without relating. Likewise at the same time the Lord Ross, and the Lord Dacres of the North, appointed to keep the Borders against Scotland, burnt the Town of Kelsie, and fourscore Vilages, and overthrew eighteen Towers of stone, withal their Bulwarks.

King Henry intending now to go seriously on with his wars in France, levied an Army, which under the conduct of the Earl of Surrey, he sent over to C • llice ; whither the Earl being come, he divided his Army into three battles; the first was led by Sir Robert Ratcliffe Lord Fitz-water, the middle-ward by himself and his brother the Lord Edmund Howard, the rear-ward by Sir William Sands and Sir Richard Winkfield, both of them Knights of the Ga • ter: and Sir Edward Guildford was Captain of the horsemen. In this order the Earl entered the French ground the second of September, and took his Journey • owards Hedring. By the way there came to him a great Power of •• rgognias, sent by the Lady Margaret, according to the Articles of the League. All the Towns, Villages and Castles, in the Country through which they passed, they burnt and sacked; as the Town and Castle of Selloys, the Town of Brun • rigge, Senekerke, Botington and Manstier, with divers others. On the sixteenth of September, they came before the Castle of Heding, and laid siege unto it; but the Castle being well fortified, & the Earl having not battering Ordnance, which by reason of the foul weather, he could not bring with him: after eleven days he raised his siege, and passing from thence to Dorlens, burnt the Town and raced the Castle, as also the Town of Dortyer, and then the year being far spent, came back to Callic • the sixteenth of October.

At this time, the Duke of Albany being established Governor of Scotland, raised an Army of fourscore thousand men, with which he approached the b •• ders, but made no Invasion, as thinking perhaps that the only report of his great Army, would fright the English ; but yet this stayed not the Lord Marquess Dorset, Warden of the east and middle Marches; to enter into Tividale, and so forward ten miles into Gallaway, burning all towns and Villages on every side as he passed. All that night he tarried within the Scottish ground, and the next day being good-Friday, withdrew back into England, with a head of four thousand cattle; having burned Grimseley, Mowhowse, Donford, Myles, Ackforth, Crowling, and many other Towns and Villages.

In King Henries fourteenth year, on the fifteenth of April began a Parliament, which was holden at the Blackfryers, whither the King came, and there sat down in his Royal Seat; at his feet on the right side sat the Cardinal of York, and the Archbishop of Canterbury ; and at the Rail behind, stood Doctor Tunstall Bishop of London, who making an Oration, told there the causes of calling this Parliament; which were (as he said) for remedying of mischiefs by the common Law, as Recoveries, Forraigne Vouchers and corrupt Trialls • and for making new Laws for the good of the Common-wealth: whereof notwithstanding, no one word was spoken all the time of the Parliament, nor any other thing done, but a Subsedie granted; but howsoever, being commanded to choose their Speaker, they chose Sir Thomas Moore, who at first disabling himself, at last made two Petitions to the King; one for himself, that if he should be sent by the Commons to the King on a Message, and mistake their inten • , he might then with the Kings pleasure resort again to the Commons to know their meaning. The other, for the House of Commons, that if in communication and reasoning, any man should speak more largely then of duty he ought to do, yet all such offenses should be pardoned, and that to be entered of Record. Which Petitions were granted, and then the Parliament began; where at first a Subsidy was demanded, but as there was much ado in the House of Commons about it, so there was no less amongst the Clergey in the Convocation House; for Richard Bishop of Winchester, and John Bishop of Rochester were much against it, but most of all, one Rowland Philip's, Vicar of Croyden, and a Canon of Paul's, but the Cardinal taking him aside, dealt so with him, that he took him off, so as he came no more to the House • and then the Bel-weather (as one saith) giving over his hold, the rest soon yielded; and so was granted the half of all their spiritual yearly Revenues, to be paid in five years following. The Clergey being thus brought on, on the nine & twentieth of April, the Cardinal came into the House of Commons, to work them also; and there showing the great charges the King was necessarily to be at in his present Wars: demanded the sum of eight hundred thousand pounds, to be raised of the fifth part of every man's Goods and Lands, which was four shillings of every pound. This demand was enforced the day after by the Speaker Sir Thomas Moore ; but the Burgesses were all against it, showing that it was not possible to have it gathered in money; for that men of Lands had not the fifth part thereof in Coyne. And further alleged, that there be not many parishes in England one with another, able to spare a hundred Marks, except Cities and Towns; and seeing there were not above thirteen thousand Parishes in the Kingdom, (at this day there are but 9285.) how could such a sum be raised? Hereupon certai • e of the House were sent to move the Cardinal, to be a means to the King to accept of a lesser sum, but the Cardinal answered, he would rather have his tongue plucked out of his mouth with a pair of Pinsors, then make to the King any such motion. Whereupon the Cardinal came again in • o the House, and desired that he might reason with them that were against the demand; to which it was answered, that the order of that house was to hear, and not to reason, except amongst themselves. When the Cardinal was gone, the Commons after long debating the m • tter; at last, agreed of two shillings in the pound, from twenty pounds upward, and from forty shillings, to twenty pounds; of every twenty shillings, twelve pence, and under forty shillings, of every head of sixteen years and upwards, four pence, to be paid in two years: when this was told to the Cardinal, he was much offended; so that to please him, the Gentlemen of fifty pound Land and upward, by the motion of Sir John Hussey, a Knight of Lincolneshire, were charged with twelve pence more in the pound, to be paid in three years. The Cardinal to move them to it, bore them in hand, that the Lord's had agreed to four shillings of the pound; which was untrue, for the Lord's had granted nothing, but stayed to see what the Commons would do; whereof when the King heard, he reproved the Cardinal for it; saying withal, that ere it were long he would look to things himself, without any Substitute. Which speech of the Kings, though it da • ted the Cardinal for a while, yet he soon recovered his Spirits, and now as peremptory afterwards as he had been before. After this, the Parliament was prorogued till the tenth of June ; during with prorogation, the Common people said to the Burgesses, we hear say, you will grant four shillings of the pound, we advise you • o do so, that you may go home; with many like threatenings. At this time, the Cardinal by his power Legant me, dissolved the Convocation at Paul's, convoked by the Archbishop of Canterbury, calling him and all the Clergy, to his Convocation at Westminster : which was never seen before in England (saith Hall. ) The one and thirtieth of July, the Parliament was adjourned to Westminster, and there continuing till the thirteenth of August, was that day at nine of the clock at night dissolved.

About this time, the Bishop of Durham died, and the King gave that Bishopric to the Cardinal; who resigned the Bishopric of Bath to Doctor John Clerke, Master of the Rolls, and Sir Henry Marney, that was Vice-chamberlain, was made Lord Privy Seal, and shortly after, was created Lord Marney : also during this Parliament, Sir Arthur Plantagenet, bastard son to King Edward the fourth at Bridewell, was created Viscount Lisle ; in right of his wife who was wise before to Edmund Dudley, Beheaded.

The fifteenth of June ; in the fifteenth year of the Kings Reign, Christian King of Denmark with his Queen; driven out of his own Country, came into England, and was lodged at Bath place; who after, he had been feasted by the King and by the Citty of London, and received great gifts of both, returned again into Flanders, where he remained as a banished man: some years after, King Henry sent Doctor Henry Standish, Bishop of Saint Assaph, and Sir John Baker Knight, into Denmark, to persuade the people to receive him again into his Kingdom; but they could not prevail, he was so much hated for his cruelty.

About this time, the Earl of Kildare having recovered again the favor of the Cardinal, was sent Deputy into Ireland, as he had been before, where he reduced the wild Irish to indifferent conformity. All this while had England wars both with the French and with the Scots. In Scotland the Marquess of Dorset threw down the Castles of Wederborne, of Nesgate, of Blackater, of Mackwals, and burnt to the number of seven and thirty Villages, yet never came to skirmish. In France, the Lord Sands, Treasurer of Calais, with twelve hundred men went before Bulloigne, where he skirmished with the Enemy; and after taking divers Churches and Castles in the Enemies Countre • , returned back to Calais, with the loss only of a dozen men. King Henry being advertised that the Duke of Albanie was providing of Forces in France, with which to return into Scotland, sent forth his Vice-admirall Sir William Fitz-williams, with divers great Shippes to intercept him; but when he could not meet with him, he then landed in the Haven of Trepor • ; where with seven hundred men, he beat six thousand French that sought to impeach his landing, took their Bulworks and much Ordnance in them • burned the suburbs of the town of Treport, and all in five hours, and then returned.

All this while King Henry had but played with the French, but • ow he means to be in earnest, and therefore sends over the Duke of Suffolk with an Army, the four and twentieth of August ; attended with the Lord Montacute and his b • other Sir Arthur Poole, the Lord Herbert, son to the Earl of Worces • er, the Lord Ferrers, the Lord Marney, the Lord Sands, the Lord Barkley, the Lord • owis, and the Baron Curson, Sir Richard Wink •• eld, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Sir John Vere, Sir Edward Nevile, Sir William Kings • on, Sir Richard Weston, Sir Andrew Winsore, Sir Robert Winkfield, Sir Anthony, Winkfield, Sir Edward Guildford, Sir Edw: Grevile, Sir Edw: Chamberlain, Sir Thomas Lucy, Sir Everard Digby, Sir Adrian Foskew, Sir Richard Cornwall, Sir William Courtney, Sir William Sidney, Sir Henry Owin, sand many other Knights and Gentlemen. In the whole Army were six hundred Demylaunces, two hundred Archers on Horsback, three thousand Archers on foo • , and five thousand Bilmen. Also seventeen hundred taken out of the Garrisons of Hammes, Guysnes, and Calais, in all, ten thousand and five hnndred, besides two thousand six hundred laborers and Pioners. With this Army the Duke of Suffolk took the field, his vauntguard was led by the Lord Sands ; Cap • aine of the right wing, was Sir William Kingston ; of the left, Sir Everard Digby, Captain of all the Horsmen was Sir Edward Guildford, Marshall of Calais ; the Duke himself led the Battle, and Sir Richard Winkfield the Reareward. The Dukes first enterprise was the winning of Bell Castle, which the Lord Sands and the Lord Ferres assaulted, and had it yielded to them: and then Sir William Skevington was placed Captain in it. At this time, the Duke of Bourbon, high Constable of France, began to have his mind aliena • ed from the King of France, and • o draw him the more on, the Duke of Suffolk sent Sir John Russel (afterward created Duke of Bedford ) to him, who passing in disguised apparel, so prevailed with him, that he professed to take part with the Emperor, and the King of England, who having ten thousand Almans in his pay: it was thought fit (for encourag • meant of the English ) to proclaim in the Army, the access of so powerful an assistant: and thereupon the Duke of Suffolk removed to Ard, and so forward into Picardie. At Cords between Terwyn and Saint Omers, there came to him the Lord of Isilst • yn, and with him of Spaniards, Almans and others, three thousand Foot-men, and five hundred Horse. With these forces, the Duke marching on, took first the rich Town of Anchor, then the Castle of Bounguard, and then by assault the Town of Bray, though two thousand good men of war were in it. After this, the Towres of Cap and Roy, Lihome and Davenker, and then came before • he Town of Mount-Dedyer, in which were a thousand foot and five hundred horse; yet upon Sir William Skevingtons Batteries, was yielded to him. From hence he removed to Roy, where he rested a while with hi • whole Army: and there on Alholland-day, in the chief Church of Roy, made Knights, the Lord Herbert, the Lord Powis, Oliver Manners, Arthur Poole, Richard Sands, Robert Ierningham, Robert Salisbury, Edward Beningfield, Richard Corbet, Thomas Wentworth, William Storton, Walter Mantel, George Warram and Edward Seymour (that was after Duke of Somerset. ) The day after, the Army removed to a place called Neele, from thence to Veane, and then • o Beauford, where the Duke made John Dudley, and Robert Vtreight Knights, and from thence on the eighth of November to a place called Mount Saint Martin ; here the Welshmen began to murmur, that they might not return home, the winter being so far spent; but there was to the number of a thousand persons, under the leading of Sir John Walloppe, who having no wages, but what they could got by booties, and were therefore called Adventurers, and by some Kreekers, and these had more desire to stay, then the Welshmen had to be gone; for the great gains they made, by the spoils of so many Towns that were taken. The thirteenth of November, the Duke removed to a place within two miles of Boghan Castle, defended by great Marishes, that lay before it, but the frost being at that time so great that many lost their fingers and toes with cold, and some died; Sir Edward Guildford acquainted the Duke, that he thought the marishes were hard enough frozen to bear great Ordnance; whereupon, the Duke bid him venture it then and go on, which he resolutely did, and had the Castle presently delivered up to him. In this mean time, the King hearing in what state the Army stood, had prepared six thousand men to be sent to the Duke for a relief, under the leading of the Lord Montjoy ; but before they could be put in order to pass the Sea, the Duke, partly by extremity of the weather, and partly by the murmuring of the Soldiers, was constrained to break up his Army, and return to C • llice.

In this mean time, the Scots knowing that the strength of England was gone into France, took boldness to invade the Marishes; but then the Earl of Surrey, Treasurer and high Admiral of England, with six thousand men, being sent against them, took divers of their Castles and Holds; and at Yedworth, skirmishing with a great Garrison of Scots, overthrew them, and took and burned both the Town and Castle. And now the French King finding that the Scots did not work any great trouble to the English, whereby to keep them from molesting of France, and thinking it to be for want of the Duke of Albanies presence, whom they accounted their Governor; he therefore prepared a Navy of Ships to transpo • t him into Scotland ; but when the Duke of Albany heard that Sir William Fitz-williams was sent with a great Fleet to stop his passage, he brought his Ships into the Haven of Brest, and gave it out that he would not go into Scotland that year; which being told to the King of England, he commanded that his Ships also should be laid up in Havens, till the next spring. And now see the cunning of the Scot ; for when he saw the Kings Ships discharged, he then boldly took shipping himself, and sailed into Sc • tland ; whither being come, he presently levied a great Army, and approached the English Borders; but when he heard the Earl of Surrey was coming against him with a mighty power, he then sent a Her • uld to him • promising of his honor, to give him Battle; and if he took him prisoner, to give him good quarter. To whom the Earl answered, that he would not fail to abide his Battle; but if he took him prisoner, the quarter he would give him, should be to cut off hi • head, and send it for a Present to his Master the King of England. At this time, to the Earl of Surrey being at Alnewicke, came the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, the Lord's Clifford, Dacres, Lumley, Ogle and Darcye, with many Knights, Gentlemen and other Soldiers, to the number of forty • housand; and from the Court, came the Master of the Horse, Sir Ni • holas Carew, Sir Francis Bryan, Sir Edward Baynton, and others. The last of October, the Duke of Albonye sent two or three thousand men over the water to bes • edge the Castle of Warke ; who by battery of their Ordnance won the ou • ermost Ward, called the Barnekins ; and continuing their battery, won the second Ward; but then Sir William Lisle, that was Captain of the Castle, issuing forth with those few he had left, drove the Fr • nch-m • n from the place, and slew of them to the number of three hundred: a memorable service, and for which the Earl of Surrey afterwards gave him great thanks. The Earl would gladly have followed his enemies in • o their own Borders, but that his Commission was only to defend England, and not to invade Scotland. Shortly after the Quee • e of Scots, Mother to the King, sent to her Brother the King of England, for an abstinence from War, till a further communication might be had; which being gra •• ed, the English Army brake up, and the Earl of Surrey returned to the Court.

And now for a while we must be co •• ent to hear of pet • y Occurrances, because greater did not happen; which if it make us like the Story the worse, it may make us like the times the better; seeing they are ever the best times that afford lest matter to be talked of: but this time will las • but a while; for shortly we shall come to hear Occurrances, that have been matter of talk to this day, whereof the like have never scarce been seen, and will hardly be believed, when they are heard; a Marriage dissolved after twenty years co • summation; houses built in Piety; under pretence of Piety demolished; a King made a captive • a Pope held a prisoner • Queens taken out of love, put to death out of loathing; and the Church it self so shaken, that it hath stood in distraction ever since.

At this time, the Emperou • Charles sent to the King of England two M • ses trapped in crimson Velvet, richly embridered; also eleven goodly Je • its, trapped with russe • Velvet, richly wrought; four Speares and two Javelins of strange timber, and work richly garnished; and five brace of Greyho • nd • . To the Queen he sent two Mules richly trapped and high Chai • es after the Spanish fashion: which Presents were thankfully received both of the King and Queen.

At this time in the month of October, the Cardinal sent out Commissions, that every man being worth forty pounds, should pay the whole Subsedie before granted, out of hand; which he called an Anticipation: which fine new word, he thought would make them pay their money the more willingly; but they loved their money better then any words he could devise.

In this year the King sent the Lord Morley, Sir William Hussey, knight, and Doctor Lee his Almoner, to F • rdinand Archduke of Austria, with the Order of the Garter; which he received in the town of Norimberg, to his great contentment.

In this year, through Books of Prognosticat • ons, foreshowing much hurt to come by waters and •• oods, many persons withdrew themselves to high grounds, for fear of drowning; specially one Bolton, Prior of Sain • Barthol • mewes in Smithfield, built him an House upon Harrow on the Hill, and thither wen • and made provision for two months. These great waters should have fallen in February, but no such thi •• happeni • g, the Astronomers excused themselves, by saying, that in the computa • ion they had miscounted in their number an hundred years.

In this mean time, many enterpri • es were attempted, between the Englishmen of Calais, and Guy •• es, and the Frenchmen of Bulloigne, and the Fro •• tiers of Picard •• , and still Sir William Fitz Williams, Captain of Guysnes, Sir Robert I • rningham, Captain of Newnham Bridge, Sir John Walloppe, and Sir John Gage, were the men that did the French most hurt.

This year, the first of September, was Docter Thomas Hannibell Master of the Rolls, received into London, by Earls, Bishops, and diverse Lord's and Gentlemen, as Ambassadors from Pope Clement : who brought with him, a Rose of gold for a present to the King • & on the day of the Nativity of our Lad • after a solemn Mass sung by the Cardinal of York, the said present was delivered to the King, which was a Tree forged of fine Gold, and with branches, leaves, and flowers resembling Roses.

About the beginning of Winter, the advent • rers called Kr • ekers, being not above two hundred; and of them, five and twenty horsemen, made an attempt to fetch some booty from a Village not far from Mattrell, whereof the Earl of D • mmartine having notice, he set upon them with a far greater number, and slew most of them, and this was the end of the Kreekers, as brave men as ever served any Prince.

In December this year, there came to London diverse Ambassadors, out of Scotland, about a peace to be had • and a marriage to be concluded, between the King of Scots, and the Lady Mary daughter to the King of England.

At this time, the Lord Leonard Gray, and the Lord John Gr • y, brothers to the Lord Marquess Dorset, Sir George Cobham son to the Lord Cobham, Willia • Carye, Sir John Dudley, Thomas Wyat, Francis Poynts, Francis Sid •• y, Sir Anthony Brown, Sir Edward Seymor, Oliver Manners, Percivall Hart, Sebasti •• Nudigat • , and Thomas Calen, Esquires of the Kings Household; made a challenge of Arms against the Feast of Christmas, which was proclaimed by Windsor the Herald, and performed at the time appointed very Nobly; at Tilts, T • rneys, Barriars, and the assault of a Castle erected for that purpose, i • the Tilt-yard at Greenwich, where the King held his Christmas that year, with great State and magnificence.

About this time, John Iokyn Steward of the Household to the French Kings Mothe • , came into England, and was received in secret man • er into the House of one Doctor Lark, a Prebrendary of Saint Stephens ; who oftentimes talked with the Cardinal, about a Peace to be concluded between the two Kings of • ngland and France, of whose often meetings, Monsieur de Brate the Emperors Ambassador, grew very jealous. The four and twentieth of January, Monsie • r Brynion President of Roan, came to London as Ambassador from the French King, and was lodged with the said John Iokyn, which small things should not be related, but that they were preparatives to great matters afterward.

On Sunday the fifth of March, were received into London Monsieur de Beuer Lo • d of Campher, Admiral of Flanders, Monsieur John de la Coose President of 〈◊〉 , & Master John de la Gache, as Ambassadors from the Lady Margaret in the name of the Emperor, who required three things. First they demanded the Lady Mary the Kings only daughter, to be presently delivered, and she to be n •• ed Empresse, and as Governesse take possession of all the Low-Countries. Secondly, that all such sums of money as the King should give with her in ma • riage, should be paid incontinently. Thirdly, that the King of England should pass the sea in person, and make War in France the next Summer. The •• rst two demands were not agreed too for certain causes; and as to the third, the King said, he would take time to advize. On Thursday the ninth of March, a Gentleman came in Post from the Lady Margaret, with Letters signifying, that whereas the King of France had long lain at the siege of Pavia ; he had now been forced to raise his siege, and was himself taken prisoner by th • Imperialests • for joy whereof, Bonfires and great Triumph was made in 〈◊〉 , and on the twentieth of March being Sunday, the King himself came to Paul's, and there heard a solemn Mass. But for all this show of joy, it was thought if the King of France had not now been taken prisoner; that the King of England would have joined in amity with him, as being angry with the Fle ••• gs, for Inhau •• ing his Coyne in Flanders, which caused much money to be con • ayed out of England thither. The King of France being taken prisoner, was after some time conveyed into Spain, and at last brought to Madrill, where he • ell so sick, that the Physicians had little hope of his life, unless the Emperor would be pleased speedily to visit him; upon whose visitation he recovered his health, though not presently his strength. In which time, many propositions were made for his delivery, but the Emperor would accept of • one, without restitution of the Duchy of Burgoigne. At last, the French King weary of imprisonment, and longing for liberty, was content to agree to any conditions • the chief whereof were, that the French King by a certain day should be set at liberty, and within six weeks after should resign to the Emperor the Duchy of Burgoigne, with all Members pertaining to it; and at the • ame •• stant, should put into the Emperors hands, the Dolphyn of France, • nd with him, either the Duke of Orleans his second son: or else twelve pri • cipall Lord's of France, whom the Emperor should name; and that there should be between them a League and perpet • all co • federation fo • defense of their estates. Of whose atonement when King Henry heard, as before he had expressed gladness, that he was taken prisoner, so now he sent Sir Thomas Cheiney to him, to express his joy for being set at liberty; so sudden is the enterchange of love and hate amongst great Princes. The French King being thus delivered, the Emperor married the Lady Isabel, Daughter to Immanuel King of Portingal ; and • ad with her in Dower eleven hundred thousand Ducke • s • though three years before being at Windsor, he had covenanted to take to wife the Lady Mary King Henries Daughter.

At this time Cardinal Woolsey obtained license of the King to erect a College at Oxford, and another at Ipswich ; and towards the charge of them, got leave also, to suppress certain small Monasteries, to the number of forty; and after, got a confirmation of the Pope, that he might employ the Goods and Lands belonging to those Houses, to the maintenance of those two Colleges; a perni • ious president, and that which made the King a way afterward, to make a general suppression of all religio • s Houses, though indeed there be great difference between converting of Monestaries into Colleges, and utter subverting them.

In March King Henry sent Cuthert Tunstall Bishop of London, and Sir Richard Winkfield Chancellor of the Du • chy of Lanc • ster into Spain, to confer with the Emperor, about matters of great importance, and particularly about War to be made in France, and yet were these two Princes at this time in League: but he that shall observe the carriage of these three Princes towards one another, and how convertible their Leagues were into War, and their War into Peace; shall find it a strange Riddle of Ragion di stat • , and their Leagues to have been but mere complements, where the skale was turned with the least grain of a circumstance; and though they were bound by Oath, yet that Oath made the Leagues but little the firmer, seeing the League might be broken, and yet the Oath kept: for while one gave the occasion, and the other took it, though they were both accessories, yet neither was principal; and where there is not a principal, the Oath remains inviolate. And upon those Hinges did the friend-ship of these Princes turn, as at this time; the Emperor, though not long before, he had parted with the King of England, in the greatest kindness that could be; yet gave not the English Ambassadors so kind entertainment now, as he had formerly done; but for what cause was not apparent, unless upon some sinister report made to him, by Monsieur de Prate ; who having been his Ligier with the King of England, was without taking leave of the King departed, and come to the Emperor before the English Ambassadors came.

But howsoever, King Henry being determined to make War in France himself in person, his Council fell into consideration how the charge of the War should be maintained: which care the Cardinal takes upon him; and thereupon appoints Commissioners in all Shiers, to sit and draw the people to pay the sixth part of every man's substance, in plate or money: but the people opposed it, alleging that it was against the Law of the Realm, for any man to be charged with such payments, unless by Parliament: and as the Cardinal continued to press it, so the people continued to deny it; and when some for denying it were committed to prison, the Commons in many Countries, made great assemblies for their defense: the report whereof at last came to the King, who thereupon came to Westminster and protested openly, that it was done without his knowledge, and that it was never his meaning, to ask anything of his Subjects but according to Law: and therefore desired to know by whose Authority it was done. Here the Cardinal excused himself and said, that it was the opinion of all the Judges, and of all his Council, tha • he might Lawfully demand any sum, so it were done by Commission, and thereupon it was done. But the King liked not to take advantage of a distinction to draw money from his Subjects; and thereupon gave warning for doing any such thing hereafter: and signified so much by his Letters into all the Shiers of England giving also a general pardon to all that had offered to rise upon it; which though he did of his own free grace, yet the Cardinal to win a good opinion in the Commons, gave out, that it was by his means the King granted the pardon.

King Henries seventeenth year, was honored with the advancing of many in honor, for on the eighteenth of June, at his Palace of Bridewell, the Kings son (which he had by Elizibeth Blunt daughter to Sir John Blunt Knight) called Henry Fitz-Roy, was created first Earl of Nottingham, and after on the same day Duke of Richmond and Somerset, Henry Courtney Earl of Devonshire was created Marquis of Excetur, the Lord Brandon, son to the Duke of Suffolk and the French Queen (a child of two years old) was created Earl of Lincoln, Sir Thomas Manners Lord Ross, was created Earl of Rutland, Sir Henry Clifford, was created Earl of Cunberland, Sir Robert Ratcliffe Lord Fitz-Water, was created Viscount Fitz-Water, and Sir Thomas Boleyn Treasurer of the Kings Household, was created Viscount Roch • ord.

At this time the French Kings mother, as then Regent of France, procured by her Ambassadors, at first a Truce, and afterward a peace with England, which was proclaimed in London, the eighth of September. By the covenants of which peace, the King of England should receive at certain days, twenty hundred thousand Crowns, which in sterling money amounted to the sum of four hundred thousand pound; whereof fifty thousand was to be paid in hand. Sir William Fitz-Williams and Doctor Talour, was sent to the Lady Regent, to take her corporal oath, and likewise King Henry the four and twentieth of April, at Greenwich, in presence of the Ambassadors of France, Rome and Venice, took his corporal oath, to observe the peace between him, and his loving brother the French King, during his life, and one year after.

In this winter was great mortality in London, so as the Terme was adjourned, and the King kept his Christmas at Eltham, with a small number, and was therefore called the still Christmas. At which time, the Cardinal coming to the Court, took order for altering the state of the Kings House: many officers and other servants were discharged, and put to their pensions, in which number were four score and four Yeomen of the Guard: who before having had twelve pence the day with check, were now allowed but six pence the day without check, and commanded to go into their Countries.

On Shrovetuesday this year, a solemn Justs was held at Greenwich, the King and eleven other on the one part, the Marques of Excetur and eleven other of the other part.

In his nineteenth year, King Henry kept a solemn Christmas at Greenwich, with Revels, Maskes, disguisings, and Banquets, and the thirtieth of December and third of January were solemn • usts holden, when at night the King and fifteen other with him, came to Bridewel, and there putting on masking apparel, took his Barge, and rowed to the Cardinals place, where were at supper many Lord's and Ladies, who da • ced with the maskers, and after the dancing was made a great Banquet. This Christmas was a play at Grayes-Inn, made by one Master Roe a Sergiant at Law, the effect whereof was, that Lord Gouvernance was ruled by dissipation and negligence, by whose evil order Lady Public-Weale was put from governance. This the Cardinal took to be meant by him, and thereupon se • t the said Master Roe to the Fleet, though the Play were made long before the Cardinal had any authority: by which we may see how inseparable a companion suspicion is to a guilty conscience.

The fourteenth of January came to the Court Don Hugo de Mendoza, a Grande of Spain, as Ambassadors from the Emperor to the King, with a large commission, to make King Henry Judge; how just the conditions were, which the Emperor required of the King of France, and about this negotiation • arried two years in England, so desirous the Emperor was to continue good correspondence with the King of England.

On Shrovetuesday the King and the Maquesse of Excester with others, in most sumptuous attire came to the Tilt, and ran so many courses, till two hundred fourscore and six Speares were broken; and then disarming themselves went into the Queens Chamber, where a sumptuous Banquet was provided. But this Banquet was one of the last of the Queens preparing; for hitherto there had been no exception taken to the lawfulness of her marriage, but now came over Ambassadors from the King of France, requiring to have the Kings Daughter the Lady Mary, to be given in marriage to the Duke of Orleans second Son to their Master the French King, wherein they that were the suitors for it, were the hinderers of it; for amongst them was the President of Paris, who made a doubt, whither the marriage between King Henry and the Lady Katherin of Spain, having been his Borthers wife, were lawful or no: But howsoever, the French Ambassadors at Greenwich on Sunday the fifth of May, in the name of their Master the French King, took their O • thes to observe the League concluded between them during their lives. And shortly after were sent Sir Thomas Boleyn Viscount Rochford, and Sir Anthony Brown Knight, as Ambassadors to the King of France, to take his Oath in person for performance of the League.

But enough of small Occurrances, and indeed there will be Occurrances now more worthy to be related, but more lamentable to be heard; for now the Duke of Bourbon General of the Emperors Army in Italy, was slain by a shot from the Walls of Rome, as he was passing by; upon whose death, the Army entered and sacked the City, made the Pope fly to the Castle of Saint Ang • lo, and there cooped him up; abused the Cardinals, and put them to grievous ransomes, spared neither Sacred places, nor Religious persons, but commit • ed all manner of barbarous and inhumaine cruelty. These insolencies of the Emperors Army committed against the Pope; • ogether with the hard conditions the Emperor had imposed upon the King of France, for setting him at liberty; and the Emperors breach of promise, in not marrying the Lady Mary King Henries Daughter, were the apparent causes of King Henries breaking League with the Emperor Charles : but a more enforcing though concealed cause perhaps was the growing greatness of the Emperor, by his acquests in Italy and other places; enough to breed a jealousy in all neighbouring Princes; and indeed King Henry had some cause to think the Emperors spirits were grown higher with his Victories, seeing where before he was wont always to write letters to King Henry with his own hand, and subscribe them, your son and faithful friend, now after his Victories in Italy, he caused his Secretaries to write them, subscribing only Charles. And yet a more pressing cause though not avowed, might be the Cardinals spleen against the Emperor, for denying him the Bishopric of Toledo in Spain. But which soever of these was the predominant cause, all of them together made a cause sufficient for King He • ry to fall off from amity with the Emperor; and his falling off from the Empe • our, cause sufficient • o fall in with the King of France : and thereupon, the two Kings send their several Heralds to the Emperor: King Henry Clarentiu • , the French King his Herald Guyen, to expostulate their grievances with the Emperor, and he refusing to return a satisfactory answer, to defi • him as their enemy. The Emperor heard the Heralds with great temper, and answered Clarentius very mildly; that he knew his Masters grievance was grounded upon misinformation, wherein he would shortly rectify him by his Letters, as desiring nothing more then to continue his friend; but • uyen he answered rougly, bidding him tell his Master that he had broken his faith, in not performing the Covenants agreed upon for his liberty; and with these answers dismissed them, only Guyen not thinking it fit to deliver his answer, being in such terms by word of mouth, obtained to have it sent in writing. The Heralds being returned home, and delivering the answers; the King of France was so incensed, to be charged with breach of faith, that soon after he sent another defiance to the Emperor, telling him in plain terms, that he lied in his throat; and thereupon challenged him the Combat, requiring him to appoint the field, and himself would the weapons. The Emperor accepted the challenge, but other occurrances intervening, hindered the performance.

In this mean time, the Cardinal was appointed to go Ambassador to the King of France ; carrying with him twelve score thousand pounds, to be employed by the French King, and other the confederates; in a War against the Emperor, who the eleventh of July took shipping at Dover, and landed that day at Calais ; with whom was Cut • ert Tuns • all Bishop of London, the Lord Sands Chamberlain to the King, the Earl of Derby, Sir Henry Guild • ord, Sir Thomas Moore, with other Knights and Gentlemen, in all to the number of twelve hundred horse. At Amynes he was received by the French King himself, and by his Mother, and by all the chief Peers of France. By whom it was agreed, that Articles of Accord should be offered to the Emperor; which if he refused, then the French King should marry the Lady Mary King Henries Daughter, and they both to be enemies to the Emperor. These things concluded, the Cardinal returned, and on the last of September came to the King at Richmond. In October following, there came Ambassadors from the French King, to take King Henries Oath, for observing the League with the King of France : and on Sunday the tenth of November, King Henry at Greenwich received the Order of Saint Michael, by the hands of the Lord Ann • s de Memorancye great Master of the Kings Household; and Monsieur Humieres: as likewise the same day at Paris the French King received the Order of the Garter by the hands of the Lord Li • le, Doctor Taylor Master of the Roles, Sir Nicholas Carew Master of the Kings horse, Sir Anthony Brown and Sir Thomas Wriothslye Knight, otherwise called Garter king of Arms, who were sent thither with the whole Habit, Coller and other habiliments of the Order.

Upon King Henries defiance of the Emperor in the French Kings quarrel, English Merchant • their ships and goods were attached in Spain, and in the Low Countries, as likewise all Spanish & Flemish Merchants were attached here; which being very detrimentall to both Nations; at last, by mediation of Hugo de Mendoza, the Emperors Ambassador Legier, a reconcilement was made, and free traffic between the Nations was revived.

In this twentieth year, on the two and twentieth of February : Sir Piers Butler of Ireland, was created Earl of Oscry. And now King Henry began to be troubled in mind about his marriage with Queen Katherin, but whether his trouble of mind grew for scruple of conscience, or from desire of change, was by many men doubted; some thought he had set his affection upon the Lady Anne Boleyn whom afterward he married, and to make way for that marriage, moved his scruple, that he might be divorced; but this is not likely, for he married not the said Lady, til above three years after this doubt had been moved; and three years was a long time to have affection be delaid, which commonly is impatient of any delay: if King Henries own protestation may be taken, it was very scruple of conscience that troubled his mind; but then by what means this scruple came first into his • ead, is another doubt; some thought it was first moved by his confessor, Doctor Longland telling him, that the marriage with the relict of his Brother, could not be lawful; but neither is this likely, for Doctor Longland was not like to tell him so, who knew the marriage had been made by dispensation from the Pope, an authority in that time beyond exception; some thought it was a plot of Woolseis, thereby to make variance between King Henry and the Emperor, with whom he was at varience himself, and for spleen to the Nephew, he revenged upon the Aunt; but neither is this likely • or else the Cardinal was much deceived in his plo • ; for though the Emperor labored Milan and some other Universities, to forbear giving sentence against the marriage, yet he continued amity with King Henry, as much afterward as before; if we will believe the King himself, it was the President of Paris, coming Ambassador from the King of France, that • irst moved it, upon a proposition of marriage between the Lady Mary, King Henries daughter, and the Duke of Orleans, second son to the French King: but by what means his scruple had beginning, King Henries desire was now it should have an ending, and that the matter might be debated with indifferency; he allowed the Queen to make choice of what council she thought best; who thereupon chose William Warham Archbishop of Canterbury, and Nicholas West Bishop of Eli, Doctors of the Law; John Fisher Bishop of Rochester, and Henry Standish Bishop of Saint Assaph, Doctors of Divinity, with many other; and in the mean time, sent to all the Universities in Italy & France to have their opinions, but specially to the Court of Rome, desiring the Pope • o send his Legat to hear the cause; who thereupon sent Cardinal • ampeius, and joined Cardinal Woolsey in Commission with him. The place appointed for the Cardinals to sit and to hear the cause, was at the Black-friers : where in the great Hall preparation was made of seats, and all things necessary for such a session. Amongst other Officers of the Court, Stephen Gardener (afterward Bishop of Winchester ) • ate as chief scribe. The Court being set, the Judges comm • nded silence, whilst their Commission was read; which done, the Scribes commanded the Cryer to call the King, by the name of King Henry of England, come into the Court; who answered, Here: then called he the Queen, by the name of Katherine Queen of England, come into the Court: the Queen though present, yet answered not, but rising from her seat, went to the place where the King sat, and kneeling down, said in effect; Sir, I humbly desire you to take pity upon me, for I am a poor woman & a stranger, & have here no indifferent Council, where all are your Subjects, and less assurance of friendship when they all depend upon your favor; I have been your wife these twenty years, and have borne you divers children, if you can charge me with dishonesty or undutifulness, I am content to depart from you to my shame; but if you cannot, I then desire you to do me justice, and to spare me until I may know what council my friends in Spain will give me; but if you will not, then your pleasure be fulfilled: and having so said, she rose up, and making a low cursie, departed. The King being advertised that she was going out of the House, commanded the Cryar to call her again; who there upon called her, saying, Katherine Queen of England come into the Court, which her Gentleman-usher Master Griffith hearing, told her, Madam, you are called; well (said she) it makes no matter, I will not tarry, go your way: and thus she departed, and never after would appear in any Court, but appealed from the Cardinals to the Pope himself. The Queen being gone, the King said, I confess she hath been to me, the most dutiful and loving wife, that ever Prince had; and if it were • ot for this scruple of my conscience, I would not leave her for any woman living: and having now referred the judgment of the cause to these Commissioners, I should be most glad they could find the marriage between us to be in such sort lawful, that with obedience to the Law of God, we might continue together; for I take God to witness, there is nothing I more desire. This said, the King rose, and the Court was adjourned to another day; for notwithstanding the Queens Appeal (from which she would by no means be drawn) the Cardinals continued their Session weekly, & heard all of both sides: the Point that was chiefly stood on, was, whether Prince Arthur had ever had carnal knowledge of her, or no; the Kings Council alleged, he had, and proved it; first, by Prince Arthurs speech, the nex • morning after his marriage, that • e had been that night in the midst of Spain ; and then by the words of the last Dispensation, Vel forsan Cognitam : the Queens Advocates alleged the contrary; appealing to the Kings own conscience; whom the Queen charged that he knew her to be a Virgin when he married her; (though, to say the truth, i • were strange, Prince Arthur and she having lain five month together, and he no less then almost sixteen years old.) But whilst Arguments were thus urged on both sides, and no certainty could appear; the King sent the two Cardinals to the Queen, lying then in Bridewell, to persuade her, she should submit her self to the Kings pleasure, and not stand so peremptorily to her Appeale. The Cardinals coming to her found her at work amongst her Maids, with a skaine of white thread about her neck: who having heard their message, answered, That in all other things she would willingly submit her self to the Kings will, but in this which concerned her honesty, and the legitimatenesse of her children, she durst not, but would rely upon the wisdom and piety of both their Fathers, who (she knew) would never have assented to the marriage, if there had been the least scruple of unlawfulness in it; and oath • answer she would not give. Upon their return to the King, when he perceived she could not be removed from her opinion; he commanded the Court to go on; so that at last it came to judgment, which every man expected should be the next day. At which day the King came thither (but in so secret manner that he might hear and not be seen) where the Kings Council at the Barre calling for Judgment; Cardinal Campeius, as being chief Commissioner, stood up and said; I find the case very doubtful, and the party Defendant standing to her Appeale, I will therefore give no Judgment, till I have conferred with the Pope; and therefore I adjour • e the Court for this time, according to the order of the Court of Rome, which hears no Causes judicially from the last of July till the fourth of October ; at which protraction of time, King Henry was not a little angry, and the Duke of Suffolk being present, in a great rage said; it was never merry in England, since we had Cardinals amongst us. Soon after this, the Cardinal took his leave of the King, and returned to Rome : he was indeed commanded so to do by the Pope, who would else most willingly have gratified King Hen • y, that had bestowed upon him the Bishopric of Salisbury. Whilst these things were in acting, Cardinal Woolsey had an inkling of the Kings affection to Anne Boleyn, daughter of the Viscount Rochford ; and that the Divorce once passed, he meant to marry her; which Match, because for many reasons, he misliked; one perhaps, because she was a Lutheran, he sent privily to the Pope, that by no means he should give sentence for the Divorce, till he had framed the Kings mind another way; for his desire was, that the King should marry the Duchess of Alanson, the French Kings sister. This packing of Woolsey was not so closely carried, but that it soon came to the Kings knowledge; and the King finding him a rub in his way, whom he expected to have expedited his proceeding, began to think it necessary to remove him, and to take him off from that greatness which had made him so presuming; and indeed he made short work with him; for soon after he sent the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk to him for the Seal, which yet he would not deliver to them, till they brought him a Warrant under the Kings own hand. When the Seal was brought to the King, he delivered it to Sir Thomas Moore, Speaker then of the Parliament (the first Lay-man that bore that Office in any memory;) and in his room was chosen Speaker Thomas Audley, Attorney of the Dutchie. Woolsey now removed from his Chauncellourship; was in the Parliament then holden, charged with points of treason; but that charge was so clearly taken off by his servant Thomas Cromwell, who was then of the House, that the Cardinal was acquitted, to the great commendation of Cromwell, both for abilities in himself, and faithfulness to his Master.

After this, the King being informed, that all those things which the Cardinal had done by his power Legantine, were within the case of Praemenire; he caused his Attorney Christopher Hales to sue out a Praemunire against him; and thereupon the two Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk were sent unto him, to let him know, the Kings pleasure was, he should go to Asher, a House near to Hampton-Court, belonging to his Bishopric of Winchester, and there to reside: whereupon, the Cardinal having first delivered up all his Moveables to the Kings use; (the greatest store and richest that was ever known of any Subject) went presently to Putney by water, and from thence rode to Asher, where he and his Family continued three or • our weeks, without either Bed, Sheetes, Table-loathes or Dishes to eat their meat in, or money wherewith to buy any, but what he was forced to borrow of the Bishop of Carlisle. After this, his matter for the Praemunire being called upon in the Kings Bench, his two Atturnies confessed the Action, and thereupon had Judgment to forfeit all his Lands and Goods, and to be out of the Kings protection; but the King of his clemency, sent him a sufficient Protection, and left him the Bishoprics of York and Winchester, with Plate and stuff convenient for his dignity. His Bishopric of Duresme was given to Doctor Tunstall, Bishop of London ; his Abbey of Saint Albans to the Prior of Norwich, and the Bishopric of London to Doctor Stokestey, Ambassador then beyond the Seas.

In this mean while, Margaret Duchess of Savoy, aunt to the Emperor, and the Lady Loyis Duchess of Angoulesme, Mother to the French King, met at Cambray to treat of a Peace between the Emperor, the Pope and the Kings of England and France, where were present Doctor Tunstall Bishop of London, and Sir Thomas Moore, then Chancellor of the Dutchie of Lancaster, Commissioners for the King of England : after long debating, through the diligence of the said Ladies, a Peace was concluded; and was thereof called, The Woman's Peace; and was indeed as fickle as women, for it was soon broken, and neither of the Princes trusted the other ere the more for it.

King Henry before this time had been wholly ruled by the Cardinal and by the Clergy, but now growing sensible of that error, he called his high Cour • of Parliament; in which the Commons complained sharply of their grievances against the Clergy, specially in six things.

• The first, for that they exacted unreasonable sums of money, as due fees, for the probate of men's last Wills and Testaments: in so much, that Sir Henry Guildford Knight of the Garter, and Comptroller of the Kings House declared openly, that he and others being Executers to Sir William Compton; paid for the pro • ate of his Will to the Cardinal, and the Archbishop of Canterbury a thousand marks.
• The second, the extreme exaction, which spiritual men used in taking of corps, or mortuaries.
• The third, that spiritual men became Farmours of great Granges and Farms: to the prejudice of Husbandmen and Graziers.
• The fourth, because many Abbots, Pryors, and other spiritual men, kept Tan-houses, and bought and sold wool, clothe, and other wares, as temporal Merchants.
• The fifth, because such Clergy men as had the best livings, would take the uttermost of their right, and yet live in the Court or in Noble men's or Bishops houses, where they spent nothing.
• The sixth, because diverse ignorant men amongst them, held ten or twelve Benifices to themselves severally, and yet lived not upon any one of them, but kept great scholars at small pension.

These things before this time might not be touched, because the Bishops were Chancelours, and had all the rule about the King: but now the King looking better into • he matter, gave way to these complaints: whereupon the Burgesses drew up three Bills; one of the probate of Testaments, another for Mortuaries: and the third, for Non-residence, pluralities, and taking of farms by spiritual men. The bill of Mortuaries, passed first the House of Commons, and was sent up to the Lord's: within two days after, was sent up the Bill of probate of Testaments, at which the Archbishop of Canterbury, and a • l the Bishops much frowned, but specially John Fisher Bishop of Rochester who rose up and said; my Lord's, you see what Bills come daily from the Common House, and all is to the destruction of the Church, for God's sake, consider what a realm Bohemia was, and when the Church went down, then fell the glory of that Kingdom. Now with our Commons is nothing but down with the Church; and all this me seemeth, is for lack of faith only. When these words were reported to the House of Commons, they took the matter very heinously, and thereupon sent their sp • aker Thomas Audeley, with thirty of the House, to the King, complaing what a dishonor to the King and to the whole Realm it was to say, that they which were elected for the wisest men of all Shires, should be charged to lack faith, which was all one as to say, they were Infidels and no Chrystians, so as what Acts or Laws soever they made should be taken as Laws made by Paynims and Heathen, and not worthy to be kept by Christian men. And therefore humbly besought his Majesty, to call the said Bishop of Rochester before him, to give accompt of the words he had spoken. Wherupon within few days after, the King sent for the Bishop, and acquainted him with the Commons complaint against him; who excused himself, by saying he meant the doings of the Bohemians was for lack of faith, and not the doings of the House of Commons; of which excuse, the King sent word to the House by Sir William Fitz-Williams Treasurer of his household, but it pleased the Commons nothing at all. After divers meetings between the Lord's and the Commons, about the Bills of probate of Testaments and Mortuaries, the temporalty laid to the spiritualty their own laws and constitutions, and the spiritualty defended them, by prescription and usage; to whom a Gentleman of Grays-Inn made this answer, the usage hath ever been of thieves, to rob on shooters hill; is it therefore lawful? whilst these Bills were in debate, an Act was passed, which released to the King all such sums of money as he had borrowed at the Loane, in the fifteenth year of his Reign; which Bill at first was much opposed, but the most part of the House being the Kings servants, it was at last assented to, which once known in the Country abroad, made much murmering, and the Parliament to be ill spoken of; for every man counted it as a sure debt, so as some made their Wills of the money, and some turned it over in satisfaction to their creditors. To qualify which grievance, the King granted a general pardon for all offenses (certain excepted) and was a means also to have the three Bills passed; one for probate of Testaments, another for Mortuaries; and the third, against plurality of Benefices; Non-residence, buying and taking of farms by spiritual persons, though this last with some qualifying.

During this Parliament, the King created Viscount Rochford, Earl of Wiltshire, the Viscount Fitz-Water Earl of Sussex, and the Lord Hastings Earl of Huntingdon.

By this time, the Lord's of the upper House, had drawn certain Articles against the Cardinal, and sent them down to the House of Commons, the chief whereof were these.

• First, that without the Kings assent, he hath procured himself to be made a Legat, by reason whereof he took away the right of all Bishops and spiritual persons.
• Secondly, that in all his writings which he wrote to Rome, or to any foreign Prince he wrote Ego et Rex meus, I and my King; so preferring himself before the King.
• Thirdly, that without the Kings assent, he carried the great Seal of England with him into Flanders.
• Fourthly, that having the French-pox, he presumed to come and breath upon the King.
• Fifthly, that he caused the Cardinals-hat to be put upon the Kings Coyne.
• Sixthly, that he would not suffer the Kings Clerke of the Market to sit at Saint Albanes.
• Seventhly, that he had sent infinite store of treasure to Rome, for purchasing of his dignity.

These Articles were read in the House, and if not otherwise proved, yet confessed afterward under the Cardinals own hand, which added to the former Praemunire; all his Lands and goods were seized on to the Kings use.

This Parliament being ended, the King removed to Greenwich, and there kept his Christmas with his Queen Katherine in great state; for though this matter of making void the marriage between them, was hotly pursued by the King; yet abstaining only from her bed, he conversed with her still, and they kept Court together, in as loving manner as they had done before. And now King Henry understanding that the Pope and the Emperor was to meet at Bologna, he sent Ambassadors thither, the Earl of Wiltshire, Doctor Stokesley Elect of London, and Doctor Lee, to declare both to the Pope and to the Emperor, the opinions of divers learned men in the matter of his Marriage; who all agreed that it was against the Law of God; and thereupon requiring the Pope to do him Justice; and showing to the Emperor, that the King moved this matter for discharge of his Conscience only, and to no other end. To which the Pope answered, that when he came to Rome, he would hear the matter disputed, and do the King right. The Emperor answered, that he would in no case be against the Law of God, and if this marriage were Judged such by the Court of Rome, he would rest contented: with these Answers the Ambassadors returned.

It was now the two and twentieth year of King Henries reign, when the Emperor gave to the Master of Saint John's of Jerusalem the Island of Maltas, in supplying of the Island of Rodes, which the Turk sometime before had won from that Order.

In this year, the New Testament having been Translated into English, by Tyndale, Joy, and others, was forbidden to be read; and many for reading it, were sharply punished by command of the Bishops and Sir Thomas Moore then Lord Chancellor; but none was more violent in the matter then the Bishop of London, who caused all the Books to be brought into Paul's Church-yard, and there burned.

King Henry having heard by good information, that when Campeius was sent Legat into England, he had brought with him a Bull of Di • orce; but was afterward upon change of the Popes mind, commanded to burn it; saw plainly by this, that the Pope had no meaning of proceeding really in the matter, but to keep it a foot for his own ends; neither to displease the Empour by granting it, nor King Henry by not granting it, but promising expedition to keep him in expectance; yet using delays to keep him in dependence; and therefore resolved now to take such a course, that he should not need to care whether the Pope granted it or no; and thereupon caused a Proclamation to be published, that no person of what estate or condition soever should Purchase, or attempt to purchase from the Court of Rome, anything prejudicial to the Jurisdiction, or Prerogative of this his Realm, upon pain of imprisonment, and other punishments at his Graces pleasure; and shortly after an Act was made, that Bishops should pay no more Annats, or money for Bulls to the Pope; for as much as it was proved, there had been paid for Bulls of Bishops, since the fourth year of King Henry the seventh, an hundred and threescore thousand pounds, besides what had been paid for Pardons and other dispensations. Another Act was then also made, that no person, should appeal for any cause, out of this Realm to the Court of Rome, but from the Commissary to the Bishop, and from the Bishop to the Archbishop, and from the Archbishop to the King: and all Causes of the King, to be tried in the upper House of the Convocation.

At this time, the Cardinal lying still at Asher, and his Adversaries doubting l • ast lying so near the King, he might one time or other get access to the Kings presence, and come again into favor; they using means to have him sent further off, and thereupon the King appointed him to go to his Diocese of York, and not to come Southward without special license, whereupon in Lent he made great preparation for his journey, and having in his train to the number of an hundred and threescore persons: by easy journeys came to Peterborrow, and there kept his Easter; the week after he went to Stamford then to Newark, and so to Southwell, where he continued most part of all that summer: and then rode to Seroby, where he staid till Michaelmas and then came to Cawood Castle, within seven miles of York where he kept a plentiful house for all comers: and repaired the Castle, being greatly in decay, having above three hundred Artificers in daily wages. At last, he determined to be installed at York, the next Monday after Alhallan-day; against which time great preparation was made, and the Cardinal sent to the King, to lend him the Miter and Pall, which he used to wear at any great solemnity. At which p • esumption the King marveled not a little; saying to those that were about him, what a thing is this, that pride should thus reign in a man that is quite underfoot? but before the day of Instalment came; he was arrested in this manner; Sir Walter Walsh one of the Kings Privy-chamber, was sent down to the Earl • of Northumberland, with whom he was joined in Commission to arrest the Cardinal; whereupon they go together to Cawood, where the Cardinal lay: and being entered into the house, it was told the Cardinal, that the Earl of Northumberland was come, and in the Hall; then (quoth the Cardinal) I am sorry we have dined, for I doubt our Officers are not provided of any good cheer. With that, he went and brought the Earl up, welcoming him in a complemental manner, as if he had come but only to visit him: but being come into the Chamber, the Earl with a soft voice, laying his hand upon the Cardinals arm, said; My Lord, I arrest you of high treason: the Cardinal somewhat astonied, asked to see his Commission, which the Earl denying to show; then (saith the Cardinal) I will not obey your arrest; at that instant Master Walsh came in, and kneeled down to the Cardinal; who asked him if he were joined in Commission with the Earl; who answered, he was • well then, said the Cardinal, I trow you are one of the Kings Privy Chamber, your name is Walsh ; I am content to yield to you, but not to my Lord of Northumberland, unless I see his Commission: the meanest of the Kings Privy-chamber is sufficient to arrest the greatest Peer of the Realm, by the Kings commandment, without any Commission. Then the Earl took the Cardinals keys from him, and put him in custody of his Gentlemen: some few days after, he was conveyed from Cawood to Pomfret, and after to Sheffield Park, where he had kind entertainment, and staid with the Earl of Shrewsbury and his Lady eighteen days; till at last sitting one day at dinner, his color was observed to change, and being asked how he did; not well (saith he) I have something suddenly at my stomach, as cold as a whetstone, which I know is wind; I desire to have something from the Apothecary, to break wind; which was brought, and the Earl seeing the say taken, he took it, and thereupon broke wind indeed; but whether it were he took it in too great a quantity, or that there was some foul play used, he fell soon after into such a looseness, that the night following he had above fifty stools; yet the next day he rode to Nottingham, and the day after to Leicester Abbey; being so sick by the way, that he was ready to fall off his Mule; coming to the Abby gates, the Abbot with all the Covent met him; to whom he said, Father Abbot, I am come hither to lay my bones among you; and then was led up into his chamber, and went to bed; where growing sicker and sicker; the next morning Master Kingston Lie • tenant of the Tower, who had been sent to bring him up, coming to him, and a • king him how he did; I do but tarry (saith he) the pleasure of God, to render up my poor soul into his hands; for this is my case, I have a flux with a continual fever, the nature whereof is, that if there be no amendment within eight days, either excoriation of the entrails will ensue, or frenzy, or else present death; and the best of them is death; and (as I suppose) this is the eight day. Sir (said Master Kingston ) you are afraid of that you have no cause; for I assure you, the King commanded me to say unto you, that you should be of good cheer, for that he beareth you as much good will as ever he did; No, no (Master Kingston ) said the Cardinal, I see how it is framed; but if I had served God as diligently as I have done the King, he would not have given me over in my gray hairs; but it is a just reward for my study to do him service, not regarding the service of God, to do him pleasure; and having so said, his speech failed, and incontinent the clock struk eight, and then he gave up the Ghost; which made some about him to remember, how he had said the day before: that at eight of the clock they should loose their master. Being dead, he was buried in the Abby of Leicester. This man held at once the Bishoprics of York, Winchester, and Durhan, the dignities of Lord Cardinal Lega • and Chancellor of England, the Abbey of Saint Albans, diverse Priories, and sundry great Benefices in Commendum : he had also in his hands, as it were in Farm, the Bishopric of Bath, Worcester and Here • ord, which having been given by King Henry the seventh to strangers, that lived out of the Realm, they suffered Woolsey to enjoy them, receiving of him a Pension only. The Re • inue of this Pre • ate is scarce credible, a thousand persons daily in his household, of whom many Knights and some Lord's; all which greatness as it came by the Kings favou • , so by the withdrawing of his favor, it was overthrown: so true is that saying of Solomon, The Kings favor is as dew upon the grass; but his wrath is as the roaring of a Lion, and as a messenger of death. After this the King removed from Hampton-Court to Greenwich, where with his Queen Katherine he kept a solemn Christma • , and on twelfth night he sat in state in the Hall, where was divers Interludes; costly Masques, and a sumptuous Banquet. After Christmas he came to his Manor of Westminster, which before was called York Place ; for the Cardinal had made a Feoffment of it to the King, which the Chapter of York confirmed, and then it was no more called York Place, but the Kings Manor of Westminster, now Whitehall.

At this time the whole Clergy of England was charged by the Kings learned Council, to be in a Praemunire, for supporting and maintaining the Cardinals Legatine power; and were thereupon called by Processe into the Kings Bench to answer; but before their day of Appearance came, they in their Convocation concluded an humble submission in writing, and offered the King an hundred thousand pound to have their pardon by Parliament; which offer, after some labor, was accepted, and their pardon promised. In which submission the Clergy called the King supreme Head of the Church. This Pardon was signed with the Kings hand, and sent to the Lord's, who assented to it; and then sent it to the Lower House: but here, divers of the House excepted against the Pardon, unless themselves also might be included in it; who (they said) having had something to do with the Cardinal, might be brought into the same case as the Clergy were. Hereupon their Speaker Thomas Audeley, with a convenient number of the House, was sent to the King about it; to whom the King made answer, that he was their Sovereign Lord, and would not be compelled to show his mercy; and seeing they went about to restrain him of his liberty, he would grant a Pardon to the Clergy, which he might do by his great Seal without them; and for their Pardon, he would be advised before he granted it: with this Answer the Speaker and Commons returned, much grieved and discontented; and some said that Thomas Cromwell, who was newly come into the Kings favor, had disclosed the secrets of the House, which made the King give this unpleasing Answer. But soon after the King of his own accord, caused their Pardon also to be drawn, and signed it • which easily passed both Houses, with great commendation of the Kings judgment, to deny it at first when it was demanded as a right, and to grant it afterward, when it was received as of grace.

In this Parliament time, on the thirtieth of March, Sir Thomas Moore Lord Chancellor, with twelve of the Lord's, came into the Lower House, acquainting them, that though in the matter of the Kings Divorce, he might sufficiently rest upon the judgment of learned men in his own Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, yet to avoid all suspicion of parciality, he had sent into France, Italy, the Popes Dominions, and the Venetians, to have their opinions; and then causing them to be read, Sir Bryan Tuke took out of a box certain writings sealed, which were the determinations of the Universities of Orleans, of Paris, of Anjou, of Burgess, of Bolonia, of Padua, and of Thoulouse: all which were peremptory in these two Points; that the Brother, by the Law of God, might not marry the Relict of his brother; and then, being against the law of God, that it is not in the power of the Pope to dispence with it: and now (said they) you may know, that the King hath not sought this Divorce for his pleasure; but for discharge of his conscience; and this said, they departed. The King himself, when he heard of these determinations, was so far from rejoicing at it, that he rather mourned, as for the loss of so good a wife; yet he conversed with her as he had done before, in nothing altered but in abstaining from her bed. But being willing the Queen should know these Determinations; in Whitsonweeke after, he sent divers Lord's to acquaint her with them; requi • ing her thereupon to recall her Appeale, and to refer the matter to eight indifferent Lord's; which she utterly refused, using her usual Answer, that she was his lawful wife, and would abide the Determination of the Court of Rome, but of no other. After Whitsuntide, the King and Queen removed to Windsor, and there continued till the fourteenth of July, on which day the King removed to Woodstock and left the Queen at Windsor, where she remained a while, and after removed to Easthamsted, whither the King sent to her divers Lord's, first to persuade her to be conformable to the law of God; which if they could not do, then to let her know, that his pleasure was, she should be at either of these three places, his Manor of Oking, or of East-hamstead, or the Monastery of Bisham, and there to continue without further molesting him with her suits.

And now came Cranmer in to play his part. It chanced that Doctor Stephe • s, Doctor Fox and he met at Waltham one day at dinner; where falling into discourse, about the case then in agitation, of the Kings marriage with Queen Katherine ; the other Doctors thought the marriage might be proved unlawful by the Civil Law: (but (said Cranmor ) • it may better be proved by the Law of God, and it is no hard matter to do it; which words of his being made known to the King • Cranmor is sent for, and commanded to set his reasons down in writing: which having done, and shown them to the King; he was asked whether he would stand to that which he had written: who answered, he would, even before the Pope himself, if his Majesty pleased: marry (said the King) and to Pope you shall go; and thereupon sent him to the Court of Rome, and with him Thomas Boleyn Earl of Witshire, Doctor Stokesley Elect of London, Doct. Lee the Kings Almoner, and others: who coming to Bolonia where the Pope was, had a day of audience appointed, but was hindered by a •• diculous accident; for the Pope holding out his foot for them to kiss his toe, as the manner is, a dog of the Earls, by chance in the room, ran and caught the Popes foot in his mouth, & made it for that time unfit to kiss. After this, when Cranmor had made his Proposition, he was told, it should be answered when the Pope came to Rome: so the Ambassadors were dismissed, and Cranmor went to the Emperor • Court; where in private conference he satisfied Cornelius Agrippa, the most learned at that time about the Emperor, and brought him to be of his opinion. Cranmor returning home, and giving the King this satisfaction; the Kings marriage with Queen Katherine was soon after dissolved by Parliament, and the Bishop of Canterbury accompanied with Doctor Stokesley Bishop of London, Stephen Gardener Bishop of Winchester, the Bishop of Bathe and Lincoln, and other learned men, rode to Dunstable where Queen Katherine then lay; where being cited to appear, and making default fifteen days togethers, for lack of appearance, she was divorced from the King, and the marriage declared to be void and of none effect; and from thenceforth it was decreed, she should no more be called Queen, but Princesse Dowager: after which time, the King never saw her more.

At this time, being the four and twentieth year of King Henries reign, Sir Thomas Moore, after long suit, delivered up the great Seal, which was then delivered to Thomas Audeley Speaker of the Parliament; and he made first Lord Keeper, and shortly after Chancellor; in whose room of Speaker, H • nfrey Wing • eld of Grayes-Inn was chosen on the first of September this year: the King being at Windsor, created Anne Boleyn Marchionesse of Pembroke, giving her a thousand pounds land a year: and then being desirous to talk with the King of France in person, on the tenth of October, taking the said Lady with him, and divers Lord's, as the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the Marquess of Dorset and Excester, the Earls of Arundell, Oxford, Surrey, Essex, Derby, Rutland, Sussex and Huntingdon, with divers Viscounts, Barons and Knights, he sailed over to Calais ; and on the twentieth of October me • with the King of France at Bolloigne, with whom he staid four days; in which time, to do him honor, the King of France honored the two Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk with the Order of Saint Michael, and then both Kings went to Calais, where the French King stayed certain days; in which time to do the King of France honor, King Henry honored two of his great Lord's with the Order of the Garter, and then after great magnificence in revelling & feasting, on the twentieth of Ostob. the French King departed from Calais, and King Henry returned into England, where on the fourteenth of November following, he married secretly the Lady Anne Bulle • • which marriage was not openly known till Easter after, when it was perceived she was with child; at which time William Warham Archbishop of Canterbury died, Thomas Cranmor was elected Archbishop in his room.

After that the King perceived his new wi • e to be with child, he caused all Officers necessary to be appointed to her; and so on Easter eave she went to her closet openly as Queen, and then the King appointed her coronation to be kept on Witsunday following; and writings were sent to all Sheriffs, to certify the nams of men of forty pounds, to receive the order of Knighthood, or else to mak • fine: the assesment of which • ines was appointed to Thomas Cromwell Master of of the Jewel-house, and of the Kings Council; a man newly come in the King • favor, by whose industry great sums of money were by such fines gathered. In the beginning of May, the King caused Proclamation to be made, that all men who claimed to do any service at the Coronation, by the way of tenure, gran • , or prescription, should put in their claim three weeks after Easter in the Star-chamber, before Charles Duke of Suffolk, for that time high Steward of England, the Lord Chancellor and other Commissioners. Two days before the Coronation were made Knights of the Bath, the Earl of Dorset, the Ea • le of Der • y, the Lord Clifford, the Lord Fitzwater, the Lord Hastings, the Lord Monteagle, the Lord Vaux, Sir John Mordant, Sir Henry Parker ; Sir William Windsor, Sir Francis Weston, Sir Thomas Arundell, Sir John Hurlson, Sir Thomas Poynings, Sir Henry Savill, Sir George • itzwilliams, Sir John Tyndale, and Sir Tho: I • rmey. On Whitsunday the Coronatio • was kept in as great state & 〈◊〉 for all circumstances as ever an • was, and the day after a solemn Just • was • olden.

In May this year Pope Clement sent a messenger to King Henry, requiring him personally to appear at the general Council, which he had appointed to be kept the year following; but when his Commission was shown, there was neither time nor place specified for keeping of the said Council; and so with an uncertain Answer to an uncertain Demand, the Messenger departed.

It was now the five and twentieth year of the Kings reign, when on Midsomer day, Mary the French Queen, and then wife to Charles Duke of Suff • lke, died; and was buried at Saint Edmund-berry ; and on the seventh of September following, between three and four a clock in the afternoon, the Queen was delivered of a daughter that was named Elizabeth ; the Godfather at the christning was the Archbishop of Canterbury ; the Godmother the old Duchess of Norfolk, and the old Marchionesse Dorset widow; and at the Confirmation, the Lady Marchionesse of Excester : the Christening was performed with exceeding great state, and great gifts were given by the Gossips.

This year, one Pavier the Town-clerk of London hanged himself, (whom Hollinshead saith) he heard once swear a great oath; that if he thought the thought the King would set forth the Scripture in English, rather then he would live to see that day, he would cut his own throat: which I therefore relate, that the judgment of God may be seen upon such unhallowed oaths.

A little before this time one Elizabeth Barton, named the Holy Maid of Kent, came to be discovered; whose abettors were Richard Master a Priest, Parson of Aldington in Kent, Edward Bocking Doctor of Divinity, a Monk of Canterbury, Richard Deering a Monk, Edward Thwayts Gentleman, Henry Gold Parson of Aldermary, Hugh Rich a Friar observant, Richard Risby and Thomas Gold, Centlemen. This Maid had learned to counterfeit falling into Trances; in which she would deliver many strange things, and amongst others, said, that by Revelation from God and his Saints she was informed; that if King Henry proceeded to the Divorce, and married another, he should not be King of England one month after. And here we may see how credulous oftentimes great Scholars are in believing Impostures, when Warham Archbishop of Canterbury, and Fisher Bishop of Rochester were thought to give credit to this Counterfeit, that we need not wonder at Saint Austin ; who though he gave credit to many lying Miracles, yet they were such as had more probability in them then this; which consisted in nothing but making of faces, as upon Examination of the Maid and her Abettours was confessed; and thereupon she and most of them were condemned, drawn to Tyburne and there hanged.

In this mean time the Scots had been troublesome, and made Intodes upon the Borders; till at last, Commissioners being sent to treat of agreement; a Peace was concluded, to continue both the Kings lives; which on the twentieth of May this year, was openly Proclaimed.

About this time, at the suit of the Lady Katherine Dowage, a Bull was sent from the Pope, which cursed both the King and the Realm; which Bull was set up in the Town of Dunkerke in Flanders, the Messenger not daring to come nearer: and because it was known that the Lady Dowager had procured this Curse to be sent, the Duke of Suffolk was sent to her, lying then at Bugden besides Huntingdon, to discharge a great part of her household servants; yet leaving her a convenient number, like a Princesse.

It was now the six and twentieth year of King Henries reign, when in a Parliament holden, an Act was made for establishing the succession in the Crown, upon the Lady Elizabeth ; to which, first all the Lord's, Knights and Burgesses were sworn; and after Commissioners were sent into all parts of the Realm, to take the oath of all men and women to the said Act. Another Act was also made, which authorized the King to be Supreame Head of the Church of England, and the Popes authority to be utterly abolished. But Doctor John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Sir Thomas Moore Knight, and Doctor Wilson Parson of Saint Thomas Apostles in London, expressly denied at Lam • eth, before the Archbishop of Canterbury, to take the Oaths; of whom Doctor Wilson recanted, but the other two persisting in their opinion, were both of them beheaded. Of these two Bishop Fisher was much lamented, as reputed a man both of great learning and good life. The Pope had elected him Cardinal, and his Hat was come as far • as Calais, but before it could come into England his head was off. Sir Thomas Moore was both learned and very wise, but so given to a vain of jesting and merry scoffing, that he could not refrain it at the very time of his death: as when he was carried to the Tower, being demanded his upper garment (meaning his Gowne) you shall have it, said he, and gave them his cap; saying, it was the uppermost garment he had: also, when being upon the Scaffold, the Hangman kneeled down and asked him forgiveness; I forgive thee (said he) but I promise thee, thou wilt never have credit by cutting off my Head, my neck is so short: and when he was to lay his head down upon the block, having a great gray beard, he stroked it out, and said to the Hangman, I pray you let me lay my beard over the block, lest you should cut it; for though you have Warrant to cut off my head, you have none to cut my beard. But his Devotion was no jesting matter, for he used to wear a shirt of hair next his skin, for a perpetual pen • ance; and oftentimes in the Church he would put on a Surplice, and help the Priest to say Mass; which he forbore not to do even when he was Lord Chancellor of England ; as one time the Duke of Norfolk coming to the Church found him doing it. Two memorable things are recorded of him; one, which shows his great integrity, and the small reckoning he made of riches; that having passed through so many great employments, and borne so many great Offices; yet in all his time, • e never Purchased above one hundred pounds land a year, nor left any great stock of money behind him, when he died. The other, which shows his filial piety, that being Lord Chancellor of England, at the same time that his Father wa • a Judge of the Kings Bench, he would always at his going to Westminster, go first to the Kings Bench and ask his Father blessing, before he went to sit in the Chancery.

The ninth of July, this year, the Lord Dacres of the North was arraigned at Westminster of high treason, before the Duke of Norfolk, as high Steward of England ; his Inditement being read, he so answered every part and matter therein contained, that by his Peers he was found Not guilty; a rare thing to stop a currant that ran with such violence. The one and twentieth of September Doctor Taylor Master of the Roles, was discharged of that Office; and the nineteenth of October following, Thomas Cromwell was sworn in his place.

This year the King of Scots was installed Knight of Garter, by his Deputy the Lord Erskin and Stephen Gardener, who after the Cardinals death, was made Bishop of Winchester, was sent Ambassador Legier, into France, where he remained three years. Also in January, of this year, Katherine Princesse Dowage • , fell into her last sickness; to whom the King sent the Emperors Ambassador Legier, desiring her to be of good comfort; but she finding her death to approach, caused only one of her Gentlewoman to write a Letter to the King; commending to him her Daughter and his, and beseeching him to be a good Father to her; and then desiring him further, to have some consideration of her Servants. On the eighth of January, at Kimbolton, she departed this life, and was buried at Peterborough. A woman of so virtuous a life, and of so great obsequiousnesse to her husband, that from her only merit, is grown a reputation to all Spanish wives. Also the nine and twentieth of January, this year, Queen Anne was delivered of a child before her time, which was borne dead.

And now King Henry began to fall into though • e great disorders, which have been the blemish of his life, and have made him be blotted out of the Catalogue of our best Princes; for first, in October this year, he sent D • ctor Lee and others, to • isit the Abbeys, Priories, and Nunneries in England ; who set at liberty all those Religious persons, that would forsake their habit, and all that were under th • age of four and twenty years; and in December following, a survey was taken of all Chantries, and the names of such, as had the gift of them. After which, in a Parliament holden the fourth of February, an Act was made, which gave to the King all Religious houses, with all their lands and goods, that were of the value of three hundred marks a year and under: the •• mber of which Houses, was three hundred seventy and six: the value of their lands yearly, above two and thirty thousand pounds, their movable goods, one hundred thousand, the Religious persons put out of the same houses above ten though • sand. This year, William Tyndale, was burnt at a Town in Flanders, between Brussels and Mechlyn, called Villefort, for translating into English the New Testament, and divers parts of the old; who having been long imprisoned, was upon the Lord Cromwell's writing for his Deliverance, in all haste, brought to the fire, and burnt.

It was now the eight and twentieth year of King Henries Reign, when on Monday, there were solemn Justs holden at Geeenwich, from whence the King suddenly departed, and came to Westminster, whose sudden departure stroke great amazement into many, but to the Queen especially, and not without cause; for the next day, the Lord Rochford her brother, and Henry Norris were brought to the Tower of London, prisoners, whither also the same day at five a clock in the afternoon, was brought Queen Anne her self, by Sir Thomas Audeley Lord Chancellor, the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Cromwell Secretary, and Sir William Kingston Lieutenant of the Tower, who at the Tower-gate, fell on her knees before the said Lord's, beseeching God to help her, as she was innocent of that whereof she was accused: on the • ifteenth of May, she was arraigned in the Tower, before the Duke of Norfolk, sitting as high Steward of England. When her Inditement was read, she made unto it so wise and discreet answers, that she seemed fully to clear her self of all matters laid to her charge: but being tried by her Peers, whereof the Duke of Suffolk was chief; she was by them found guilty, and had Judgment pronounced by the Duke of Nor • olke ; immeadiatly the Lord Rochford her brother, was likewise arraigned and condemned: who on the seaventeenth of May, together with Henry Norris, Mark Smeton, William Briorton, and Francis Weston, all of the Kings Privy-chamber, about marters touching the Queen, were behe • de • on the Tower-hill, Queen Anne her self on the nineteenth of May, on a Sca • fold upon the Green within the Tower, was beheaded with the sword of Calais by the hangman of that Town; her body with the head, was buried in the Choir of the chapel there. This Queen Anne, was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn Earl of Wiltshire, and of Lady Elizabeth daughter of Thomas Howard Duke of Nor • olke ; the Earls Father was the son of Sir William Boleyn, whose wife was Margaret the second daughter and Coheire of Thomas Butler Ealre of Ormond, and the said Sir William, was the son of Sir Godfrey Boleyn, Lord Major of London, who lieth buried in Saint Leonards Church in the Jewry, whose wife was Anne eldest daughter & coheire to Thomas Lord Hoo and Hastings : and his descent was out of the house of the Bullens in the County of Norfolk ; thus much for her Parentage: for her Religion, she was an • arnest Professor, and one of the first Countenancers of the Gospel: in Alms-deeds so liberal, that in nine months space; It it is said, she distributed amongst the poor, to the value of fifteen thousand pounds: now for the crimes for which she died, (Adultery and Incest:) proofs of her guiltiness there are none recorded: of her Innocency, many; first, her own clearing of all objections, at the time of her arraignment: then Cromwell's writing to the King, after full examination of the matter; that many things have been objected, but none confessed, only some circumstances had been acknowledged by Mark Smeton: (and what was Mark Smeton, but a mean fellow, one that upon promise of life, would say anything; and having said something, which they took hold of was soon after executed least he should retract it:) lastly, they that were accused with her, they all denied it to the death: even Henry Norris, whom the King specially favored, and promised him pardon if he would but confess it. It was a poor proof of Incest with her brother, that coming one morning into her chamber before she was up, he leaned down upon her bed, to say something in her ear; yet this was taken hold of for a proof: and it need be no marvel if we consider the many adversaries she had; as being a Protestant, and perhaps in that respect, the King himself not greatly her friend: (for though he had excluded the Pope, yet he continued a Papist still: and then who knows not, that nature is not more able of an Acorn to make an oak, then authority is able of the least surmise, to make a certainty. But howsoever it was, that her death was contrived: certain it is, that it cast upon King Henry a dishonorable Imputation; in so much, that where the Protestant Princes of Germany had resolved to choose him for head of their League; after they heard of this Queens death, in such a manner, they utterly refused him as unworthy of the honor: and it is memorable what conceit Queen Anne her self had of her death; for at the time, when she was led to be beheaded in the Tower • she called one of the Kings Privy-chamber to her, and said unto him, commend me to the King, and tell him; he is constant in his course of advancing me, for from a private Gentlewoman, he made me a Marquess, from a Marquess, a Queen; and now, that he had left no higher degree of worldly honor for me, he hath made me a Martyr.

Immediatly after her death, in the week before Whi •• on • ide, the King married Jane Seymour, daughter to Sir John Seymour, who at Whitsuntide was openly shown as Queen: and on the Tuesday in the Whitson-week her brother Sir Edmund Seymour, was created Viscount Beauchamp, and Sir Walter Hangerford, was made Lord Hangerford.

The eight of June, the Parliament began; during the which, the Lord Thomas Howard, without the Kings assent, had affianced the Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter to the Queen of Scots, and Niece to the King: for which he was attainted of treason, and an Act was made for like offenders hereafter; and so he died in the Tower, and she long time remained there a prisoner; yet afterward was set at liberty, and married Matthew Earl of Lenox, who by him had Henry, Father of James the first King of Great Britain.

In the time of this Parliament, the Bishops and all the Clergy had a solemn Convocation at Paul's Church in London ; where after much disputation and debating of matters, they published a book of Religion; entitled, Articles devised by the Kings Highness: in which book are specially mentioned but three Sacraments: namely Baptism, Eucharist, and Penance; also certain Injunctions were set forth, whereby many of the old Holi-days were abrogated, specially those that fell in Harvest time.

The two and twentieth of July, Henry Duke of Richmond and Somerset, base son of King Henry by Elizibeth Blunt, died at Saint James, and was buried at Thets • one in Norfolk.

The nine and twentieth of June the King held a great Justs and Triumph at Westminster, but a disastrous Sea-fight on the water; where one Gates a Gentl • man was drowned in his harness, and by the breaking of a Gunne two Mariners were sore mained: in July following, Thomas Cromwell, Secretary to the King, and Master of the Rolls, was made Lord Keeper of the Privy-seal: and the nineteenth of July the Lord Fitz-Warren was created Earl of Bath ; and the day after, the said Cromwell was made Lord Cromwell ; and on the eighteenth of July, Vic • r General under the King over the Spiritualty; who sat diverse times in the Convocation House, amongst the Bishops as head over them: and now was the state of Religion in England come to a strange pass; because always in passing, and had no consistance; for at first, the authority of the Pope was excluded in some cases only, a while alter in all; but yet his Doctrine was wholly retained. Afterward, his Doctrine came to be Impugned, but in some few points only: a while after, in many more: that the fable of Proteu • might no longer be a fable, when the Religion in England might be his true Morral • : and indeed, it could be no otherwise; the distance between the two Religious being not possible to be passed Per saltum ; but must be done by degrees, which degrees may be observed in the progress of the story: for where at first, it was permitted only to read the Bible in English, now it came to be permitted, to pray in English ; for now in September, the Lord Cromwell set forth Injunctions, to have the Lord's prayer, the Ave, the Creed, the ten Commandments, and all Articles of the Christian-faith translated into English, and to be taught by all Parsons and Curates to their Parishioners: which Innovation so stirred up the people, that in Lincol • shire they assembled to the number of twenty thousand; against whom the King himself went in person, who win •• ng by persuasions their chief leaders, brought the rest upon pardon to submit themselves: but when he had himself done the work of mercy; he afterward sent the Duke of Suffolk, with Sir Francis Brian, and Sir John Russell to do the work of Justice; who caused Nicholas Melton, and a Monk naming himself Captain Cobbler, and thirteen others (Ringleaders of the sedition,) to be apprehended, and most of them to be executed. But this Commotion was scarce appeased, when presently there rose another in the North-parts, where forty thousand were assembled, giving themselves out for an holy Pilgrimage, where on one side of their Ensigns, they had Christ hanging on the cross, on the other side, the Cup and Bread of the Sacrament, as taking Arms only for maintenance of the Faith of Christ, and deliverance of the holy Church now oppressed: but these were opposed by George Earl of Shrewsbury, who having raised an Army without Commission, though to resist the Rebels, yet began to be much troubled, whither in so doing he had not committed Treason, and was never quiet till he had se • t to the King for pardon and commission to proceed: at which time a rumour being raised amongst his soldiers, that the Earl so well liked the Rebels cause, that what show soever he made, yet when it should come to the trial, he would not stick to join with them and take their parts: to remove which Opinion out of their mind • , he caused all his soldiers to come before him, and made his Chaplain give him an oath; by which he swore in their hearing, to be true to the Crown, and never to be assisting to any Rebels: to his aide were sent the Duke of Norfolk, with the Marquis of Excetur • the Earls of Huntingdon and Rutland : who with a mighty Army approachi • g the Rebels, beyond Doncaster, in the way towards York, attempted first to have pacified them without blood-shed; but when no persuasions would serve, it was resolved of both sides to come to a battle; but see here the great goodness of God, for the night before the day appointed for battle, it happened that a little Brook called Dun, running between the two Armies, upon a small rain grew to such a height, that it was not passable by either foot or horse; so as the Armies having time to consider, and considering perhaps this miracle as sent of God, they came to agreement, and upon pardon disbanded and returned to their houses: but in the mean time they had besieged the Castle of Scarborough where the resolute carriage of Sir Ralph Evens is memorable; who held the Castle by only his own servants and Tennants, and that, when for twenty days together, he had no other sustenance but bread and water: but all Comotions were not yet appeased, for at this very time, there was another great Army assembled out of Cumberland, Westmorland, and the North-parts of Lancashire, marching South-wards; but by the diligence of the Earl of Darby, to whom also the Earl of Sussex was sent, they were suppressed, and their chief Leader • , as the Abbo • s of Wally, Sauly, and others, apprehended and hanged: but neither is there yet an end of comotions, for now in February Nicholas Musgrave, Thomas Til • y, with o • hers to the number of twelve thousand, began a Rebellion, and be sieged Carlisle, but by the power of the City were first beaten back, and then were encountered by the Duke of Norfolk, who caused seventy four of them, by Martial-law • o be hanged on the walls of Carlisle: but neither was there yet an end of Comotions, for now in Setrington, Pickering, L • igh and Scarborough, began a new Rebellion, by procurement of Francis Bigot ; who had r • ised a great power, and meant to have taken Hull, but by the industry of Sir Ralph Ellarker, and the Major of the Town, threescore a • the Rebels were taken and hanged, and the rest put to flight, and glad to be quiet: but neither yet was there an end of Commotions, for in the latter end of this eight and twentieth year, the Lord Darcy, the Lord Hussey, Sir Robert Constable Sir John Bulmer and his wife, Sir Thomas Percy brother to the Earl of Northumberland, Sir Stephen Hamilton, Nicholas Tempest Esquire, and others began to conspire, although each of them before had been pardoned by the King: but this as being but the fagge end of Commotion; was soon suppressed, the Lord Darcy was beheaded on the Tower-hill, the Lord Hussey at Lincol • e, Sir Robert C • nstable was hanged in cheins at Hull, Sir John Balmers Paramout was burnt in Smithfield, and most of the other were executed at Tyburne: Tantae molis erat, so great a matter it was • to make the Realm be quiet, in so great innovations of Religion.

This year on Saint Georges -feast, the Lord Cromwell was made Knight of the Garter, and on the twelfth of October, which is Saint Edwards -eve • , at Ha • ton-Court, the Queen was delivered of a son; (but with so hard a labor that she was fain to be ripped) the child was named Edward, whose Godfathers at the Christening were the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Norfolk, his Godmother was his sister the Lady Mary : at his Bishoping, his Godfather was the Duke of Suffolk : on the eighteenth of October, he was made Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester: but the birth of his son brought not so much joy to the King, as the death of his Queen brought him sorrow; for within two days after she died, and was buried at Winsor, and • o much was the Kings grief for her death, that he continued a widdawer two years after.

It is not unworthy the relating, what a miserable dissolation befell the family of the Geraldynes or Fitz-Garrets, (Earl of Kildare in Ireland ) about this time; for Gerald Fitz-Garret, who had been ten years Deputy in Ireland ; upon complaint of some fault, was sent for over into England, where not making a satisfying answer, he was committed to the Tower; but before his commi • g over, had with the Kings leave, left Deputy there his own son, a Young-man of not above twenty years of age, but yet ripe of understanding and fit for the pla • e: this young Lord, hearing that his father was committed prisoner to the Tower; and soon after, as the rumour increased, that he was put to death; in rage to be revenged, rose up in Arms; and having five Unckles in the Cou • try (men of great estimatio • ) drew them (though some of them unwillingly) to take his part; amongst other outrages he committed, the Archbishop of Dublin was slain in his presence • the Father in the Tower hearing hereof, with very grief died; the Son and his Uncles, upon the Kings sending a • Army, were all either taken or submitted; and being sent for over into England, those of his Unckles, that against their wills had been drawn into the Action, had good hope of their lives, till entering the ship of passage, which was called the Cow ; they then presently dispaired, because of a Prophesy, that five sons of a certain Earl should be carried into England in the belly of a Cow, and never after return: and indeed it fell out true, for through the malice of their adversaries, (exasperating the King against them and saying, there would never be quietness in Ireland, as long as any of the Geraldines were left alive,) they were all put to death: one only son of the family remained, a youth of thirteen years of age, who though at that time sick of the small-pox, yet made shift to save himself by flight; fled first into France, and frighted from thence, afterwards into Flanders, and driven from thence, at last into Italy, where pr • oected by Regin • ld Poole, ar that time made Cardinal, by Pope July the third, he was afterward, by this mean • , restored to his dignity and his patrimony.

This year Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp the Queens brother, was created Earl of Hartford, and Sir William Fitz-Williams Lord Admiral, was created Earl of Southamton, Master Paulet was made Vice Treasurer, Sir John Russell was made Controller of the Kings House, and diverse Gentlemen were made Knights.

In February diverse Roodes were taken down by the Kings commandment, as the Rood of Boxeley, called the Rood of grace, which was made with vices to move the eyes and lips, also the Rood called Saint Savior at Bermondsey Abbey in Southwarke, a • d diverse others: in May a Frier Observant, called Frier Forest, who had taken the oath of Supremacy himself, yet privately persuaded others, that the King was not supreme head of the Church; was thereupon examined, and for his defense said, that he took the oath with his outward man, but his inward man never consented to it; but this answer served not his turn from being condemned; and on a pair of Gallows prepared for him, in Smith •• eld, he was hanged by the middle, and arm-holes, all quick, and under the Gallows was made a fire wherewith he was consumed: a little before his executio • , a huge great Image was brought to the Gallows, fetched out of Wales, which the Welch-men had in great reverence, called Darvell Gatheren, of which there went a Prophesy, that thi • Image should set a whole Forest on fire, which was thought to take effect, in • erring this Frier Forest on fire, and consuming him to nothing.

In September, by the special motion of the Lord Cromwell, all the notable Images, unto which were made any special Pilgrimages and offerings, were taken down and burnt; as the Images of Walsingham, Ipswic • , Worcester, the Lady of Wilsdon, with many other, and forthwith by means of the said Cromwell all the orders of Friers and Nuns, with theirs Cloisters and Houses were suppressed and put down: also the shrines of counterfeit Saints; amongst others, the shrine of Thomas Becket in the Priory of Christ-church was taken to the Kings use, and his bones, scull and all which was there found, with a piece • roken out by the wound of his death, were all burnt in the same Church by command of the Lord Cromwell: and the one and twentieth of October, the Church of Thomas Becket in London, called the Hospital of Saint Thomas of Acres was suppressed: the sixteenth of November the Black-friers in London was suppressed; the next day the White-friers, the Gray-friers, and the Monks of the Charter-house, and so all the other immediately after, 〈◊〉 three Abbots resisted, the Abbot of Colechester, the Abbo • of Reding, and the Abbot of Glastenbury, who therefore were all taken and executed. The four and twentieth of November the Bishop of Rochester Preached at Paul's-cross, and there shown the blood of Hales, affirming it to be no blood, but honey clarified and coloured with sa •• ron, as it had been evidently proved before the King and Council. The number of Monasteries suppressed, were six hundred forty five, besides fourscore and ten Colleges, one hundred and ten Hospitals, and of Chantries and free Chapels two thousand three hundred seventy four. But now to make amends for the suppressing of so many Monasteries, the King instituted certain new Bishoprics, as at Westminster Oxford, Peterborough, Bristow, Chester and Gloster ; and assigned certain Canons and Prebends to each of them.

The third of November Henry Courtney Marquess of Exceter, and Earl of Devonshire, Henry Poole Lord Montacute, Sir Nicholas Carew of Bedington, Knight of the Garter, and Master of the Kings Horse, and Sir Edward Nevill, brother to the Lord of Aburgeiney, were sent to the Tower, being accused by Sir Geoffrey Poole, the Lord Montacutes brother, of high treason; the • were indi • ed for devising to promote and advance one Reinold Poole to the Crown, and put down King Henry. This Poole was a near kinsman of the Kings (being the son of the Lady Margaret Countess of Salisbury, daughter and heir to George Duke of Clarence ) he had been brought up by the King in learning, and made Dean of Excetur ; but being sent after, to learn experience by travail, he grew so great a friend of the Popes, that he became an enemy to King Henry, and for his enmity to the King, was by Pope Julius the third made Cardinal; for this man's cause, the Lord's aforesaid being condemned, were all executed, the Lord Marquis, the Lord Montacute, and Sir Edward Ne • ill, beheaded on the Tower-hill, the ninth of January, Sir Nicholas Carew the third of March, two Priests condemned with them were hanged at Tyburn, Sir Ieoffry Poole though condemned also yet had his pardon.

About thi • time one Nicholson alias Lambert, being accused for denying the Real presence in the Sacrament, appealed to the King, and the King was co • tent to hear him; whereupon a Throne • was set up in the Hall of the Kings Palace at Westminster, for the King to si • : and when t • e Bishops had urged their arguments, and could not prevail, then the King took him in hand, hoping perhaps to have the honor of con • erting an Heretic, when the Bishops could not do it, and withal promised him pardon if he would recant; but all would not do, Nicholso • remained obstin • te, the King mist his honor, the delinquent mist his pardon; and shortly after was drawn to Smithfield and there burnt.

About this time King Henry being informed that the Pope, by instigation of Cardinal Poole, had earnestly moved divers great Princes to invade England ; He as a provident Prince, endea • oured a • • arn • stly to provide • or defense; a • d to that end, rode himself to the S • a-coast • 〈◊〉 them fortifi •• , and in needful places Bulwarks to be erected: He c • used hi • Na •• e •• be rigged, and to be in readiness at any short warning: he c •• sed Musters •• be raken in all she • es; and lists of all, able men in e • ery Count • , in L ••• don specially; where Sir William Forman the • hen M • jor, •••• ified the number of fifteen thousand; not that they were 〈…〉 , but that so many were ready prepared; and these on the eight of May, the King himself saw Mustered in James Park; where the Citize • s ••• ove in such sort to exceed each other in bravary of arms, and forwardness of service, a • if the City had been a Campe, and they not men of the gown • , but all professed Soldiers; which they performed to their great cost, but greater comend •• ion.

It was now the one and thirtieth year of King Henri • s reign, and the nine and fortieth of his age; when having continued a widdower two year, he began to think of marrying again; and be needed not be a sui • our for a wife, for he was sued unto take one. The Emperor solicited him to marry the Duchess of Milan ; but to marry her he must first obtain a Licence from the Pope, and King Henry was resolved rather to have no wife, then to have anymore to do with the Pope. Then the Duke of Cleve made suit unto him, to marry the Lady Anne hi • Sister, and he was a Protestant Prince; and so, though differing in points of Doctrine, yet in the main Point of excluding • he Pope, both of one min • e. Many about the King were forward for thi • Ma • ch, but the Lord Cro • well specially; and indeed it concerned him more then any other, that the King should take a Protestant wife, seeing 〈◊〉 actions h • d been such as none but • Protestant Queen would ever like; and if the Queen should not like them; the King, though done by his leave, would • ot like them long. Hereupon such means was used, that Emb • ssa • ours came from the Duke of Cleve to conclude the March; and the • , the elev • nth of December, the Lady her self in gr • at state was brought, first to Calais, and then over to Dover ; and being come to Rochester, the King secretly came to see her, afterward she was conducted to London, me • by the way in several places, by all the great Lord's and Ladies of the Kingdom. The third of January she was received into London by Sir William Hollice, then Lord Major, with Oration • , Pageants, an • all complements of Sta • e, the greatest that ever had been seen. On Twelfth day the Marriage was • olemnized, the Archbishop of Canterbury did the office, the Earl of Oversteine, a German Lord ga • e her. In April following the Lord Cromwell, as though he had won the Kings heart forever by making this march, was made Earl of Essex ; for in March before, Henry Rourchie • Earl of Essex • and the ancientest Earl of England, had broken his neck by seeking to break a young Horse, leaving only one Daughter, and the dying without issue, the Earldom came to the Family of Devereux, which yet enjoyed not the honor, till afterward in Queen Elizabeth's time, and then made but not restored.

The ninth of March, the King created Sir William Paulet Treasurour of his House, Lord Saint John, Sir John Russell Controlour, Lord Russell, and shortly after Sir William Par was created Lord Par. The eight and twentieth of April began a Parliament at Westminster, in the which Margaret Countess of Salisbury, Gertrude wife to the Marquess of Exceter, Reynold Poole Cardinal, bro • her to the Lord Montacute, Sir Adrian Foskew, Thomas Dingley Knight of Saint John's ; and divers others were attain • ed of high treason; of whom Foskew and Dingley the tenth of July were beheaded, the Countess of Salisbury two years after: and in this Parliament the Act of the six Articles was established, and Sir Nicholas Hare was restored to his place of Speaker in the Parliament.

It was now five months after the Kings marriage with the Lady Anne of Cleve ; and though the King at the first sight of the Lady, did not like her person; yet, whether as respecting the honor of Ladies, he would not disgrace her at the first meeting; or whether he meant to try how time might work him to a better liking; or indeed, that he would not give distaste to the German Princes at that time, for sole ends he had a working, he dissembled the matter, and all things went on in a show of contentment on all hands. But for all these shows; the crafty Bishop of London Stephen Gardener, finding how the world went with the Kings affection towards his Queen; and for her sake with Cromwell ; to neither of whom he was greatly affected (not to the Queen, as misliking her religion; not to Cromwell, as envying his greatness;) he so wrought upon the Kings inclination; what by suggesting, and what by aggravating, that the Lord Cromwell the ninth of July, sitting in the Council Chamber, was suddenly apprehended and committed to the Tower; and the nineteenth of the same month was attainted by Parliament, and never came to his Answer; by a Law, which (as some reported) he himself had caused to be made; and the eight and twentieth of July was beheaded on the Tower-hill; for crimes (as appears in Record) of Heresy and Treason. This Lord Cromwell was borne at P • tney, a Village in Surrey near the Thames side; son to a Smith, after whose decease, his Mother was married to a Sheereman; for the pregnancy of his wit he was first entertained by Cardinal Woolsey, and by him employed in many great affairs; the Cardinal falling, the King took him into his service; and finding his great abilities, first advanced him for his worth, and then for his pleasure overthrew him. But the greatest part of Stephen Gardiners practice had been done before; for at Midsomer before, the King caused the Queen to remove to Richmond, as for her health and pleasure; and and in the time of her absence, on the sixth of July, sent certain Lord's to the Lower House of Parliament, who there declared certain causes, for which the Kings marriage with the Lady Anne of Cleve, was not to be counted lawful; and so carried the matter, that the Convocation clearly determined, the King might marry any other; and so might she. Being thus Divorced; it was further Enacted, she should no more be called Queen, but the Lady Anne of Cleve. The fault for which this Divorce was decreed, is not expressly delivered • some say, a precontract of the said Lady with a Lord of Germany was pretended; but it seems to have been for some womanish defect in her body; as she spared not to a • firm that she had never been carnally known by the King in all the time of their lying together: and as it is said, when her Ladies, one time said unto her, that they looked now every day to hear of her great belly; she should answer, they might look long enough, unless, saying, how dost thou sweerest, God morrow sweet-heart, and suc • like words, could make a great belly; for (said she) more then this, there never passed between the King and me. How ever it was, she willingly submitted to the Decree, whether out of fear, or perhaps as little liking the King as the King did her; and afterward led a private life here in England, well respected of the King, and dying sixteen years after, in the fourth year of Quee • Mary, was buried at Westminster.

About this time Leonard Gray Deputy of Ireland, was on the Tower-hill beheaded, for suffering his Nephew Gerald Fitz-Garret to escape, who had been declared an enemy to the state, and then also was Thomas Fines Lord Dacres, a young m • n of four and twenty years of age, hanged at Tyburne, • or kiling a mean peson upon a sudden affray; also the fourth of A • gust, Thomas Epson a Monk of Westminster, for denying to take his oath, to be true to the King, had his Monks garment plucked from his back, the last Monk that was seen in such habit in England till Queen Mary's days.

The sixth of July in the two and thirtieth year of his Reign, King Henry had been divorc • d from the Lady Anne of Cleve, and now the eighth of August following, the Lady Katherine Howard, Niece to the Duke of Norfolk and daughter to the Lord Edward Howard was shown openly as Queen at Hampton-Court.

On the tenth of June the year following, Sir Edmund Knevet of Norfolk, Knight, was arraigned before th • Officers of the Green-clothe, for striking one Master Cleere of Norfolk, within the Tennis-court of the Kings House • being found guilty, he had judgment to loose his Right hand, and to forfeite all his lands and goods; whereupon there was called to do execution, first, the Serjeant Surgeon, with his Instruments pertaining to his office, then the Serjeant of the Wood-yard, with a mallet and a block to lay the hand upon, then the Kings Master-cook with the knife • o cut off the hand, then the Serjeant of the larder to set the knife right on the joint, then the Serjeant Farrier with searing • irons to sear the veins, then the Serjeant of the • oultry with a Cock, which cock, should have his head smitten off upon the same block, and with the same knife; then the Yeoman of the Chandry with sear-clothes, then the Yeoman of the Scullery, with a pan of fire to hear the irons, a chafer of water to cool the ends of the irons, and two forms for all Officers to set their stuff on, then the Serjeant of the Cellar with wine, Ale and Beer, then the Serjeant of the Ewry, with Bason, Ewre, and towels: all things being thus prepared Sir William Pickering Knight Marshall, was commanded to bring in his prisoner, Sir Edmund Knevet, to whom the chief Justice declared his offense, which the said Knevet confessed, and humbly submitted himself to the Kings mercy, only he desired, that the King would spare his Right hand and take his left, because (said he) if my right hand be spared, I may live to do the King good service: of whose submission, and reason of his suite, when the King was informed, he granted him to loose neither of his hands, and pardoned him also of his lands and goods.

The summer of his three and thirtieth year • King Henry with his Queen Katherine, made a progress into the North-parts, and ret • rning at Alhallantide to Hampton-court he was there informed, of the Queens dessolute life first before her marriage with one Francis Deerham, a Gentleman of N • rfolke, whom employed afterward in Ireland ; she had lately again at Pomfret received into her service, and now since her marriage with one Thomas Colepepper, of the Kings Privy-chamber; whereupon the thirteenth of November, Sir Thomas Wriothsley Knight secretary to the King, was sent to the Queen at Hampton-Court, to charge he • with these crimes, and discharging her household, to cause her to be conveyed to Zion, there to remain, till the Kings pleasure should be further known: the deli • quents being examined, Deerham confessed, that before the King • marriage with the Lady Katherine, there had been a pre-contract between himself and her; but when he once understood of the Kings liking towards her, he then waved and consealed it for her preforment: so the first of December, the • Gentlemen being arraigned at the Guild-hall, they confessed the Indictment, a •• had Judgment to die, as in cases of treason: the tenth of December, they we • e drawn from the Tower to Tyburne, where Colepepper was beheaded, and Deerham was hanged and dismembered; Colepeppers body was buried in Sepulchers Church in London, but both their heads were set on London-bridge: the two and twentieth of December, there were arraigned at the Kings-bench, the Lord William Howard and the Lady Margaret his wife, Katherin Tilney and Alice Restwold Gentlewomen, Joan Bulmer, wife to Anthony Bulmer Gentliman, Anne Howard wife to Henry Howard Esquire, and brother to the Queen, with divers others, who were all condemned for misprision of treason, for concealing the Queens misdemeanor, and adjudged to forfeit all their lands and goods during life, and to remain in perpetual prison. The sixteenth of January the Parliament began at Westminster, where the Lord's and Commons p •• itioned the King, that he woe • ld not vex himself with the Queens offense, and that both she and the Lady Rochford might be attainted by Parliament; and that to avoid protracting of time, he would give his royal assent un • o it, under the great Seal, without staying for the end of the Parliament. Also, that Derham and Colepepper having been attained before by the Common-Law, might be attainted likewise by Parliament: all which was assented to by the King; and after, on the thirteenth of February, the Queen and the Lady Roch • ord were beheaded on the-green within the Tower, where they confessed their offenses, and died penitently: yet something to take off the offenses of this Queen; it is certainly said, that after her condemnation, she protested to Doctor White Bishop of Winchester, her last Confessor, that as for the Act for which she was condemned, she took God and his holy Angels to witness, upon her souls salvation, that she died guiltless.

Before this, on the three and twentieth of January, King Henry was proclaimed King of Ireland ; where as before this • ime, the Kings of England were only entitled Lord's of Ireland : and this title was given him both by the Parliament here, and by the Parliament holden in Ireland, before Sir Anthony Seintleger knight, the Kings Deputy there.

About this time Arthur Plantagenet Visconnt Lisle, base son to King Edward tha fourth; having been imprisoned upon suspicion of a practice, for betraying of Calais to the French, whilst he was the Kings Lieutenant there, was now found to be innocent of the Fact: and thereupon, the King to make him some reparation for his disgrace, sent him a Ring and a very gracious message, by Sir Thomas Wriothsley his Secretary; whereat the said Viscount took so great joy, that the night following, of that very joy he died: so deadly a thing is any passion, even joy it self, if it be extreme. After his death Sir John Dudley, his wives Son, was crea • ed Viscount Lisle. This Sir John Dudley was son to Edmund Dudley, beheaded in the first year of this Kings reign, and was made Viscount Lisle in right of his Mother.

During this Parliament, one George Ferrers Gentleman, servant to the King and Burgess for the town of Plimmouth in Devonshire, in going to the Parliament House, was arrested in London by a Processe out of the Kings Bench, for a Debt wherein he was late afore condemned, as surety for one Welden, at the suit of one White ; which arrest being signified to Sir Thomas Moyle knight, • peaker then of the Parliament, and to the Knights and Burgesses there; order was • aken, that the Serjeant of the Parliament, called Saint John, should be sent to the Counter in Bredstreet (whither the said Ferrers was carried) and there demand to have him delivered: but the Officers of the Counter not only refused to deliver him, but gave the Serjeant such language, that they fell at last to an affray; at which time the Sheriffs coming, they also took their Officers part; so as the Serjeant was fain to return without the prisoner; which being signified to the Speaker and the Burgesses, they took the matter in so ill part, that they would sit • o more without their Burgess; and thereupon rising up, repaired to the Upper House, where the whole Case was declared by the Speaker, before Sir Thomas Audeley Lord Chancellor, and the Lord's and Judges there assembled: who judging the contempt to be very grea • , referred the punishment thereof to the House of Commons it self: whereupon returning to their places again • upon new debate of the Case, they took order that t • eir Serje • nt shou • d once more rep • ire to the Sheriff of London, and demand •• e prisoner, wit • out carryi • g any Writ or Warrant for the matter. It is true •• the Lord Chancellor offered to grant a Writ, but the House of Common • refused it; being of a cle • re opinion, that all Commandments from the nether House were to be executed by their Serjeant without Writ, only by showing his Mace, which is his Warrant: but before the Serjeants return into London, the Sheriffs better advised, became more mild, and upon the second demand, delivered the prisoner without any denial, but then the Serjeant had further in charge, to command the Sheriffs and Clerks of the Counter, to appear personally the next morning before the House of Commons: where appearing, they were charged by the Speaker, with their contempt, and compelled to make immediate answer, without being admit • ed • o any counsel, Sir Roger Chomley Recorder of London, offered to speak in the cause, but w • s not suffered, nor any other but the p • rties themselves: in conclusion, the Sheriffs and White who had caused the Arrest, were committed to the Tower, the Officer that did the Arrest, with four other Officers to Newgate; but after two or three days, upon the • umble sui • e of the Major, were set at liberty; and because the said Ferrers being in execution upon a condemnation of debt, and set at large by privilege of Parlaiment, was not by law to be brought again into execution; and so the creditor without remedy for his debt, against him as his princip • ll debtor; therefore after long debate, by the space of nine or ten days together, they at last resolved to make an Act of purpose, to revive the execution of the said debt, against Welden who was principal debtor, and to discharge Ferrers that was but surer • : wherein notwithstanding, the house was divided, and the Act passed but by fourteen voices: the King being adver • ised of this proceeding, called before him the Lord Chancellor and the • udges, the Speaker and divers of the lower House, to whom he decla • ed his Opinion to this effect: first commending their wi • dome, in maintaining the privileges of t • eir house, (which he would • o • have to be infringed in any point) he alleged, that • e being head of the Parliament, and attending in his own person upon the business t • ereof, ought in reason, to have Privilege for himself and all his servants attending upon him, so as if the said Ferrers had been no Burgess, but only hi • servant; yet in that respect, he was to have the privilege as well as any other: for I understand (saith he) that you, not only for your own persons, but also for your necess • ry servants, even to your Cooks and Hors-keepers enjoy the s • me p • i • iledge • i • so much, as my Lord Chancellor here present, hath informed u • , that whilst he was Speaker of the Parliament, the Cook of the Temple was Arrested i • London, and in execution upon a statute of the S • apple, and for so much, as the said Cook during all the Parliament served the Spe • ker in t • at office; he was taken out of execution by privilege of Parliament; the Prerogative of which Court, (as our learned Counsaile informeth us) is so great, that all Acts and processes coming ou • of any other Court, must for the time ce • se and give place to it: and touching the party himself, though for his presumption he was worthy to have lost his debt, yet I commend your Equity, that have restored him to hi • debt against him that was the principal: when the King had said this, Sir Edward Mountacute Lord chief Justice, rose up, and confirmed by many reasons, all that the King had said, as likewise did all the other Lord • , none speaking anything to the contrary.

It was now the four and thirtieth year of King Henries Reign, when in May he took a loan of money of all such as were valued at fifty pounds and upward • in the Subsidy book, the Lord Privy-seal, the Bishop of Winchester, Sir John Baker, and Sir Thomas Wriothsley were commissioners, that the loan in London, who so handled the matter, that of some chief Citizens they obtained a thousand ma • kes in pressed to the Kings use: for which Privy Seals were delivered to repay it again within two years.

At this time, were many complaints made by the •• gli • h, against the Scots, partly for receiving and maintaining diverse English Reb • ls, 〈◊〉 into Scotland, and partly for invading • he Engli • h Borders; but still w • en the King of Englan • was preparing to oppose them, the Scottish King would send Ambassadors to tree • t of reconcilement, till at last, • fter m • n • delusory pranks of the Scots ; the King of England, no longer • nduri • g such abuses, sent the Duke of Norfolk his Leivtena •• General, accompanied with the Earls of Shrewsbury, Darby, Cumberland, Surrey, Hart • o • d, A •• us, Rutland, the Lord's of the North parts, Sir Anthony Brown Master of the Kings horse, and Sir John Gage Controller of the King • House, with others, to the number of twenty thousand men; who on the one and twentieth of Oc • ober entered Scotland, where staying but eig • t day • only he burnt above eighteen Town • , Abbeys, and Castles, and then without • aving bat • aile offered, for want of victuals returned to Barwick ; •• soon as • e was returned, comes abro • d the King of Scots, raiseth a power of fifteen thous • nd men, and using great threatenings what he would do, invaded the west Borders, but the edge of his threatening was soon taken off, for the bastard Da •• es, with Jack of Musgrave setting upon them with only an hundred Light • horse, and Sir Thomas Wharton with three hundred, put them to flight; upon a concei • , th •• the Duke of Norfolk with all his Army had been come i • to those part • ; where were taken prisoner • of the Scots, the Earl of Cassill and Glenc •• ne, the Lord Maxwell Admir • ll of Scotland, the Lord Flemming, the Lord So • erwell, the Lord Oli • ha • t, the Lord Gray, Sir Oliver Sinclee • e, the Kings Minion, John Ross Lord of Gragy, Robert Erskin son to the Lord Erskin, Car Lord of Gredon, the Lord Maxwells two Brothers, John Lesloy bastard son to the Earl of Rothus, George Hame Lord of Hemetton, with divers other men of account, to the number of above two hundred, and more then eight hundred of meaner calling; so as someone English m • n, and some women also, had three or four prisoner • in their hands: at which over • hrow, the King of Scots took such grief, that he fell into a burning Ague, and thereof died, leaving behind him one only daughter; and here King Henry began to apprehend a greater matter then the victory, for he and his Couns • ile conceived, that • hi • daughter, would be a fit match for his son Prince Edward, thereby to make • perpetual union of the two Kingdoms; and to • his purpose they confer • ed with the Lord whom they had taken prisoners, who exceeding glad of the proposition, and promising to further it by all the possible mean they could, were • hereupon s • t at liberty, and suffered • o return home. Comming into Scotland 〈◊〉 acquainting the Earl of Arraine wi • h the motion, who was chosen Gover • our of the young Queen and of the Realm; t • e matter with great liking was entertained, and in Parliament of the three est • tes in Scotland, the marriage was confirm • , and • peace between the two Re • lms, for ten year • wa • proclaimed, and Embass • dours sent into England, for sealing the conditions. But Beton Archbishop of S • int Andrew's being Cardinal, and at the Popes devotion, and therefore an utter enemy to King Henry, so crossed the business that it came to nothing, but ended in a war between the two Kingdoms; so as in March the year following, the Lord Seymour Earl of Hartford, with an Army by Land and Sir John Dudley Lord Lisle, with a Flee • e by Sea, me • at New-castle, and there joined together, for invading of Scotland ; with the Earl of Hartford, were the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Lord's Cobham, Clinton, Conyers, Stinton, the Lord William Howard, with Knights and others, to the number of ten thousand, with Sir John Dudley the Admiral, were two hu • dred s • ile of ships: on the fourth of May, the whole Army was landed two miles from the Town of Lieth, at a place called Granther Crag ; and there the Lord Lievtennant puting his men in order, ma • ched toward the Town of Lieth: the Lord Admiral led the foreward, the Lievtennant the Battle, and the Earl of Shrewsbury the Rearward. Before they came to the Town of Lieth, the Cardinal with six hundred • orse, besides foot, lay in the way to impeach their passage; but they were so assailed by the, Harqu • butars, that they were glad to fly, and the first man that fled was the Cardinal himself, and then the Earls of Huntley, Murrey & Bothwel ; hereupon the English made forward to Lieth, and entered it without any great resistance: the sixth of May they marched towards Edenbrough, and as they approached the Town, the provost with some of the Burgers, came and offered the keys of the Towen, to the Lord Lievtennant, upon condition they might depart with bag and baggage, and the Town to be preserved from fire; but the Lord Livetennant told them, their falsehood had been such, as deserved • o fa • our, and therefore unless they would deliver the Town absolutely without any condition, he would pro • eed in his enterprise, and burn the Town. Here we may see, what it is to make men desperate, for to this the Provost answered, they were better then to stand upon defense, and so indeed they did, and made the English glad to retire, for the Castle shot so fiercely upon them, that having burnt only a part of the Town, they returned to Lieth ; but whilst they lay there, they so wasted the Country, that within seven mile • every way of Edenbrough, there was not a Town, nor Village, nor house t • at was left unburnt: at Lieth, the eleveth day of May, the Lord General made Knights, the Lord Clinton, the Lord Conyers, Sir William Wroughton, Sir Thomas Holecraft, Sir Edward Dorrell, Sir Francis Hothome, and other • , to the number of at least threescore: in Lieth Haven, they seized upon all the Scottish Ships; whereof two were of notable fairness, the one called the Salamander, given by the French King, at the marriage of his daughter into Scotland, the other called the Unicorne, made by the late Scottish King; the ballast of which two ships was Cannon-shot, whereof they found in the Town, to the number of fourscore thousand. On the fiftee • th of May, their Army and their Flee • departed from Lieth, both in one hour, having first set the Town on fire and burned it to the ground: from Lieth the English Army marched to Seaton, from thence to Haddington, from thence to Dunbar, from thence to Ranton, all which Towns and Castles with diverse others they burnt and utterly defaced; and on the eighteenth of May came to Barwick, not having lost in all the journey above fourteen men •

In the mean time, in King Henries five and thirtieth year, on Trinity sunday a new league was entered into and sworn, between the King and the Emperor at Hampton-court, to be both offensive and defensive.

In this year, Proclamation was made, whereby the people were licensed to eat white meats in Le • t, but straitly forbidden the eating of flesh; whereupon shortly after, the Earl of Surrey with diverse other Lord's and Knights, were imprisoned for eating of flesh contrary to the proclamation.

The third of June this year, there came ou • of Ireland three Lord • , of whom Obrine was here created Earl of Thonmo • d, (which ho • our his posterity enjoyeth to this day) Mack William a Bary, was created Ea • le of Clanrinckford, and Mack Gilparick, was made Barron of Ebranky.

King Henry had already had five wives all of them Maides, and no good luck with any of them, he will now therefore try his fortune with a Widow, a • d thereupon the twelveth of June, in the five and thirtieth year of his Reign he took to wife the Lady Katherine Par, widow of the Lord Latimer late deceased, who was then proclaimed Queen; but how lucky would this ma