Church History of Britain
10. The Diocese of Rochester (containing the remainder of Kent) was of small extent. But, that stock must be very little indeed, out of which the ravenous Wolf cannot fetch some prey for himself. Morris the Bishop played the tyrant therein, being the first in Queen Mary's days that condemned a woman ( Margery Polley by name) to be burnt for religion; with many moe who at Dartford, or Rochester, sealed the truth with their lives.
11. Cross we the Thames to come into Middlesex, and Essex, the Diocese of London under Bishop Bonner, whom all generations shall call Bloody. St. Paul mentioneth his fighting with beasts at Ephesus after the manner of men, which some expound, his encountering with people, men for their shape, and sex; but beasts for their cruel minds, and manners. In the same sense we may say, that Lion, Tiger, Wolf, Bear; yea, a whole forest of wild beasts met in Bonner, killing two hundred in the compass of three years. And, as if his cruelty had made him Metropolitan of all England, he stood not on distinction of Dioceses, but martyred all, wheresoever he met them. Thus Mr. Philpot belonged to Gardiners Jurisdiction, and often pleaded in vain, that Bonner was none of his Ordinary, yet Bonner (Ordinary, or Extraordinary) dispatched him, who cared not whence men came, but only whither he sent them. No sex, quality, or age, escaped him, whose fury reached from John Fetty a lad of eight years old, by him scourged to death; even unto Hugh Laverock, a Creeple, sixty eight years old, whom he caused to be burnt.
12. Dr. Story Dean of Paul's must not be forgotten, being under Bonner a most cruel persecutor. Was not this false Herauldry, cruelty on cruelty? Well; So it seemed good to Divine Providence, as conducing most to the peace of the Church, that one place rather then two, should be troubled with such damnable Tyrants. Bonner persecuted by whole-sale, Story by Retail; the former enjoined, the later attended the execution; What Bonner bade, Story beheld to be performed. Yea, sometimes he made cruel additions of his own invention; As, when he caused a faggot to be tossed in the face of Mr. Denlie the Martyr, when he was ready to be burnt. How he was rewarded afterwards for his cruelty, by God's blessing in due place.
13. Under the same Torrid Zone of persecution (but a little more temperate) lay Norfolk, and Suffolk, in the Diocese of Norwich. Bishop Hopton was unmerciful in his Visitations; but Downing the Chancellor plai'd the Devil himself; enough to make wood dear in those parts, so many did he consume to ashes, whose several examinations are at large set down in the Book of Martyrs.
14. Eli Diocese [Cambridge-Shire] succeeds, whose Bishop Dr. Thyrlby was a learned, discreet, and moderate man; witness his meek behavior at the degrading of Arch-Bishop Cranmer, shedding plentiful tears thereat. But, can water, and fire, weeping, and burning, come from the same person? Surely so it did here; for afterwards he singled out John Hullier (as the Representative for all the Protestants in his Diocese) whom he caused to be burnt at Cambridge. The shedding his blood was as giving earnest of his zeal in the Popish cause, though afterward he made no farther payment in this kind; justly offending the Protestants for doing so much, yet scarcely pleasing the Papists, because he did no more. As for the execution of William Woolsey, and Robert Pigot, in this Diocese: Thurlby was no whit interested therein, but the guilt thereof must be shared, betwixt Dr. Fuller the Chancellor, and other Commissioners.
15. In Peterborough Diocese (consisting of North-hampton-shire, and Rutland) I find but one, John Kurde, a Shooe-maker, burnt at Northhampton. But, this his death I cannot charge on the account of David Poole the Bishop, as consenting thereunto, because William Binsley Bachelor of law, and Chancellor of Peterborough, was only his active Prosecutor.
16. Lincoln Diocese is next, the largest of the whole Kingdom, containing Lincoln, Leicester, Huntingdon, Bedford, and Buckingham, besides parts of Hartford and Warwick -shires. Now, according to the rules of proportion, who could expect otherwise, but, the moe men, the moe Martyrs? The greater the Province, the more grievous the persecution? But, it fell out the clean countrary, finding but one Martyr in all that space of ground (a Merchants servant burnt at Leicester.) Frivolous is their reason, who impute this to the disposition of White, Bishop of this Diocese (the first half of Queen Mary's Reign) whom they behold, as poetically given; of more fancy, then fury, which vented itself in verses; more pleased to lash the Heretics with a Satyr, then suck their blood by destructive courses. As little credit is to be given to their conceit, who ascribe the following tranquility of this Diocese to Bishop Watson, Whites successor therein; because he was a man so buried in the speculations of School-Divinity, that it unactiv'd him to be practical in persecution. I say again, both these reasons amount not to any partial cause, of the peace of this Diocese. For we know full well, that after the coming in of Queen Elizabeth, this White, and this Watson discovered keenness, and fierceness of spirit against Her, more then any other Bishops; in so much, that they threatened Her with an excommunication. I conceive the true cause was this; Lincoln Diocese, in the Reign of Henry the eighth, had borne the heat of the day, when Buckingham-shire alone (as we have formerly observed) afforded more Martyrs then all England beside. God therefore thought it fit, that other Dioceses should now take their turns; that this of Lincoln, harraged out before, should now lie fallow, whilst other Countries, like rest-ground, should suffer persecution, whereon indeed the plowers plowed, and made long furrows.
17. The Dioceses of Oxford, Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester, under their respective Bishops, Robert Kinge, James Brook, Robert Parfew, and Richard Pates, enjoyed much quiet, It being true of them, what is said of Judea, Galilee, and Samaria, after the conversion of Paul, Then hid the Churches rest throughout all those places. This principally flowed from God's gracious goodness, who would not have all places at once equally embroiled. It is not fit, that all the rooms in the house, should only be chimney, furnace, or oven, but that it should also afford some other places for quiet repose. And yet I wonder much, that we find no fire (and very little smoke) in Gloucester-shire, seeing Brook, the Bishop thereof is charactered to be A great Persecutor of Protestants. Indeed his fury spent itself most abroad; who, either being, or accounting himself a great Scholar, stickled much at Oxford against Arch-Bishop Cranmer, pretending himself to be a Commissioner immediately Delegate from the Pope, and venting his malice against that good Prelate, in two Orations, only remarkable for their length, and bitterness.
18. Ralph Baynes was Bishop of Coventrie, and Lichfield, late Professor of Hebrew in Paris, who also wrote a Comment on the Proverbs, and dedicated it to Francis the first King of France. Sure I am, he forgot a passage of Solomon's therein Prov. 14. 21. But he that hath mercy on the poor, happy is • e. This Baines proving a blodie persecutor of God's poor servants in his Jurisdiction. The gentile birth and breeding of Mrs. Joyce Louis, was not too high for him to reach at, and the poor condition of Joan Wast, a blind woman in Darbie was not too low for him to stoop to, condemning them both to death, with many other faithful witnesses of the truth.
19. The Arch-Bishopric of York enjoyed much peace, and tranquility under D r . Nicolas Heath, a meek, and conscientious man. It is enough to intimate his moderate temper, equal, and disengaged from violent extremities, that Primo Elizabethae in the Disputation between the Papists, and Protestants, he was chosen by the Privy Council, one of the Moderatours. And, as he shown mercy in prosperity, he found it in adversity, in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, though deposed from his dignity, repos'd in a peaceable quietness. So that his impotent age might rather seem seasonably eased of troublesome greatness, than abridged of any requisites for his comfortable supportation.
20. D r . Cotes was Bishop of Chester, who washed his hands in the blood of M r . George March burnt at Chester. At whose execution, I understand not the addition of a pitched barrel placed above his head, certainly to enflame the flame; but, whether out of kindness, to hasten his death; or cruelty, to increase his pain, I dare not decide. Sure I am, Cotes died soon after, and Cuthberi Scot succeeded in his Bishopric, one very busy about the burning of Bu •• rs body in Cambridge, but otherwise I find no persecution raised by him in his own Diocese.
21. The Bishopric of Durham had Halcyon days of ease, and quiet, under God, and good Cuthbert Tonstall the Bishop thereof. A learned man, of a sweet disposition, rather devout to follow his own, than cruel to persecute the conscience of others. Indeed, he being present in London at the examination of divers Martyrs, would sometimes fly out in base and unbeseeming language (as when he called Bishop Hooper beast for being married) yet his passion herein may the rather be pardoned, because politically presumed, to bark the more, that he might bite the less, as appeared by his courteous carriage in his own Diocese. For, I meet with the marginal note in M r . Fox, which indeed justly deserved even in the fairest letters, to be inserted in the body of his book. Note that Bishop Tonstall in Queen Mary's time was no great bloody persecutor. For, M r . Russel a Preacher was before him, and D r . Himner his Chancellor would have had him examined more particularly. The Bishop slayed him, saying, Hitherto we have had a good report among our neighbors, I pray you bring not this man's blood upon my head. But more of this Cuthbert Tonstall hereafter.
22. The Diocese also of Carlisle was not molested with any great troubles under Owen Oglethorp, the Bishop thereof, one qualified with a moderate temper. It argueth no less, because afterward he crowned Queen Elizabeth, an office which all other Bishops, then stiffly denied to perform. But, to speak plain English, though the peaceableness of these northerne Bishoprics, procceded partly from the mildeness of those that sat in the Episcopal chairs thereof; yet it must be remembered, that even want of matter for persecution to work on, conduced much to the peace of those places. The beams of the Gospel being neither so bright, nor so hot in these parts, where ignorance, and superstition generally prevailed.
23. The same may be said of all Wales, where casting over our eye, we discover no considerable persecution, under the Bishops of Asaph, and Bangor. But, as for the Bishop of Landaffe, his proceedings against good Raulins White (whom he caused to be burnt at Cardiffe) was remarkable, as standing alone without precedent. For, He caused his Chaplain to say a mass (the first I believe, that found out, and last that used that way) for the conversion of the said Rawlins, though the same proved ineffectual.
24. But D r . Morgan, Bishop of S t . David's, is paramount for his cruelty, passing the sentence of condemnation on Robert Farrar, his immediate predecessor, whom he caused to be burnt at Carmarthen. We know whose counsel it was; This is the heir, come let us kill him, that the inheritance may be ours. And Morgan never thought himself in quiet possession of his Bishopric, whilst Farrar was as yet in possession of his life. However, herein, Morgan, Out-Bonnered even Bonner himself, who (though not out of pity, of policy) did not himself condemn Ridley his Predecessour, but procured him to be sent to Oxford, to be sentenced by others; whereas this Bishop himself pronounced the sentence on Farrar; an act which no good man could, and no wife man would have done. Thus have we briefly surveyed all the Dioceses in England; The Universities of Cambridge, and Oxford only excepted; which, being Peculiars, and exempt from Episcopal Jurisdiction, are reserved for a particular description, by God's blessing, at the end of this book. Nor do we forget, (though acted out of the Continent of England) that cruel murder in the Isle of Garnsey; where, the infant bursting out of the mothers womb (the cruel fire being so merciful, as to be the midwife, to separate, and tender the innocent babe, from the condemned mother, to the charity of the beholders) was first taken out of the fire, and then cast in again, and burnt with the mother thereof.
25. In all this Army of Martyrs, M r . John Rogers, burnt in Smithfield February the 4 th . 1555. led the Van; and five Martyrs burnt at Canterbury, November the 10 th . 1558. (namely John Cornford, Christopher Brown, John Herst, John Snoth, and Katharine Knight) brought up the Rear, according to their own prayer (not to say prophesy) at the stake, that they might be the last, as by God's mercy it so proved. All these were executed in the four last years of Queen Mary's Reign, none suffering in the first year thereof. In which time, the Butchers under Her, did only prepare their shambles for slaughter, whet their knives, and make ready their instruments of cruelty. Comparisons, I know, are odious, and the more, when made betwixt persons of eminency. However, to such as peruse the whole story, these proportions will appear true. Of all the Marian Martyrs, M r . Philpot was the best borne Gentleman; Bishop Ridley the profoundest Scholar; M r . Bradford the holiest, and devoutest man; Arch-Bishop Cranmer of the mildest, and meekest temper; Bishop-Hooper of the sternest, and austerest nature; D r . Taylor had the merriest, and pleasantest wit; M r . Latimer had the plainest and simplest heart; &c. Oh the variety of these several instruments! Oh their joint harmony in a consort to God's glory!
26. It is observable, that the Sacrament of the Altar was the main touchstone, to discover the poor Protestants. Many indeed, are the differences betwixt us and the Romish Church, but on this point the examiners pinched most. Haply, because in other controversies, Protestants (hunted after by those blood-hounds) might take covert under some tolerable distinction, and thereby evade the danger. Whereas this point of the real, corporal presence of Christ in the Sacrament, the self same body that was crucified, was such down-right falsehood, it was incapable of any palliation, and was the compendious way to disover those of the contrary opinion. This neck-question (as I may term it) the most dull and duncicall Commissioner was able to ask; and thanks be to God, the silliest Protestant-soul brought before them, was able to answer, first by denying it, then by dying in the defense of his denial.
27. Remarkable was their cruelty in pretorturing of many, whom afterwards they put to death. Herein akinn in their proceedings to Pilate, first scourging, then crucifying Christ. By what law did Edmond Terrill first burn the hand of Rose Allen, and her body afterwards? Even by the same that Bonner first burnt the hand of Thomas Tomkins, and then commanded him to be dispatched out of the way: By the same law, that Cuthbert Simpson was first cruelly racked, and then burnt, even by the law of their own might, and malice, not having otherwise any rag of legality, to cover the shame of their cruelty. Nature was merciful in appointing that all men should once die; whereas, had these Tyrants had the ordering thereof, they would have made divers to have died sundry times: yea, such was their cruelty, that, after once they had eat up God's servants, if possible, they would have chewed the cud upon them the second time.
28. Some Commissioners privately were courteous to the Martyrs, who notwithstanding publicly concur'd to their condemnation. It is Luther's observation, that in Scripture, son of man is always taken in a good sense, but sons of men generally in the worst acception. Sure I am, take some of these men sole, and single by themselves, they were well natured, pitiful, and compassionate; but, when in conjunction with others, they became (at least by consenting) as cruel as the rest. What favor did D r . Fuller, Chancellor of Eli, offer William Woolsey, and Robert Piggot, when alone? yet, when in complication with other Commissioners, pronounced the sentence of condemnation upon them.
29. Passe we now from the Judicial, to the Ministerial Persecutours; Sherisss, Under-sheriffs, Bailiffs, Promoters, Summoners &c. The locusts had tails like unto Scorpions, and there were stings in their tails. So here in officers, the baser, the bloodier; the meaner the more malicious; though by particular exception, some happened to be more merciful then others. Of the Twin-Sherisss in London (M r . Woodroffe, and Mr. Chester) the former like Esau, had his hands rough, and hairy, being rugged and surly to God's servants; whilst Mr. Chester Jacob -like, had smooth hands, kind, and courteous to such as suffered. Thus Amrie (as I take it) the Sheriff of Chester, was most cruel to M r . George Marsh, whilst the Sheriff of Stafford-shire (pity it is, M r . Fox hath not recorded his name) was afterward persecuted, for showing so much favor to Mrs. Joyce Louis at her execution, when he said Amen to her prayer, desiring God to deliver this Realm from Papistry.
30. One prison may, comparatively, be a paradise in respect of another, and generally 'tis the Jailor puts the difference betwixt them. How passionately did poor Jeremy plead? Cause me not to return to the house of Jonathan the Scribe lest I die there. And therefore he took it for a special favor to be sent to the Court of the prison. How nasty a place was the dungeon of Malchiah, into which Jeremiah was afterward cast? till Ebed-melech the blackmore drew him out thence? Now, amongst the fruitful generation of Jayles in London, there were (though never a better) some less bad amongst them. I take the Marshalls-see to be in those times, the best for usage of prisoners. But, oh the misery of God's poor Saints in Newgate, under Alexander the Jailor, more cruel than his namesake the copper-smith was to S t . Paul; in Lollards-Tower, the Clinke, and Bonners Cole-house; a place which minded them of the manner of their death, first kept amongst coles, before they were burnt to ashes.
31. It is more then suspicious, that many of these silly souls were hurried to the stake, even against those laws which then stood in force in the Realm, before the Writ De Haeretico comburendo was issued out against them. For, what the Jews said to Pilate, It is not lawful for us to put any man to death; The Ecclesiastical censures may say to the Secular Power in England, We have no power of life or limb, but the inflicting punishments on both, must be devolv'd to the civil Magistrate. Yet D r . Gefferie Chancellor of Sarisburie stood not on such legal niceties, but hastened them to the stake, more minding the end to which, than the justice of the proceedings, whereby he sent them thither.
32. All who met at last in final constancy, manifested not equal intermediate cheerfulness. Some were more stout, bold, and resolute; others more faint, fearful, and timorous. Of the later was Arch-Bishop Cranmer, who first subscribed a recantation, but afterwards recanted his subscription, and valiantly burned at the stake. Thus he that stumbleth, and doth not fall down, gaineth ground thereby, as this good man's slip mended his pace to his martyrdom. It is also observable, that married people, the parents of many children, suffered death with most alacrity. M r . Rogers, and D r . Taylor may be the instances thereof. The former of these, if consulting with flesh and blood, had eleven strong reasons to favor himself, I mean, a wife, and ten children, all which abated not his resolution.
33. Besides these who were put to death, some scores (not to say hundreds) died, or rather were killed with stench, starving and strait usage in prison. I am not satisfied in what distance properly to place these persons. Some, perchance, will account it too high, to rank them amongst Martyrs; and surely, I conceive it too low, to esteem them but bare Confessors. The best is, the Herauldry of heaven knows how to marshall them, in the place of dignity due unto them; where, long since, they have received the reward of their patience.
34. Miraculous was God's providence, in protecting many which were condemned to the stake. It is part of the praise of his power . To hear the groaning of the prisoner, to loose those that are appointed to death. In David's expression There was but a step between them, and death; which step also had been stepped, had not one instantly step'd aside, I mean the seasonable death of Queen Mary. She melancholicke in mind, unhealthful in body, little feared of Her foreign foes, less beloved by Her native Subjects, not over-dear to Her own Husband, unsuccessefull in Her treaties for peace, and unfortunate in Her undertakings for war, having deceived the Gentry of Norfolk and Suffolk, by Her false promises, was deceived Her self by a false conception, and having consumed so many of God's Saints by fire, died Her self by water, an hydropicall Tympanie.
35. Observable was the mercy of the Protestants to these persecutors, after the power was delivered into their hands, under the Reign of Queen Elizabeth; by whom none of the aforesaid Tyrants were prosecuted, or molested, for any act of cruelty done by them in the days of Queen Mary. Nor suffered they in the least degree, on their former account, except they ran on a new score of contempt against the Queen and State. As such Bishops who, in the first of Her Reign, refused the Oath of Supremacy. Otherwise, all such as conformed to Her Government, were not only permitted to enjoy their old, but admitted to new preferment. Witness M r . Binsley, Chancellor of Peterborough, who condemned John Kurde of Northampton, yet in Queen Elizabeth's days had the Arch-Deaconry of Peterborough conferred upon him. Thus, while Papists heap fagots on Protestants, Protestants, according to Solomon's counsel, heap coals on them (courtesies, and civilities) to melt them if possible into remorse.
36. But, though the Protestants shown much mercy to the Papists, their persecutors, yet the God of the Protestants manifested much justice, in their woeful, and wretched deaths. I confess, God's best servants sometimes have had sad and sudden ends; witness good Eli himself, who fell down, and brake his neck. I confess likewise, that some wicked men, who have lived like Lions, have died (to use the common country phrase) like Lambs; or to use the expression of the Psalmist, They have no bands in their death, so fairly, and quietly do they expire. It is not good therefore to be over tampering in this particular (our Savior himself retrenching the censoriousness of the Jews, for falling so heavy on the memories of those on whom the tower of Siloam fell and infallibly to infer from their fatal death, their final damnation. However, when a remarkable death, suddenly follows a notorious wicked life, even such passengers, as are posting in the speed of their private affairs, are bound to make a stand, and solemnly to observe the justice of God's proceedings therein. The rather, because Bellarmine our adversary affirmeth, that Infelix exitus Adversariorum, the unhappy end of the Adversaries thereof, is one of the marks of the true Church. These cautions premised, take a few of many signal fatalities of these wicked persecutors.
37. Morgan, Bishop of S t . David's (who sentenced Farrar his predecessor) not long after was stricken in so strange a sort, that his meat would rise up, sometimes out of his mouth, sometimes out of his nose, most horrible to behold, but more terrible to endure, and so continued till his death. Judge Morgan, who condemned the Lady Jane, soon after ran mad, and sodied, having all ways in his mouth, Lady Jane, Lady Jane, Dunning, the bloody Chancellor of Norwich, died suddenly, taken (as some say) sitting in his chair. Berrie, the remorsless Commissary in Norfolk, fell down suddenly to the ground with an heavy groan, and never stirred after. Thornton, the Suffragan of Dover, looking upon his men, playing at bowls, was upon a sudden struck with a palsy, had thence to his death-bed, and, being advised by some to remember God, yea, so I do (saith he) and my Lord Cardinal too. D r . Gesserte, the bloody Chancellor of Sarisburie, died suddenly on a Saturday, the day before he had appointed, moe than ninety persons to be examined by inquisition. M r . Woodrosse, that cruel Sheriff of London, being but a week out of his office, was so stricken by the hand of God, that for seven years space, till his dying-day, he was not able to move himself in his bed. Burton the cruel Bailie of Crowland, was poisoned to death, with the stench of a crows dung, muting on his face. What shall I speak of Dale, the Promoter, eaten up with lice? Alexander the Keeper of Newgate, consumed with offensive rottenness? Robert Balding, smitten with lightning, at the taking of William Seaman? Clarke, who hanged himself in the Tower, with many moe? So that we may conclude with the prophecy of Moses, Rejoice O ye nations with his people, for he will avenge the blood of his servants, and will render vengeance to his adversaries, and will be merciful unto his land, and to his people.
38. And now, to take our leaves of those Martyrs, what remains? but, 1. That we glorify God in, and for their patience; who had given such power unto men. 2. That we praise God, that true doctrine at this day, may be professed at an easier rate, then in that age. In Fairs, and Markets, for the most part, commodities are sold dearest in the morning, which towards evening may be bought at a lower price. Sure I am, they paid most for the Protestant-Religion at the dawning of the day from Popery (life, or limb, was the lowest price thereof) which since may be purchased at a cheaper penny-worth. 3. That we embrace, and defend that doctrine, which they sealed with their lives; and as occasion shall be offered to vindicate, and assert their memories, from such scandalous tongues, and penns, as have, or shall traduce them.
39. It is inconsistent with our History, here to enter the lists, with that railing book which Parsons the Jesuit hath made against those good Martyrs. Only be it remembered, that his Cavil-General is chiefly at their calling, because they were most Mechanics, Weavers, Shooe-makers &c. An exception lying as well against just Joseph, a Carpenter; hospital Simon, a Tanner; zealous Aquila, and Priscilla, Tent-makers; attentive Lydia, a purple-seller. And is it not injurious to infer their piety to be less, because their painfulness was more? If it be farther objected, that it is improbable, that these fillie souls should be more illuminated with knowledge, than the great Doctors of the Romish Church: know that Christ's birth was revealed to the shepherds in their calling, watching their flocks by night, and concealed from the Priests, and Pharisees (the pretended shepherds of Israel: and, God might give more light to these industrious artificers, than to their idle Masters of Arts.
40. Behold your calling (saith the Apostle) how not many wise men after the flesh &c. But God hath chosen the foolish things of this world to confound the wise. And, always in time of persecution, the Church is like a copse, which hath in it more under-wood than oakes. For, great men consult with their safety; and, whilst the poorer sort (as having little to lose) boldly embrace religion with both arms; the rich (too often) do only behold it at distance, with a smiling countenance; but dare not adventure to entertain it, except with very great secrecy. We conclude all with this observation, that such Martyrs, as were artificers by their vocation, humbly continued in the station, wherein Divine Providence had placed them, none presuming (as too many nowadays) to invade the ministerial function, not adventuring to preach, save only that their real Sermon of patience at their death.
41. So much for the first form, of Christians in those days, which were martyred. A second sort succeeds of such, who, being Confessors for the Faith, fled into foreign parts from persecution. This their removal is not only defended from cowardice, but warranted for Christian Policy by our Savior's precept, But when they persecute you in this City, flee into another. Had all fled, Religion had been at a loss for champions, to defend her for the present, had none fled, Religion might have been at a loss for champions, to maintain her for the future. We will give in a particular, both of such eminent persons, and of the places wherein they were entertained. Partly, that such places may receive their deserved praise, for their hospitality to exiles: and partly, that our harbouring the banished Dutch (flying many years after from the cruelty of Duke d' Alva in London, Norwich, Canterbury, Colchester, and Sandwich, may appear, not so much the giving of a free, and fair courtesy; as the honest paying of a due debt, and wiping off an old score run on trust by our great-grand-fathers.
-
Som
seated
themselves
at,
- 1. Emden, in East-Frizland, a Staple-Town of English Merchants. I find neither the names, nor number of those that harboured here; only it appears, that John Scorie, late bishop of Chicester, was here Superintendent of the English Congregation in Emden.
- 2. Weasel, then in the Dominions (as I take it) of the Duke of Cleve, but bordering on the Low-Countries, in the possession of the King of Spain. The English meeting here, was rather a Chapel, then a Church; or, rather a Tabernacle, then a Chapel; because soon set up, and as suddenly taken down again. For they, who formerly had fled so far from Mary, were now loath to live too near to Philip; and, for fear of so potent a neighbor, quickly forsook this place, and disposed themselves elsewhere, in these four following Church Colonies.
-
3.
Arrow,
a small city in
Switzerland,
on the banks of the River
Arrola,
belonging to the Republic of
Berne.
The most noted
men abiding here were
- Thomas Leaver.
- Robert poumall.
- Richard Laughorne.
- Thomas Turpin.
- Boys.
- Willford
- Vpchaire.
-
4.
Strasburgh,
where they found most courteous entertainment. The
most eminent English, abiding here, as may be collected from their
solemn
joint-subscription to a letter, were
- James Haddon.
- Edwin Sandys.
- Edmond Grindal.
- John Huntingdon.
- Guido Eaten.
- John Geoffrey.
- John Peader.
- Thomas Eaten.
- Michael Reymuger.
- Augustine Bradbridge.
- Arthur Saul.
- Thomas Steward.
- Christopher Goodman.
- Humsrey Alcocson.
- Thomas
- Thomas
- Lakin.
- Crafton.
-
5.
Zurich.
This was no formed Congregation of Pastors, and people;
but rather
a flock of Shepherds,
and therefore the letters unto
them carry this style in their superscription,
To the Students at Zurich.
But, behold their names,
- Robert Horne.
- Richard Chambers.
- Thomas Leaver.
- Nicolas Karvile.
- John Mullings.
- Thomas Spenser.
- Thomas Bentham.
- William Cole.
- John Parkhurst.
- Roger Kelke.
- Robert Beamont.
- Laurence Humsrey.
- Henry Cockraft.
- John Pretio.
-
6.
Frankford
on the
Meine.
Where they found the State very favorable
unto them. And this was the most visible, and conspicuous
English Church beyond the seas, consisting of
- John Bale.
- Edmond Sutton.
- John Makebraie.
- William Whittingham.
- Thomas Cole.
- William Williams.
- George Chidley.
- William Hammon.
- Thomas Steward.
- Thomas Wood.
- John Stanton.
- William Walton.
- Jasper Swyft.
- John Geofric.
- John Graie.
- Mighell Gill.
- John Samford.
- John wood.
- Thomas Sorby.
- Anthony Cariar.
- Hugh Alford.
- George Whetnall.
- Thomas Whetnall.
- Edward Sutton.
- John Fox.
- Laurence Kent.
- William Kethe.
- John Hollingham.
Here we omit their petty Sanctuaries, having (like David) places, where himself, and his men were wont to haunt, Deesburgh, Wormes, &c. Where their straggling numbers amounted not to the constitution of a Church. If these Congregations be compared together, Emden will be found the richest for substance (there the Merchants which bear the bag;) Weasel the shortest for continuance; Arrow the slenderest for number; Strasburgh of the most quiet temper; Zurich had the greatest scholars, and Frankford had the largest privileges. Nor let any wonder, if some in these Catalogues, assigned to one colonie, were afterwards found in another; seeing the Apostles expression, We have here no biding City, hath in it a single truth in time of peace, and at least a double one in time of persecution; men slitting from place to place, as they were advised by their own security. Know also, that besides these (the first founders of these several Congregations) many additional persons, coming afterwards out of England, joined themselves thereunto.
42. Come we now to set down the sad troubles of Frankford, rending these banished exiles asunder, into several factions. This I dare say, if the Reader takes no more delight in perusing, than I in penning so doleful a subject, he will show little mirth in his face, and feel less joy in his heart. However we will be somewhat large, and wholly impartial in relating this sorrowful accident; the rather, because the pen-knives of that age, are grown into swords in ours, and their writings laid the foundations of the fightings nowadays.
43. The English exiles came first to Frankford June the 24 th . and on the 14 th . of July following, by the special favor, and mediation of M r . John Glauberg, one of the chief Senators of that State had a Church granted unto them: yet so, as they were to hold the same in Coparcenie with the French-Protestants, they one day, and the English another; and on Sunday, alternately to choose their hours, as they could best agree amongst themselves. The Church was also granted them with this proviso, That they should not dissent from the French in doctrine, or ceremony, lest thereby they should minister occasion of offense. On the 29 th . of the same month, our English with great joy, entered their new Church, and had two Sermons preached therein, to their singular comfort. About which time they constituted their Church, choosing a Minister, and Deacons for a time; and, out of conformity to the French, abrogated many things, formerly used by them in the Church of England, as namely,
- 1. They concluded, that the answering aloud after the Minister should not be used.
- 2. The Litany, Surplice, and other ceremonies in Service, and Sacraments, they omitted, both as superstuous, and superstitious.
- 3. In place of the English Confession, they used another, adjudged by them of more effect, and framed according to the State and Time.
- 4. The same ended, the people sung a Psalm in meeter, in a plain tune.
- 5. That done, the Minister prayed for assistance of God's Spirit, and so proceeded to the Sermon.
- 6. After Sermon, a general prayer for all States, and particularly for England, was devised, which was ended with the Lord's prayer.
- 7. Then followed a rehearsal of the Articles of Belief, which ended, the people sung another psalm, as before.
- 8. Lastly, the Minister pronounced the blessing. The peace of God &c. or the like, and so the people departed.
44. Thus settled in their Church, their next care was to write letters, Dated August the first, to all the English Congregations, at Strasburgh, Zurich, Weasel, Emden &c. to invite them, with all convenient speed to come, and join with them at Frankford. This is the Communion of Saints, who never account themselves peacably possessed of any happiness until (if it be in their power) they have also made their fellow-sufferers, partakers thereof. However, this their invitation found not any great entertainment amongst the other English Church-Colonies; all delaying, and some denying to come; but especially those of Zurich were most refractory, and shown least inclination to repair to Frankford.
45. This occasioned several reiterated letters from Frankford; pressing, and requiring those of Zurich deeply to weigh this matter of God's calling, and the necessity of uniting themselves in one Congregation. Let none say that Frankford might as well come to Zurich as Zurich to Frankford; because the English-Zurichians (though not in number) in learning, and quality equalled, if not exceeded those of Frankford. For Frankford was nearer to England, and more convenient for receiving intelligence thence, and returning it thither. Besides all Christendom met at Frankford twice a year (the vernal and autumnal mart) and, grant there was more learning at Zurich, there were moe books at Frankford, with conveniences to advance their studies. But chiefly, at Frankford the Congregation enjoyed most ample privileges; and it was conceived it would much conduce to the credit, and comfort of the English Church, if the dispersed handfulls of their exiles, were bound up in one sheaf, united into one congregation, where they might serve God in purity of faith, and integrity of life, having both Doctrine, and Discipline free from any mixture of superstation.
46. Notwithstanding this their importunity, those of Zurich made no other addresses to Frankford, than by dilatory letters excusing themselves from coming thither. Some saw no absolute necessity, that all the English should repair to one place; conceiving it rather safer, to adventure themselves in several bottoms, and live in distinct Colonies. Others were displeased with the imperative style of the letter from Frankford, requiring them to come thither; exceeding the bounds of counsel for convenience, into command for conscience: yea, charging recusancy herein, as a sin on the soul of the refusers. They pleaded, they were already peacably seated, and courteously used at Zurich: and, to go away before they had the least injury offered them, was to offer an injury to those, who, so long and lovingly had entertained them. Some insisted on the material point, how they should be maintained at Frankford, there being more required to their living there, than their bare coming thither. But, the main was, those of Zurich were resolved no whit to recede from the liturgy used in England under the reign of King Edward the 6 th . and, except these of Frankford would give them assurance, that coming thither they should have the full and free use thereof, they utterly refused any communion with their Congregation.
SECTION. III.
To the right worshipful Sr. HENRY WROTH Knight.
SIr, it is my desire fitly to suite my dedications to my respective Patrons, that what is wanting in the worth of the present, may be partly supplied in the propernes thereof, which made me select this parcel of my History for your Patronage. I find Sr. Thomas Wroth your great-grandfather of the Bedchamber, and a favourite, to King Edward the 6 th who (as I am informed) at his death, passed out of the arms of him, his faithful Servant, into the embraces, of Christ, his dearest Savior. Soon after Sr. Thomas found a great change in the English Court, but no alteration, (as too many did to their shame) in his own conscience, in preservation whereof he was fain to fly beyond the Seas. To be a fugitive is a Sin and shame, but an honor to be a voluntary Exile, for a good cause. Hence it is that I have seen, in your ancient House at Durance, the crest of your Arms, with the extraordinary addition of Sable wings somewhat alluding to those of Bats, to denote your ancestors dark and secret flight for his safety. However God brought him home again, on the silver wings of the Dove, when peaceably restoring him, in the days of Q. Elizabeth to his large Possessions. In a word, I may wish you and yours less mediate trouble then he had in the course of his Life, but cannot desire you more final happiness in the close thereof. T F.
ABout this time M r . John Knox came from Geneva, and was chosen by the Congregation of Frankford, for their constant Minister. Let none account it incongruous, that among so many able, and eminent English Divines, a Scotchman should be made Pastor of the English Church, seeing M r . Knox his reputed merit did naturalize him (though a forrainer) for any Protestant Congregation, At which time also M r . Chambers, and M r . Edmond Grindal came thither as Agents, with a letter from the Congregation of Strasburgh. This Strasburgh, as in the position thereof, it is almost seated in the just middway betwixt Zurich and Frankford: so the English there residing, embraced a moderate, and middle expedient, betwixt the extremities of the two foresaid Congregations. These made a motion, that they might have the substance and effect of the Common prayer-book, though such ceremonies, and things, which the Country could not bear, might well be omitted. Knox and Whitingam asked them, what they meant by the substance of the Book: and whilst the other wanted commission to dispute the point, the motion for the present came to no perfection.
2. However it gave occasion that Mr. Knox, and others in Frankford, drew up in Latin a platform, or description of the Liturgy, as used in England under King Edward, and tendered the same to the judgment of M r . John Calvin in Geneva, to pass his sentence thereon. This is that M r . Calvin whose care of all the Churches is so highly commended by some, and as much censured is he by others, as boasting himself in another man's line, and meddling with foreign matters which did not belong unto him. Take M r . Calvin's judgment herein from his own letter bearing date the 20 th . of January following, In the Liturgy of England, I see there are many tolerable foolish things; by these words I mean, that there is not that purity which were to be desired. These vices, though they could not at the first day be amended, yet, seeing there was no manifest impiety, they were for a season to be tolerated. Therefore it was lawful to begin of such rudiments, or abcedaries, but so, that it behooved the learned, grave, and godly Ministers of Christ, to enterprize further, and to set forth something more filed from rust, and purer. This struck such a stroke, especially in the Congregation of Frankford, that some therein, who formerly partly approved, did afterward wholly dislike; and moe, who formerly dislik'd did now detest the English Liturgy.
3. In this case stood matters in Frankford, when D r . Richard Cox, with some of his friends out of England, arrived there. This Doctor was a man of an high spirit, deep learning, unblameable life, and of great credit amongst his Country-men; for, he had been Tutor unto Edward the 6 th . And well may the nurse herself be silent, whilst the well battleing of the babe pleads aloud for her care, and diligence: as here the piety and pregnancie of his Prince-pupil, added much to D r . Cox his deserved reputation. He, with others, coming into the Congregation March 13. discomposed the model of their service; first, answering aloud after the Minister; and, on the Sunday following, one of his company, without the consent and knowledge of the Congregation, got up into the pulpit, and there read all the Litany. Knox, highly offended hereat, in the afternoon, preaching in his course out of Genesis, of Noah's nakedness in his tent, took occasion sharply to tax the authors of this disorder, avowing many things in the English Book to be superstitious, impure, and imperfect; and, that he would never consent they should be received into the Congregation.
4. Here I omit many animosities, and intermediate bickerings betwixt the opposite parties; especially at one conference, wherein D r . Cox is charged to come with his inartificial argument ab authoritate, Ego volo habere, I will have it so. In fine, Knox his party finding themselves out-voted, by D r . Cox his new recruits out of England, got one voice on his side, which, was louder, and stronger then all the rest; I mean the authority of the Senate of Frankford, interposing on his behalf: and, M r . John Glauberg (principal procurer of their Congregation, as is aforesaid) publicly professed, that if the reformed order of the congregation of Frankford were not therein observed, As he had opened the Church-door unto them, so would • e shut it again.
5. The wringing of the nose (saith wise Agur) bringeth forth blood; so the forcing of wrath bringeth forth strife. See here, the Coxan party depressed, embrace a strange way to raise themselves, and accuse Knox to the State, for no less than high treason against the Emperor in an English book of his intitled, An admonition to Christians; first, privately preached in Buckingham-shire, and now publicly printed to the world. Eight places therein were laid to his charge: the seven last may well be omitted, the first was so effectual to the purpose, wherein he called the Emperor, no less an enemy to Christ then was Nero. Strange, that words spoken some years since, in another land, and language, against the Emperor, to whom Knox then owed no natural allegiance (though since a casual, and accidental one, by his removal into an imperial City) should, in this unhappy juncture of time, be urged against him, by exiles of his own religion, even to no less than the endangering of his life. But, what said Rachel of Leah? With great wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister, and I have prevailed: with great, rather than good wrestlings. Such, too often, is the badness of good people; that in the heat of passion, they account any play to be fair play, which tends to the overturning of those with whom they contend. Hereupon, the State of Frankford (as an Imperial Town, highly concerned to be tender of the Emperors honor) willed Knox to depart the City; who on the 25 th . of March, to the great grief of his friends, and followers, left the Congregation.
6. After the departure (or rather the driving away) of M r . Knox; D r . Cox, and his adherents clearly carried all, and proceeded to the election of officers in their Congregation. But first for fit title for him that was to take charge of their souls, then for a proper person for that title.
- 1. Bishop (though first in nomination) was declined, as improper, because here he had no inspection over any Diocese, but only a cure of a Congregation, on which very account M r . Scorie (though formerly Bishop of Chicester when preacher to the Congregation of Emden, took upon him the title of Superintendent.
- 2. Superintendent was here also waved, as the same in effect, only a bad Latin word, instead of a good Greek.
- 3. Minister also was mislik'd, for the principal Preacher (though admitted to signify his assistants perchance as a term of too much compliance, with the opposite party.
- 4. Pastor at last was pitched upon, as freest from exception, most expressive of the office, and least obnoxious to offense.
Then was M r . Whitehead chosen their Pastor, yet so, as two Ministers, four Elders, and four Deacons, were joined to assist him. And, because this was then as well an University, as a congregation of the English, M r . Horne was chosen Reader of the Hebrew, M r . Mullings of the Greek, and M r . Traherne was made Lecturer of Divinity. In this-new model'd Congregation, I find no office by name assigned unto D r . Cox (more honor for him to make all, than to be any officer) who was virtually influent upon all, and most active (though not in the doctrinal) in the prudential part of Church-government.
7. As for the oppressed Congregation (so their opposites style themselves) it was headed by William Whittingham, one (though of less authority, yet) of as much affection to the cause, as Knox himself. This party continued their dislike of the Liturgy, calling it the Great English Book, offended (it seems) with the largeness thereof. And they affirmed (may the report lie on the reporters to avouch it) how Cranmer Arch-Bishop of Canterbury did present a book of prayer, an hundred times more perfect than the Liturgy used in King Edwards days, yet the same could not take place, because he was matched with so wicked a Clergy, in Convocation with other enemies. Besides this their old grudge against the Common Prayer, they were grieved afresh in this election of new officers in the English Congregation, that their old officers were neither legally continued, nor fully discharged, nor friend-like consulted with, nor fairly asked their consent, but no notice at all taken of them. In a word, never arose there a greater murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in their daily ministration; than here an heart-burning in the Wittingamian against the other party, for the affront offered to their old officers, in this new election.
8. Here a moderate motion was made that the difference might be compremised, and refer'd to Arbitrators, which should be equally chosen on both sides. To this, D r . Cox his party would in no wise consent. Whether because those pretended Arbiters would be no Arbiters, but parties, and widen the wound by dressing of it; or because, being already posesd of the power, they would not divest themselves of the whole to receive but part again from the courtesy of others. However this party lost much reputation by the refusal. For in all controversies, that side recusant to submit itself to a fair arbitration, contracts the just suspicion, either that their cause is faulty, or the managers thereof froward, and of a morose disposition. In fine, as when two swarms of bees daily fight in the same hive, the weakest grow so wise, as to seek themselves a new habitation: so here, Whittingam, and his adherents resolve to depart, and to seek their several providences in another place.
9. But alas these two sides had a sad parting-blow. The oppressed Congregation complained, that instead of their Vale, they had a volley of ill words discharged at them; amongst which none so mortal to their reputation, as the word Schismatic, wherewith the Coxians branded them at their departure. Much fending, and proving there was betwixt them, whether Schismatic was properly appliable to such, who agreeing in doctrine, dissented only in [superfluous] ceremonies. In conclusion, nothing was concluded amongst them as to agreement. And now, no pity shown at their departure, no sending of sighs, or shedding of tears on either side; the one being as glad of the room they left, as the other were desirous of their own removal.
10. If any be curious to know the names of such, who separated themselves from this Congregation of Frankford, this ensuing catalogue will acquaint him therewith,
- William
- William
- Anthony
- Christopher
- Thomas
- John
- Williams.
- Whittingham.
- Gilby.
- Goodman.
- Cole.
- Fox.
- Thomas
- William
- John
- John
- Christopher
- Nicolas
- Wood.
- Keth • .
- Kelke.
- Hilton.
- Soothous
- Purfote.
- John
- Thomas
- William
- Laurence
- John
- Anthony
- Escot.
- Grafton.
- Walton.
- Kent.
- Hellingham.
- Carier.
Of these M r . Fox, with a few moe, went to Basil, the rest settled themselves at Geneva, where they were all most courteously entertained. And now who can expect less, but, that those still remaining at Frankford, as the same in opinion, should be the same in affection, and live in brotherly love together. But alas; man, while he is man will be man; and Satan the sower of tares, did set a sad dissention betwixt them, which we come now to relate.
11. There was an eminent member of the Congregation in Frankford, M r . Ashley by name, one of a worshipful degree, and (as it seems) of a Spirit (not to say Stomack) no whit beneath his extraction. Now there happened some high words at Supper betwixt Him and M r . Horn (then Pastor of the Congregation) yet so that all the difference by the seasonable mediation of the Guests was then seemingly composed. But two days after M r . Ashley was convented before the Elders, where it was laid to his charge, that at time and place aforesaid, he had spoken words slanderous to them and their Ministry. Ashley appealed from them, as an adversary Part against Him, (and therefore no competent Judges) unto the whole Congregation. (as men of estimation with both Parties) to hear and determine the difference betwixt them.
12. Hereat M r . Horn and the Elders were highly offended, pleading that they had received authority from the whole Church, to hear and decide such Cases, and were resolved not to depart with the power, so legally delegated unto them. And whereas many meetings were made of M r . Ashleys friends to debate his business, M r . Horne and the Elders condemned them, as tending to schism, accounting their own presence so of the Quorum to any lawful assembly, that without it, all conventions, were conventicles. Yea M r . Horne and the Elders, perceiving that M r . Ashleys friends (being most numerous in the Congregation) would bring his Cause to be determined by the diffusive Church, fully and freely forsook their Ministry and Service therein. Preferring rather willingly to un-Pastor, and dis-Elder themselves than to retain the place, without the power, Title without the Authority due thereunto.
13. This deserting of their Duty, was by others interpreted an high contempt of the Congregation. Especially, when two days after, a full Church, met with an empty Pulpit, wherein none to teach the people. The Ashleyans (being far the major part) took exception that Horne and the Elders should so slightly, and suddenly quit; what before they had so seriously, and solemnly, accepted; as if their Pastoral charges were like their clothes or upper garments, to be put off at pleasure, to cool themselves in every heat of Passion. Besides, these men being married in a manner to their Ministerial Functions, could not legally divorce themselves without mutual consent, and the Churches approbation thereof.
14. Soon after the State of the controversy was altered, M r . Ashleys business being laid aside, and another of an higher concernment taken up in the room thereof; namely how the Congregation should proceed against the Pastor and Elders, in case they were accused for misdemeanor. For hitherto no provisions were made, in the constitutions of this Church, to regulate this case if chancing to occur. Whether because the compilers of those constitutions charitably presumed on the integrity of all such Officers, or omitted the making any law against them, in favor to themselves (as most probable to obtain such places) or because no canons can at once be completed, but a reserve must be left for the additions of others to perfect the same. But now eight were appointed to regulate the manner of the proceeding of the Congregation against Pastor and Elders if peccant, who were without (or rather above censure, according to the old Discipline which still inflamed the anger of M r . Horne and his Party.
15. A Party much advantaged by M r . Chambers siding therewith, because He was keeper of the charity conferred on, and contributions collected for the Congregation. Now where goeth the Purse, there goeth the Poor, most in want were of Horns side, in hope of the larger relief. This made others complain of Chambers, as an unjust Steward of the Churches treasure, too free to such as He affected, and bountiful only of Taunts and ill Terms to those of a different Judgment, making neither Men's Need, or Deserts, but only his own fancy the direction of his Distributions.
16. Now began their brawls to grow so loud, that their next neighbors over-heard them, I mean the State of Frankford took notice thereof, to the shame of all, and grief of all good in the English Nation. For how scandalous was it that exiles of the same Country, for the same Cause could not agree together. But man in misery (as well as man in honor) hath no understanding. Yea they began to fear, lest many Dutch-men, hitherto their bountiful Benefactours, should for the future withdraw their benevolences, conceiving these exiles wanted no money, who had such store of animosities, and probably poverty would make them more peaceable amongst themselves. Their discords were the worse, because the Vernali mart at Frankford did approach, and it would be welcome ware, and an useful commodity for Popish Merchants meeting there, to carry over into England, and all the world over, the news of their distractions.
17. Hereupon the Magistrate of Frankford interposed to arbitrate their differences, but whether of his own accord, or by the secret solicitation of others in uncertain. Sure it is both parties solemnly disavowed any secret practice to procure the same. The Magistrate interposed his counsels rather then commands, appearing very upright, and unbiased to either party. For though at the first He seemed to favor Horne and his Complices (out of that general Sympathy which a Magistrate beareth to all public Officers yet afterwards quitting their Cause, he bent all his endeavors to make a Reconciliation. By this Edict it was ordered, that the former Pastors were put out of the functions, and made private men. That new ones, or the same again, (if the Church so pleased) were to be chosen in their rooms. That the treasure of the Congregation should be kept jointly and distributed by the Deacons, who at an appointed Time should account for the same to the Minister and • ld • rs. And the day after, leave was given them to devise a new Discipline (with convenient speed) amongst themselves, and tender the same, when drawn up, to the Magistrate for his Ratification. In fine all seemingly were made friends, in token whereof they (both Parties) joined hands together.
18. Soon after fifteen were appointed, to draw up a form of new discipline. But this new discipline, occasioned new grudges, or rather revived the old ones. Though short the Book, it was long before fully finished, because such as were concerned therein drew the Sheets thereof several ways. Some would have the old discipline stand still in full force, others would have it only altered, others totally abolished. When the Discipline was new drawn up, some required months, and the most moderate more days of deliberation before they would subscribe it. In conclusion, whereas the whole Congregation of Frankford, consisted then but of Sixty two (understand them masters of families, besides women, children, and servants) forty two subscribed this new Discipline, and the rest refused.
19. Presently they proceeded to the Election of new Pastors and ministers, when M r . Horne issuing into the Church with his party, cast a bundle of Paper-bills on the Table standing in the middle of the Church. A Table surely set there (not for the inflaming of discords, but) the celebration of that Sacrament, which should cement them all in a comfortable communion. Those Bills contained their refusals to concur in this Election, because they could not in their consciences allow the Discipline whereby it was made. However the rest went on with their Choice, and no one (saving M r . Wilford being formerly of the Ministry, was now again elected. Whereof this reason was rendered, because they with M r . Horne had willingly relinquished their functions, and it was but just to take that from them, which they cast away from themselves. Besides it is said, that some of them gave it out, that if they should be re-elected they would not accept thereof.
20. Hitherto we have had no mention for a long time of D r . Cox, and it may seem much, that the activity of his Spirit should be so long concealed, which makes some presume him absent all the while. But let such know, that Dr. Cox engaged in the former controversy, in defense of the liturgy, set forth in K. Edwards Rain, as concerning his Sovereigns Honor and general Interest of the English Church concerned therein. Whereas he hitherto stood neuter in this difference of M r . Horns and his complices, as beholding it of narrower extent and less consequence, betwixt particular persons. Whereupon the Magistrate of Frankford, (not a leisure himself, because of the business of the Mart, to examine the matter, appointed Him, with D r . Sandys, and Richard Berty, Esq (as men of estimation with both parties) to hear and determine the difference betwixt them.
21. By the powerful mediation of which Vmpires, they were persuaded into some tolerable agreement, though it was no better than a Palliatecure. But I am weary of their dissensions, and therefore proceed to some more acceptable subject. Only let me add that this whole story of their discords, with the causes and circumstances thereof, is taken out of the Troubles of Frankford, a book composed in favor of the opposers of the English Discipline; And when the Writer is all for the Plantif, the discreet Reader will not only be an unpartial Judge, but also somewhat of an Advocate for the Defendant.
22. It is no less pleasant to consider, then admirable to conceive, how these exiles subsisted so long, and so far from their native country, in so comfortable a condition. Especially seeing Gardener Bp. of Winchester solemnly vowed, so to stop the sending of all supplies unto them, that for very hunger they should eat their own nails, and then feed on their fingers ends. But threatened folk live long, and before these banished men were brought to that short Bil of fare, the Bishop was first all eaten up of worms himself. To reduce their subsistence, within compass of belief, let the following particulars be put together.
23. Most of these Clergy-Exiles, were men well preferred in King Edwards reign. These as they were dissuaded by the due consideration of their ever-living God, from being solicitously over-carking for the future, so were they advised by their daily beholding of their consumptionish, and everdying King, to be providentially careful for the time to come: This made them make hay in the Sun-shine, and then got they good feathers, wherewith afterwards they did fly beyond the Seas.
24. Some persons of much worship and wealth were amongst them, who bountifully communicated to the necessities of others. Of these the principal.
- Sir
-
Sir
- Anthony Cook, (father in Law to Cecil after L rd . Burgeley and famous for his learned daughters.
- Peter Carew, renowned for his valor in Ireland where He died, Anno 1576.
- Thomas Wroth, richly landed at and nigh Durance in Middlesex.
- Dame Dorothy Stafford afterwards of the Bed-Chamber to Queen- Elizabeth.
- Dame Elizabeth Berkley.
These accounting all their fellow-sufferers, their fellows, forgot themselves, to remember the afflictions of Joseph, being advanced so much the higher in the esteem of all, who were wise and virtuous, by how much they degraded themselves in their helpful condescension to their inferiors.
25. Many Pious Persons residing in England, but chiefly in London (which commonly counter-poiseth the charity of all the land besides) were very free towards their relief. Some of these, conscious to themselves of cowardly compliance with the Superstitions of the Times, hoped in some degree to lessen their offense, by their liberality to such Exiles, as were more constant and courageous than themselves in the cause of the Truth. And although great the distance betwixt London and Zurich, yet Merchants have long arms, and by their Bills of Exchange, reach all the world over. Richard Springham and John Abel Merchants of London gave much, and sent more to their support, as being entrusted to make over the gifts of many good people, utterly unknown to such as received them. That is the best charity, which Nile-like, hath the several streams thereof seen, but the fountain concealed. Such silent and secret bounty, as good at all times, to avoid vain-glory, is best in bad times, to prevent danger. As for Thomas Eaton a London Merchant, but living in Germany he was (saith my author) communis hospes, the host-general of all English Exiles, thanks, (and that forced on him, against his will) being all the Shot, his Guests, paid at their departure.
24. The King of Denmark, Henry Prince Palatine of Rhene, Christopher Duke of Wirtenburge, Woulfgange Duke of Bipont, &c. with all the States and free cities wherein the English sojourned, were very bountiful unto them. So were the Dutch Divines, especially those of Zurich, and take them in order as my foresaid Author nameth them, Bullinger, Pelican, Bibliander, Simler, Wolfius, Lavator, Zwingli, whose short stipends would scarce reach to maintain themselves, and yet their thrift and charity stretched them so, as therewith also to relieve others. Nor let learned Ges • er be forgotten, that great natural Historian, and no less loving of men, then knowing in beasts, foul, and fishes. As for Peter Martyr, he had a petty college in his house at Strashburge, (whereof M r . Jewel was the vice-master wherein most of the clergy paid (if any) easy rates for their diet therein.
27. Some of the English Scholars, subsisted partly by their own pains, the making of Books, the Copies whereof were very beneficial unto them. Say not this argued salable souls (savouring more of the Stationer then the Scholar to sell their Books, yea that it was a kind of Simony in them, to make profit of those their parts which God had freely bestowed upon them. For as it betrayeth a mercenary mind, in those who having plenty themselves, will sordidly contract for their Copies, so much Authors, who are in want, are faulty in being wanting to their own just relief, if neglecting moderate benefit by their own endeavors. Thus John Bale much advantaged himself, by his folio edition of his Centuries. M r . Fox gained by his first (and least Latin Book of Martyrs. M r . Laurence Humphrey, was no loser by his making and setting forth his three books de Nobilitate, which he entitled Optimates, as by translating Philo de Nobilitate, and Origen de recta fide out of greek. Others employed themselves, in overseeing and correcting the Press, especially about the English Eible, with the Geneva notes thereon.
28. Such sums attained by their own Industry, though small in bulk, were great in blessing, a divine benediction being always invisibly breathed on painful and lawful diligence. Thus the Servant employed in making and blowing of the fire, (though sent away thence as soon as it burneth clear) ofttimes getteth by his pains a more kindly and continuing heat, then the Master himself, who sitteth down by the same; and thus persons industriously occupying themselves, thrive better on a little of their own honest getting, the lazy Heirs on the large revenues left unto them.
29. One thing much kept up the credit of the English Exiles, with the Merchants and Bankers beyond the Seas, namely the certain and constant report of Queen Mary's decaying condition, daily consuming, though increasing, wasting, though swelling, with an Hydropicall distemper, which could not be kept so close under the key of Confession, but that it became the public discourse at home, and abroad. And although many reports of Queen Mary's death were shot out at random (whereof one, some months after hit the mark and the same were proved to be false, yet thereby the news of her sickness gained a general belief. This gave reputation to such English in Germany as were known to be possessed of estates in their own country, enabling them with Trust to borrow convenient sums from any creditors, who would make probable adventures for their advantage, beholding the English, very responsible in an approaching reversion.
30. So much of our English Exiles, whom our Pen will shortly handle under a better notion. Return we to S r . John Cheek, lately mentioned, with a promise to enlarge his story, though so sad in itself, we would willingly (but for wronging of the truth) have buried the same in silence. Well, and welcome, loved and respected was this Knight at Strasburge, when He would needs return for Brabant ut uxorem duceret, to marry a wife, saith the printed Sleidan, but by mistake, (for He was married some years before, to a Lady which long survived him) instead of ut uxorem educeret, that He might fetch forth, and bring home his wife, lately (it seems) come out of England into the Low-Countries. He is said first to have consulted the Starrs, (would He had not gone so high, or else gone higher for his advice) being too much addicted to judicial Astrology. Now whether here the Error was in the Art itself, as false and frivolous, or in his misapplying the rules thereof, (not well understanding the language of the Stars more sure it is, his journey had sad success. For in his return from Brussels to Antwerpe, no whit secured by his own innocence, nor by the promise of the Lord Paget, nor by the pledging of S r . John Mason, for his public protection, nor by the intercession of his friend Fecknam (Abbot of Westminster to Q. Mary, He (with S r . Peter Carew was beaten from his Horse, tied hand and foot to the bottom of a cart, thence conveyed hoodwinkt to the next Haven, and so shipt over under hatches unto the Tower of London.
31. Here all arts were used on Him (which might prevail to drive, or draw, an easy Soul surprised on a sudden) to make him renounce his Religion, until hard usage in prison, joined with threatenings of worse, and fair promises on his submission, drew from his mouth an abrenuntiation of that Truth, which He so long had professed and still believed, and thereupon was restored to his liberty, but never to his contentment. For such is the tyranny of Papists, that they are not satisfied to take men's Consciences captive by their cruelty, except also they carry them about in public triumph, as here Bonner got S r . John Cheek unawares to sit in the place where godly Martyrs were condemned. And although He then did nothing, but sit still, sigh, and be silent, yet shame, for what He had done, Sense of what others suffered, and sorrow that his presence should be abused to countenance cruelty, brought him quickly to a comfortable end, of a miserable life, as carrying God's pardon, and all good men's pity along with him.
32. Since his Death, his Memory hath done some penance (I say not to satisfy the failings in his life ) being wronged in his Parnetage, abused in his Parts, and mistaken in his Posterity. For the first, a learned Pen (but too free in dealing disgraceful characters on the subjects thereof) styleth him a Man of mean Birth, and generally he is made, only the Son of his own Deserts. Whereas M r . Peter Cheek, S r . Johns Father, living in Cambridge, (where S r . John was borne, over against the Cross in the market-place, and where by the advantage of his Nativity, He fell from the womb of his Mother, into the lap of the Muses) was descended of the family of the Cheeks of Moston in the Isle of Wight, (where their estate was about 300 li a year, never increased nor diminished till sold outright some 20. years since) out of which Richard Cheek, in the reign of King Richard the Second, married a Daughter of the Lord Montague. As for Duffield his Mother, she was a discreet and grave Matrone, as appeared by the good counsel, and Christian charge She gave this her Son, when coming to take his farewell of her, and betake himself to Prince Edward his Tuition. For his Parts, the foresaid Author, with the same breath, termeth Him, So far as appears by the books He wrote, Pedantick enough, that is too much, to such as understand his Miosis. But had He perused all his works, and particularly, His True Subject to the Rebel, He would have bestowed a better character upon him. Another Writer can find no issue left of his body, saving one Son bearing his Fathers name, whereas he had three Sons by his wife, (as appears on her Monument in S t . Martins in the Fields) 1. Henry the Eldest, Secretary to the Council in the North, (who one Francis Ratliffe Sister to the last Earl of Sussex of that family, begat S r . Thomas Cheek of Pyrgo in Essex, blessed with an happy issue) John a valiant Gentle man, and Edward, both dying without any posterity, But these things belong to Heralds, not Historians.
33. The sufferings of Katherine Dutchess of Suffolk, Baroness Willowgby of Eresby, late widow of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, since wife to Richard Berty Esq must not be forgotten. A Lady of a sharp wit, and sure hand to drive her wit home, and make it pierce, where She Pleased. This made Bp. Gardener to hate her much for her Jests on Him, but more for her earnest towards God, the Sincerity of Her Religion, and thereupon she was forced with her Husband and infant-Daughter to fly beyond the Seas.
34. It would tire our Pen to trace their Removals, from their House (the Barbican in London to Lions-Key, thence to Leigh, thence over Seas (being twice driven back again) into Brabant thence to Santon a City of Cleveland, thence to Wesel, one of the Hanse-Towns, thence to Windhein in the Palatinate, thence to Frankford thence (by many intermediate Stages) into Poland. Every removal ministered them matter, of new Difficulties, to improve their Patience, new Dangers to employ their Prayers, and new Deliverances, to admire God's providence. Especially in their Passage from Santon to Wesel, in a cold February, and a great thaw, after a long frost, on foot, in a dark night, and rainy weather, thorough ways unknown, without guide to direct, or company to defend them, leaving certain Foes behind, and having but suspected friends before them. The end of their journey, was worse then their journey itself, finding first at Wesel, no Inn to entertain them, able to speak little high-Dutch for themselves, and other willing to speak in comfort to them. In a word, it would trouble ones Head to invent more Troubles then they had all at once▪ and it would break ones Heart, to undergo but half so many, seeing their real sufferings out, Romanced the fictions of many Errant Adventures.
35. No English Subject had like f • rrain relations with this Lady, and yet they rather afflicted then befriended Her. She had been wife to Him, who had been Husband to a Queen of France, yet durst not go into that country. By the confession of Bp. Gardener himself, She and Queen Mary, were the only English Ladies of Spanish extraction and alliance yet was it unsafe for Her to stay in any part of the Spanish Dominions. The Emperor owed her, (as Executrix to her Husband Duke Charles great sums of money, yet durst she not demand payment, lest the credetrix should be made away, and so the debt satisfied.
36. Yet an higher Emperor, even God himself, seemed in some sort indebted unto Her ( He that giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord for her bounty at Home, in the height of her Honor, foreigners, Protestants especially, in distress.
37. And now that good debtor, God his providence, made full payment thereof, by inciting the King of Poland, at the mediation of the Palatine of Vilna (as He at the instance of John Baron Alasco, who formerly in England had tasted of this Ladies liberality) to call this Dutchess with her Husband and family to a place in Poland of Safety, Profit, Credit, and Command, where they comfortably continued till the death of Queen Mary. During these their Travels, Peregrine Berty (carrying his foreign nativity in his name) was born unto them, afterwards the valiant Lord Willowgby of Eresby. To conclude, let this virtuous Lady her example, encourage all to be good to all Godly in distress, seeing Hospes hodie, cras • Hospes, the Entertainers today, may want Entertainment tomorrow.
38. My Pen hath been a long Time an Exile from England. and now is willing to return to its native soil, though finding little comfort to invite it thither, and less to welcome it there. Only I find a Parliament called, solely commendable on this account, that it did no more mischief in Church matters. Indeed the two former Parliaments had so destroyed all things in Religion, they gave a writ of ease to the rest in the Queens Reign to do nothing.
39. The same reason may be rendered of the silence in the convocation where John Harpefield Archdeacon of London, and Prolocutor preached also the Latin Sermon. His Text, (how suiting to the occasion, let him answer it) Matt. 21. 2. Ite in castellum quod contra vos est &c. where Christ sends two Disciples to fetch Him the Ass and the Ass colt.
40. The Clergy gave the Queen a subsidy of eight-shillings in the Pound, (confirmed by Act of Parliament to be paid in four years. In requital whereof, by Pools procurement, the Queen privileged them from showing their Horses with the Laity; yet so as they should • uster them up for the defense of the Land under Captains of their own choosing.
41. Here we meet with a piece of valor in Q. Mary, daring to oppose the Pope, and showing that her mother Q. Katherin's devotion, had not drowned in her all the Spirit of K. Henry her Father Pope Paul the fourth, wholly favoring the French Faction, and perfectly hating Cardinal Poole, (whom he beheld as the principal Promoter of the late Warrs in France sent Cardinal William Peito (borne of an ancient Family at Chesterton in Warwickshire to ease him in England of his Legative Power. But the Queen so ordered the matter, that by her Prerogative she prohibited Pe • to entrance into England, and got the aforesaid Power established and confirmed on Cardinal Poole.
42. Somewhat before we saw a great wonder, viz. the death of Stephen Gardener Bp. of Winchester, not that He aied (being past sixty) but that He, who lived so zealous a Papist should die more then half a Protestant, as wholly one in the point of man's Justification by the free mercies of God, and merits of Christ. John White borne in Winchester Diocese; first Schoolmamaster, then Warden of Winchester School was by the Premises so tempted to be also Bp. there, that it made him digest the Simony to succeed Gardener; though on condition to pay, a thousand pounds a year, out of that Bishopric to Cardinal Poole for his better support.
43. But the most pleasant object to entertain us at this time in England, is the beholding of two fair and fresh Foundations in Oxford. The one Trinity College, built by S r . Thomas Pope, in the place, (where long since Thomas Hatfield Bishop, and Robert Walworth, Prior of Durham, had built a College for Durham Monks which at the present much decayed and ruinated, was by S r . Thomas reedified and endowed. I find this M r . Pope (as yet unknighted principal Visitor, at the dissolution of Abbeys, into whose hand the Seal of S r . Albans itself was first surrendered. Now as none were Losers employed in that service, so we find few refunding back to charitable uses; and perchance this man alone the thankful Samaritan who made a public Acknowledgement.
| Presidents | Bishops | Benefactours | Learned Writers |
| Thomas Sleithurst. | Dame Elizabeth Powlet. | ||
| Arthur Yeldard. | |||
| Ranulph Kettle. | |||
| D r . Potter. | |||
| D r . Harris. |
Insomuch that therein is at this present a President, twelve Fellows, twelve Scholars, besides officers and servants of the Foundation, with many other Students, the whole Number being an hundred thirty three.
44. The other, S r . John's College erected by S r . Thomas White, (borne at Rickmansworth in Hertford-shire a bottomless fountain of Bounty if we consider the ponds which He filled, and besides the running streams, which flowed from Him. Of the first Kind, were the Cities of London, Bristol and Coventry, on which He severally bestowed great sums of money to purchase Lands therewith. His running stream, I account that his gift which I may call the Circulation of charity, being a legacy of 100. pounds delivered out of Merchant Tailors Hall on S t . Bartholemews day, and lent gratis to 4. poor cloathiers for 10. years, in 23. several Corporations. Thus as a wise Merchant He conceived it safest to adventure his Bounty in sundry Bottoms.
45. But the master-piece thereof was his founding of S t . Johns College in Oxford. Indeed his liberality baited first at Gloucester-Hall, which place He reedified. But so small a Hall was too little to lodge so large a soul in, which sought for a subject of greater Receipt. A Tradition goes of his Dream, that he should in time meet with a Place, where two Elmes grew, of the same height, and where his further purpose should take effect. Come we from what he dreamt to what he did, who finding belike that Tree-mark; by it he built and endowed S t . Johns College. And being himself free of the Company of Merchant-Tailors in London (where he was Lord Major; he ordered that that School should be a prime Nursery to his College; and out of it the most pregnant Scholars are annually elected into this his Foundation. It is now lately enlarged with Addition of a new Court, and other Benefactions, by the liberality of William Laud Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, whose Body though it be obscurely buried at Alhallows Barking, grateful Posterity will deservedly behold this Building as his lasting Monument.
-
Presidents
- Alex. Belcher.
- Will. Eli.
- Will. Stoke.
- Jo. Robinson.
- Tob. Matthew.
- Fra. Willis.
- Ran. Hutchinson.
- Io. Buckerdig.
- Will. Laud.
- Will. Juxon.
- Rich. Bailey.
- Fra. Cheynell.
- Faith. Owen.
-
Bishops
- Toby Matthew
- Arch B. of York.
- Joh. Buckerdig.
- Bishop of Eli.
- Row. Searchfield.
- Bishop of Bristol.
- Will. Laud Arch.
- B. of Canterbury
- Will. Juxon B. of London.
- D r . Boile BP. of Corke.
-
Benefactours
- S r . Will. Craven Knight.
- S r . Will. Paddie Knight D r . of Physic Commoner of the College. He gave freely towards the building, & furnishing of their liberary, purchased to the College two perpetual Patronages; and much beautified the Chapel.
-
Learned Writers
- Edm. Campian
- Grego. Martin
- Humph. Eli
- Hen. Holland.
The above mentioned D r . Case, sometimes Fellow of this College, married a Wife, kept House in Oxford, and Scholars in his house, teaching many youth Logic, Ethics, and Philosophy. The University was so far from beholding this as an infringing of their privileges, that out of honor to this Doctors abilities, his scholars by special grace were so far favored, that they were made as capable of Degrees, as if admitted Gremials in the University. At this day S t . John's hath a President, fifty Fellows, and Scholars, a Chaplain and a Clarke; besides Servants, Commoners and other students, being in all an hundred and twenty.
46. Queen Mary every day waxed more and more melancholy, whereof several causes are assigned. Some conceive her Sorrowing, that by negligence the Key of France, [Calis] was slipped from her girdle, which her predecessors wore by their sides more then two hundred years. But, now it is gone, let it Go, it was but a beggarly Town, which cost England ten times yearly more then it was worth in keeping thereof, as by the accounts in the Exchequer doth plainly appear.
47. Others ascribe her sadness to her Husbands absence, which had many (and made more) occasions to go and stay beyond the Seas, after he had found England and not so useful as he expected, as having neither power therein, nor profit thereby, (though as much as on the Articles of marriage was promised Him) half so much, as He had promised to himself. Besides Queen Mary her Person, was no gainer, (scarce a saver of Affection, having her Fathers feature, a face broad and big, with her mothers color, a somewhat swarthy complexion.
48. As Queen Mary was not over fair, King Philip was not over-fond, especially after he began to despair of Issue from her. Indeed her Physicians hoped her to be with Child, till her misconceived pregnancy proved a Dropsy, at the last, whereof she died, having reigned five years and odd months. As for the suggestion of Osorius the Spaniard, that the English Protestants attempted to poison her, a learned Author returns, Nihil hujusmodi dictum, nec scriptum, fictum, nec pictum, being the bare Inventions of his scandalous Tongue.
49. Within few hours after her death, died Cardinal Poole Arch-Bishop of Canterbury. One who the longer He lived in England, the less He had of an English-man, daily more and more Italianating Himself, and conversing most with the Merchants of that country. Practising the principles of Italian thrift, his Pomp was rather gaudy then costly, and attendance ceremonious, more than expensive. By Bills of Exchange, He made over much money to Venice and Rome, and fearing a bank in England, (if Queen Mary should fail) provided Himself a bank beyond the Seas. He procured of the Queen the Patronage of nineteen Benefices unto his Sce, promised and intended to repair the Palace at Canterbury. He was buried in His own Cathedral with this short and modest Epitaph on his plain Monument, DEPOSITVM CARDINALIS POLI.
50. He always had a favorable inclination to Protestants, though (to wipe off the aspersion of Lutheranism at last he grew somewhat severe against them, but expressing it rather in wronging the Dead, (whose bones He burnt) than hurting the Living. The Papists accuse him, for too much Indulgence to the married Clergy, because only parting them from their Wives, and depriving them from their Livings: But soon afterwards preferring the same persons to Benefices of far better Revenue. He was an absolute Protestant in the point of justification, much offended with the Proud error of Osorius therein; thus expressing himself, non potest viribus humanis nimium detrahi, nec addi Divine Gratiae. Too much cannot be taken away from man's power, nor given to God's Grace.
51. He left Aloisius Priol, a Gentleman of Venice, his sole executor, to dispose of his estate to pious uses, chiefly on the relief of foreigners, In England He had no want of near Kindred, and some of them (for all their high birth) near a kin to want; yet He passing them by, ordered that his whole Estate should be conferred on Italians; Some condemning, some commending him for the same, as a deed of Gratitude, because those of that Nation had formerly for many years relieved his necessities. His Executor so honestly discharged his Trust therein, that he freely disposed the whole estate to the True Intent of the Testator, In so much that he left not anything thereof unto himself; save only two small Books, viz. a Breviary and a Diurnall, for a mere Memoriall. Thus died Cardinal Poole, neither of Italian Physic willfully taken by himself, as an English Author insinuats, nor of Poison given to him by the Protestants, as a Spanish writer suggests, but of a quartan fever then epidemical in England, and malignant above the ordinary nature of that Disease.
52. The Funerals of Queen Mary were performed with much Solemnity and true sorrow of those of her own religion. White Bishop of Winchester preached the Sermon, taking for his Text Ecclesiastes 9. 4. A living Dog is better then a dead Lion. One not present at the Place might easily tell whom he made the Lion, and whom the Dog. Indeed he strawed all the flowers of his Rhetoric on Queen Mary deceased, leaving not so much as the stalkes to scatter on her surviving sister. This White being a Tolerable Poet, (for so one charactereth him) was an Intollerable Fatterer, and made use of his Poetical Licence, in the praise of Popery. More modest and moderate was the Sermon of Feckenham Abbot of Westminster, taking for his Text. Ecclesiastes 4. 2. I praise the Dead rather then the Living, who preached also the • Obsequies of Queen Mary; either that he did it as an act of Supeerrogation, or because it was conceived the more state for so great a Prince to have a Duplicate of such solemnities. The best is, the Protestants of that Age, cared not how many (so it be Funeral) Sermons were preached for her.
3. However, take Queen Mary in herself abstracted from her Opinions, and by herself, secluded from her bloody councellours, and her Memory will justly come under Commendation. Indeed she knew not the Art of being popular, and never cared to learn it, and generally (being given more to her Beads then her Book had less of learning, (or Parts to get it) then any of her Fathers children. She hated to equivocate in her own Religion, and always was what she was, without dissembling her judgment or Practice, for fear or flattery; Little beloved of her subjects, to whom though once she remitted an entire Subsidy, yet it little moved their affections, because though liberal in this Act, she had been unjust in another, her Breach of promise to the gentry of Norfolk and Suffolk. However she had been a worthy Princesse, had as little Cruelty been done under her, as was done by her. Her Devotion always commanded her Profit, and often times did fill the Church with the emptying of her own Exchequer.
54. Take one instance of many; The Hospital of the Savoy in the Strand, founded by her grandfather King Henry the seventh, and since Dissolved, was by her Erected again. And whereas the Utensells thereof had lately been Embezelled (the house being left as bare as the poor people which were brought therein) her maids of Honor, out of their own Wardrope furnished it with Beds, Blankets, and Sheets. Were any of those Ladies still alive, I would pray for them in the language of the Psalmist, The Lord make all their bed in their sickness. And he is a good Bed-maker indeed, who can and will make it fit the person, and please the patient. But seeing such long since are all deceased, it will be no Superstition to praise God for their piety, and Commend their practice to the imitation of Posterity.
55. Her Body was enterred in the Chapel of King Henry the seventh, In the Isle on the North-side thereof, and afterwards the Corps of her sister Queen Elizabeth were buried in the same Vault. Over Both, King James afterwards erected a most sumptuous monument; though the Epitaph inscribed thereon, taketh no notice at all of Queen Mary, as destined, and designed solely to the memory of Queen Elizabeth. But Mary's name still surviveth in many [Roman] Catholic families, being (though never mother herself) Godmother to many of her Servants Sons, giving her own, [Anthony Maria, Edward Maria &c.] as an addition to their Christian names.
56. Many great persons, (chiefly of the Clergy) followed her into another world; whether out of a politick Sympathic that being raised by her, they would fall with her, or that fore seeing alteration of religion, and their own ruin, they died, to prevent death, heart-broken with sorrow. Besides, at this time, there was a strange mortality, different from other infections, not sweeping but choosing, which did principally single out men of wealth and quality. Whilst such as make uncharitable applications, parallel this to the plague of the Israelites, which slew the wealthest of them, we will only conceive, that God intending to plant in Queen Elizabeth, first cleared the ground, by removing such, as probably would oppose her. Neither was it a small advantage unto her, that the Parliament sat at her sisters death; after which they only continued so long, as jointly and publicly to proclaim Elizabeth Queen, and then they were dissolved. Now though her Title was free from doubt, yet it it was not so clear from cavils, but that one considering the power of the English Papists, at this time, and their activity at all times, will conclude they might have, though not hurt, troubled, and though not hindered, disturbed her succession. Whereas now being so solemnly proclaimed, it gave much countenance, and some strength to her right, being done by the whole State in so weighty a manner, that it crushit in pieces all hopes of private oppositions. Thus those whom God will have to rise, shall never want hands to lift them up.
THE Church-History OF BRITAINE.
THE NINTH BOOK, Containing the Raign of QUEEN ELIZABETH.
To the Honorable GEORGE BERKLEY Sole Son to the Right Honorable GEORGE, Baron of BERKLEY.
I have ever dissented from their opion who maintain, that the world in was created a level Champian, Mountains being only the product of NOAHS flood, where the violence of the waters aggested the earth, gored out of the hollow valleys. For, we read how in that deluge the mountains were (not then as upstarts first caused, but as old standards, newly) covered.
As much do I differ from their false position, who affirm, that all being equal in the loins of Adam, and womb of Eve, honor was only the effect of human ambition, in such, whose pride, or power, advanced themselves above others. Whereas it was adequate to the creation, as originally fixed, in Eldership, or Primogeniture, and afterwards, by Divine providence (the sole fountain thereof) conferred on others: Either out of love, by nothing less than his express Commission, for their good; or hatred, by somewhat more than his bare Permission for their ruin.
The three Sons of David serve us for the threfold division of honor.
- 1. Absalom, said O that I were made Judge in the land.
- 2. Adonijah, exalted himself saying, I will be King.
- 3. Solomon said nothing; But David said (and God confirmed his words ) Assuredly he shall reign after me.
The second went a mere bold, and blunt way to work, by open usurpation, but both finally miscarried.
The Third reached not at all at Honor, but only happily held what was put into his hands.
But when outward Greatness (as in the last instance) is attended with inward Grace, all Christian beholders thereof, are indebted to a double tribute of respect to that person, whose Honor is martialled according to the Apostolical equipage. BUT GLORY, HONOUR, AND PEACE. See how it standeth like a Shield in the middle with GLORY, and PEACE, as supporters on each side. And this is that Honor, the zealous pursuit whereof I humbly recommend unto you.
Nor will you be offended at this my counsel, as If it imported a suspicion of your present practice, who know well what St. paul saith, Edify one another, EVEN AS YE DOE. It is no tautology, to advise good people to do, what they do. Such precepts are praises, such counsels commendations. And in this notion, do I tender my humble advice, to your consideration.
Remember the modesty of David in asking; One thing have I desired of the Lord, Viz. to be constantly present at his public service. And behold the bounty of God in giving three, for one. And he died in a good old age. full of days, riches, and honor. Such measure may you assuredly expect from him; If before, and above all things seeking for that one thing which is needful, the rather because God hath done great things for you already, for which you have cause to rejoice.
A great and good man said to his fellow-servants. Seemeth it a small thing to you to be Son in-law to a King. A greater honor was done to your first Ancestor, who was SON TO A KING, namely to Hardinge King of Denmark, whence Fitz-Harding your most ancient sir-name. But labor SIR for a higher honor then both; Even to be led by GOD'S SPIRIT, and then you shall be even in the language of the Apostle himself, FITZ-DIEU, A SON OF GOD.
Now as your Eminent bounty unto me may justly challenge the choicest of my best endeavors; So the particular motive, inducing me to dedicate this Book to your honor, is because it containeth the reign of Queen Elizabeth, to whom you are so nearly related. Whose Grandmother proved her heir, by ANNE BOLLEN her mother. In which capacity some of that Queens (or rather the Lady Elizabeth's moveables, and Jewels (which were her Mothers) descended unto her. You may therefore challenge an interest most properly in this part of my History.
And now what remaineth but my humble and hearty prayers to the Divine Majesty for his blessing on yourself; and on your hopeful Issue, That God would plentifully pour all his favors of this, and a better life upon them.
Suspect me not Sir, for omitting, because not expressing your noble Consort. We find in the fourth commandment, Thou, and thy Son, and thy Daughter, &c. Where Divines render this reason, why the wife is not mentioned, because the same person with the Husband. On which account, your second self is effectually included within the daily devotions of
Your bounden Orator Thomas Fuller.
THE CHURCH-HISTORY OF BRITAINE.
SECTION. I.
CENT. XVI.
1. FOr the first six weeks the Queen, and her wife council, suffered matters to stand in their former state, without the least change, as yet not altering but consulting what should be altered. Thus our Savior himself coming into the Temple, and finding it profaned with sacrilege, when he had looked round about upon all things, departed for the evening, contenting himself with the survey of what was amiss, and deferring the reformation thereof till the next morning. but on the first of January following being Sunday, (the best new-years-gift that ever was bestowed on England ) by virtue of the Queens Proclamation, the Litany was read in English, with Epistles, and Gospels, in all Churches of London, as it was formerly in her Graces own Chapel.
2. But some violent Spirits, impatient to attend the leisure (by them counted the laziness) of authority, fell before hand to the beating down of superstitious Pictures and images, and their forward zeal met with many to applaud it. For Idolatry is not to be permitted a moment; the first minuite is the fittest to abolish it. All that have power, have right to destroy it, by that Grand- charter of Religion, whereby everyone is bound to advance God's glory. And if Sovera • gns forget, no reason but Subjects should remember their duty. But others condemned their indiscretion herein: for though they might reform their private persons and families, and refrain to communicate in any outward act, contrary to God's word, yet public reformation belonged to the Magistrate, and a good deed was by them ill done for want of a calling to do it. However, the Papists have no cause to tax them with over-forwardness in this kind, the like being done by them, in the beginning of Queen Mary's reign; whilst the laws of King Edward the Sixth stood as yet in full force, when they prevented authority, as hath been formerly observed thus, those who are hungry, and have meat afore them, will hardly be kept from eating, though Grace be not said, and leave given them by their superiors.
3. Now the tidings of Queen Elizabeth's peaceable coming to the crown, was no sooner brought beyond the Seas, but it fitted the English Exiles with unspeakable glandness, being instantly at home in their hearts, and not long after with their bodies. I knew one right well, whose father amongst them, being desperately diseased, was presently and perfectly cured, with the cordial of this good news; and no wonder if this Queen recovered sick men, which revived religion itself. Now the English Church at Geneva, being the greatest opposer of ceremonies, sent their letter by William Ceth, to all other English Congregations in Germany, and especially to those of Frankford congratulating their present deliverance, condoling their former discords, counseling and requesting that all offenses heretofore given or taken, might be forgiven and forgotten, and that for the future, they might no more fall out about s • perfluous ceremonies. But this letter came too late, because the principal persons concerned in that controversy, with whom they sought a charitable reconciliation, were departed from Frankford, (I think towards England ) before the messenger arrived, and so the motion missed to take effect. Some suppose had it come in season, it might have prevailed much, that both parties in gratitude to God would in a bonfire of their general joy, have burnt this unhappy bone of dissention cast betwixt them. Others considering the distance of their principles, and difference of their spirits, conceive such an agreement neither could be wrought, nor would be kept betwixt them. For it is the property of cold to congregate together things of different kinds, and if the winter of want, pinching them all with poverty, could not freeze their affections together; less likely was it that the warmth of wealth, in their native So • le would conjoin them in amity, but rather widen them further asunder, as indeed it came to pass. For as the rivers of Danubius and Savus in Huagarie, though running in the same channel, yet for many miles keep different streams visible in their party-coloured waters, which do rather touch, then unite; yea the fishes, peculiar to one stream, are not found in another: So these opposite parties, returning home, though concurring in doctrine, under the general notion of Protestants, were so reserved in several disciplines to themselves with their private favorites and followers, that they wanted that comfortable communion, which some hoped, and all wished would be amongst them. Till at last they brake out into doleful and dangerous opposition, whereat all Papists clap, and Protestants wring their hands, which our fathers found begun, ourselves see hightened, and know not whether our children shall behold them pacified and appeased.
4. But now a Parliament began at Westminster, Wherein the Laws of King Henry the eighth against the See of Rome were renewed, and those of King Edward the sixth in favor of the Protestants revived, and the Laws by Queen Mary, made against them, repealed. Uniformity of Prayer, and Administration of Sacraments was enacted with a Restitution of first fruits, Tenths &c. to the Crown: For all which we remit the Reader to the Statutes at large. It was also enacted, that whatsoever Jurisdictions, Privileges, an • Spiritualls, preeminences had been heretofore in Use by any Ecclesiastical Authority whatsoever, to visit Ecclesiastical men, and Correct all manner of Errors, Here • es, Schisms, Abuses, and Enormities should be forever annexed to the Imperial Crown of England; if the Queen and her Successors might by their Letters patents substitute certain men to exercise that Authority, howbeit with proviso, that they should define nothing to be heresy, but those things which were long before defined to be Heresies, out of the Sacred Canonical Scriptures, or of the four Ecumenical Councils, or other Councils, by the true and proper sense of the Holy Scriptures, or should thereafter be so defined, by authority of the Parliament, with assent of the Clergy of England assembled in a Synod That all and every Ecclesiastical Persons, Magistrates, Receivers of pensions out of the Exchequer, such as were to receive degrees in the Universities, Wards that were to sue their Liveries, and to be invested in their Livings; and such as were to be admitted into the number of the Queens servants &c. should be tied by oath to acknowledge the Queens Majesty, to be the only and supreme Governor of her Kingdoms, (the Title of Supreme head of the Church of England, liked them not) in all matters and causes, as well spiritual as temporal, all foreign Princes, and Protestants, being quite excluded from taking Cognizance of Causes within her Dominions.
5. But the Papists found themselves much agrieved at this Ecclesiastical Power, declared and confirmed to be in the Queen: they complained, that the simplicity of poor people was abused, the Queen declining the Title Head, and assuming the name Governor of the Church, which though less offensive was more expressive. So whilst their ears were favored in her waving the word, their souls were deceived with the same sense under another Expression. They cavilled how King Henry the eighth was qualified for that Place and Power being a Lay-man; King Edward double debar'd for the present, being a Lay-child, Queen Elizabeth totally excluded for the future, being a Lay-woman. They object also, that the very writers of the Centuries, though Protestants, condemn such Headship of the Church in PRINCES: and Calvin more particularly sharply taxeth Bishop Gardener, for allowing the same Privilege to KING Henry the eighth.
6. Yet nothing was granted the Queen, or taken by her, but what in due belonged unto her, according as the most learned and moderate Divines have defended it. For first they acknowledged, that Christ alone is the Supreme Sovereign of the Church, performing the Duty of an head unto it, by giving it power of life, feeling, and moving: and him hath God appointed to be head of the Church and by him all the body furnished, and knit together, by joints and bands increaseth with the increasing of God. This Headship cannot stand on any mortal shoulders, it being as incommunicable to a Creature, as a Creature is incapable to receive it. There is also a peculiar Supremacy of Priests in Ecclesiastical matters, to preach the Word minister the Sacraments, celebrate Prayers, and practice the discipline of the Church, which no Prince can invade without usurpation and the sin of Sacrilege: for Incense itself did stink in the Nostrils of the God of heaven, and provoked his Anger, when offered by King Uzziah, who had no calling thereunto. Besides these, there is that power, which Hezekiah exercised in his Dominions, Commanding the Levites and Priests to do their Duty, and the People to serve the Lord. And to this power of the Prince it belongeth to restore Religion decayed, reform the Church Corrupted, protect the same reformed. This was that supremacy in Causes and over Persons as well Ecclesiastical as Civil, which was derived from God to the Queen, annexed to the Crown, disused in the days of her Sister (whose blind zeal surrendered it to the Pope) not now first fixed in the Crown, by this act of State, but by the same declared to the Ignorant that knew it not, cleared to the scrupulous that doubted of it, and asserted from the Obstinate that denied it.
7. As for Calvin, he reproveth not (Reader, it is D r . Rainolds whom thou readest) the title of head, as the Peotestants granted it, but that sense thereof, which Popish Prelates gave, namely Stephen Gardener, who did urge it so, as if they had meant thereby, that the King might do things in Religion, according to his own will, and not see them done according to God's will, namely, that he might forbid the Clergy Marriage, the laytie the Cup in the Lord's Supper. And the truth is that Stephen Gardener was shamelessly hyperbolical in fixing that in the King, which formerly with as little Right the Pope had assumed. Whether he did it out of mere flattery, as full of adulation as superstition, equally free in sprinkling Court and Church holy-water, and as very a fawning Spaniel under King Henry the eighth, as afterwards he proved a cruel Blood-hound under Queen Mary his Daughter Or because this Bishop being in his heart disaffected to the Truth, of set purpose betrayed it in defending it, suiting King Henries vast Body and Mind, with as mighty, yea monstrous a power, in those his odious instances, straining the Kings Authority too high, on set purpose to break and to render it openly obnoxious to just exception: The Centuriato • s also well understood, do allow and Confess the Magistrates Jurisdiction in Ecclesiastical matters, though on good reason they be enemies to this Usurpation of unlawful power therein. But I digress, and therein Transgresse, seeing the large profecution hereof belongs to Divines.
9. But Sanders taketh a particular exception against the Regular passing of this Act, Elizabeth showing much Queen-Craft, in procuring the votes of the Nobility, feeding the Earl of Arundell with fond hopes, that she would marry him, and promising the Duke of Norfolk, a dispensation from his wife, which he could not with such expedition obtain from the Pope; and yet (faith he) when all was done, it was carried in the house of Lord's but by three voices. Here not to mention how in the greatest Councils, matters of most high concernment, have been determined with as few as three clear decisive suffrages, this suggestion of Sanders is a loud untruth; for the Act having easily passed the house of Commons, found none of the Temporal Nobility in the house of Lord's to oppose it, save only the Earl of Shrewsbury, And Anthony Brown Viscount Mountacute, who had formerly been employed to reconcile the Kingdom of England to his Holiness. As for the Bishops, there were but fourteen, and the Abbot of Westminster, then alive: of whom four being absent (whether Voluntarily, or out of Sickness, uncertain) the rest could not make any considerable opposition: If any other Artifice was used in cunning contriving the business, the Protestants were not aforchand, but just even with the Papists, who had used the same subtlety in their own Cause in the first Parliament of Queen Mary.
10. But now to remove into the Convocation, which at this time was very small and silent: For as it is observed in Nature, When one Twinn is of an unusual Strength and bigness, the other his partner borne with him is weak and dwingled away. So here this Parliament being very active in matters of Religion, the Convocation (younger Brother thereunto) was little employed and less Regarded. Only after a Mass of the Holy Ghost had been celebrated, Edmond Bonner Bishop of London (in the vacancy of the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, President of the Convocation began with a speech to this effect. That although it had been an ancient and laudable custom to begin such meetings of the Clergy with a Latin Sermon, yet such now was not to be expected; partly, because the Arch-Bishop was Dead, who was to design the Preacher, and partly, because they had received a mandate from the privy Council, that no such Sermons should be made in that Church, till they were further informed by the Queeu and her Council. In the third Session on friday Nicholas Harpsfield Doctor of Law, and Arch-Deacon of Canterbury was chosen, Referendary or Prolocutor for the Clergy, a place of some Credit, but little pains to discharge, seeing the only remarkable thing which passed in this Convocation, was certain Articles of Religion, which they tendered to the Parliament, which here we both Transcribe and Translate. requesting the Reader not to begrutch his pains to peruse them. Considering they are the last in this kind, that ever were represented in England, by a Legal Corporation in defense of the Popish Religion. And though error doth go out with a Stink, yet it is a persume that it does go out: We are so far from denying a grave to bury them, that we will erect the Monument over this ashes of these dead errors.
REVERENDI in Christo Patres ac Domini colendissimi. Quoniam fama publica referente ad nostram nuper notitiam pervenit, multa Religions Christianae Dogmata publice & unanimi gentium Christianarum consensu hactenus recepta & probata, ac ab Apostolis ad nos usque concorditer per manus deducta, pr • esertim Articulos infra scriptos in dubium vocari. Hinc est quod nos Cantuariensis Provinciae inferior secundarius Clerus in uno, (Deo sic disponente ac Serenissimae Dominae nostrae Reginae, Decani & Capituls Cant. mandato, Brevi Parliamenti, ac monitione Ecclesiastica solita declarata id exigente) convenientes, partium nostrarum esse existimavimus, tunt nostrae, tum eorum, quorum cura nobis Committitur, aeternae saluti omnibus quibus poterimus modis prospicere. Quocirca majorum nostrorum exemplis Commoti, qui in similia saepe tempora inciderunt, fidem quam in Articulis infra Scriptis, veram esse credimus, & ex animo profitemur ad dei Laudem, & honorem officiique & aliarum nostrae curae commissarum exonerationem praentibus duximus publice auferendam affirmantes, & sicut Deus nos in die Judicij Adjuvet asserentes.
Primo, quod in Sacramento Altaris virtute Christi verbo suo à Sacerdote debite prolato assistentis, praesens est realiter sub speciebus panis & vini natural Corpus Christi Conceptum de Virgin Mariae, Item naturalis ejus Sanguis.
Item, quod post Consecrationem, non remanet substantia panis & vini, ne{que} alia ulla substantia, nisi substantia Dei & hominis.
Item, quod in missa offertur verum Christi Corpus, & verus ejusdem sanguis, sacrificium propitiatiorium pro vivis & defunctis.
Item, quod Petro Apostolo & ejus legitimis successoribus in seed Apostclica, tanquim Christi Vicariis data est suprema potestas pascendi, & regendi ecclesiam Christi militantem et fratres suos confirmandi.
Item quod Authoritas tractandi & dissiniendi de ijs quae spectant ad fidem, Sacrantentum & disciplinam ecclesiasticam hactenus semper spectavit & spectare debet tantum ad Pastores Ecclesiae, quos spiritus Sanctus in hoc in ecclesiam Dei Pasuit & non ad Laicos.
Quam nostram assertionem, affirmationem & fidem, Nos inferior Clerus praedictus considerationes praedictas Vestris Paternitatibus tenore presentium exhibemus, humiliter supplicantes, ut quia nobis non est copia hanc nostram sententiam & intentionem aliter illis quos in hac parte interest notificandi, Vos, qui Patres estis, ista superioribus Ordinibus significare velitis: Qua in re Offictum charitatis ac Pietatis (ut arbitramur) praestabitis, & saluti gregis vestri (ut par est) Prospicietis, & vestras ipsi animas liberabisis.
REVEREND Fathers in Christ, and our honorable Lord's. Whereas by the report of public fame it hath come unto our knowledge that many Doctrines of the Christain Religion hitherto received and approved by the unanimous consent of Christian nations, and with joint agreement, as by hands deduced from the Apostles unto us, (especially the Articles under-written) are now called into question. Hence it is, that we the inferior and secondary Clergy of the Province of Canterbury assembled in one body, (God so disposing it, and the Command of our Lady the Queens most excellent Majesty, together with the mandate of the Dean and chapter of Canterbury, the Parliament-Writ, and all due and wonted Ecclesiastical monition declared so requiring it) conceived it to belong unto us to provide for the eternal Salvation both of ourselves, and such as are committed to our charge, by all means possible for us to obtain. Wherefore stirred up by the examples of our Predecessors, who have lived in the like times, that faith which in the Articles under-written we believe to be true, and from our souls profess to the praise and honor of God, and the discharge of our duty, and such souls as are committed unto us, we thought in these presents publicly to insert, affirming and avowing as God shall help us in the last day of judgment.
First, that in the Sacrament of the Altar by the virtue of Christ's assisting, after the word is duly pronounced by the Priest, the natural Body of Christ conceived of the Virgin Mary is really present, under the species of bread and wine, also his natural blood.
Item, that after the Consecration, there remains not the substance of Bread and Wine, nor any other substance, save the substance of God and man.
Item, that the true body of Christ, and his true blood is offered a propitiatory sacrifice for the Quick and Dead.
Item that the supreme power of feeding and governing the militant Church of Christ, and of confirming their Brethren is given to Peter the Apostle, and to his lawful Successors in the See Apostolic, as unto the Vicars of Christ.
Item that the Authority to handle and define such things which belong to faith, the Sacraments, and Discipline Ecclesiastical, hath hitherto ever belonged, and only ought to belong unto the Pastors of the Church, whom the holy spirit hath placed in the Church of God, and not unto lay-men.
Which our Assertion, Affirmation and faith, We the lower Clergy aforesaid so represent the aforesaid considerations unto your Fatherhoods by the Tenor of these Presents, humbly requesting, that because we have not liberty otherwise to notify this our Judgment, and intention to those, which in this behalf are concerned, you who are Fathers would be pleased to signify the same to the Lord's in Parliament, wherein, as we conceive you shall perform an office of Charity and Piety, and you shall provide (as it is meet) for the safety of the flock committed to your charge, and shall discharge your duty towards your own soul.
This remonstrance exhibited by the lower house of Convocation to the Bishops, was according to their Requests presented by Edmond Bonner, B p . of London, to the Lord Keeper of the broad Seal of England in the Parliament, and (as the said Bishop, in the eighth Session reported) he generously and gratefully received it. But we find no further news thereof, save that in the 10. Session, an account was given in, by both Universities in an Instrument under the hand of a Public Notary, wherein they both did concur to the Truth of the aforesaid Articles, the last only excepted.
10. But we may probably conceive that this Declaration of the Popish Clergy hastened the Disputation appointed on the last of March in the Church of Westminster, wherein these questions were debated.
- 1. Whether Service and Sacraments ought to be celebrated in the vulgar tongue?
- 2. Whether the Church hath not power to alter Ceremonies, so all be done to edification?
- 3. Whether the Mass be a propitiatory sacrifice for the Living and the Dead?
| Popish Disputants. | Moderators. | Protestant Disputants. |
|
|
The passages of this Disputation (whereof more Noise then fruit, and wherein more Passion then Reason, Cavils then Arguments) are largely reported by M r . Fox. It was ordered that each side should tender their Judgments in writing to avoid verbal extravagancies, as also in English for the better information of the Nobility and Gentry of the house of Parliament, their Auditors, and that the Papists should begin first, and the Protestants, answer them. But in the second days disputation, this order was broken by the Popish Bishops, who quitting their Primacy to the Protestants, stood peremptorily upon it, that they themselves would deliver their Judgments last. Alledging in their behalf the fashion of the Schools, that because they had the negative on their side, the others ought first to oppose; Citing also the Custom of the Courts at Westminster, where the plaintiff pleadeth before the defendant, conceiving themselves in the nature and notion of the Later, because maintaining those opinions, whose Truth, time out of mind were established. Chester, more open then the Rest, plainly confessed, that if the protestants had the last word, they would come off, cum Applausu Populi, with applause of the People, which themselves, it seems, most desired; Whereby it appears what Wind they wished for, not what was fittest to fan the truth, but what would blow them most reputation. In this Refusal to begin, Winchester and Lincoln behaved themselves faucily, and scornfully, the rest stiffly and resolutely; only Feckenham Abbot of Westminster, (who it seems the second day was added to the Popish Disputants) carried it with more meekness and moderation. Hereupon the Lord Keeper cut off this conference, with this sharp Conclusion. Seeing my Lord's we cannot now hear you, you may perchance shortly hear more of us.
11. Yet need we not behold the frustration of this meeting, as a private Doome, peculiarly to this conference alone, but as the general Destiny of such public Colloquies, which like Sicamore-trees prove barren, and which the larger the Leaves of the Expectation, the less the fruits of Success. The Assembly dissolved, it were hard to say, which were louder, the Papists in Complaining, or the Protestants in Triumphing. The former found themselves agrieved that they were surprised of a sudden, having but two days warning to provide themselves. That Bacon the Moderator (though well skilled in matters of Equity, ignorant in matters of Divinity) was their Zealous Enemy, to whom the Arch-Bishop was added only for a stale. That to call such fundamental points of Doctrine into question, would cause an unsettledness in Religion of dangerous consequence, both to single souls, and to the Church in general. That it was unlawful for them, owing obedience to the Sea Apostolic, without leave of his Holiness first obtained to discuss these truths long since decided in the Church.
13. The Protestants on the other side slighted the Papists Plea of want of Warning, seeing (besides that both sides were warned at the same time) that Party sent a challenge, and gave the first defiance in their late Declaration; and now it was Senselesse in them to complain that they were set upon unawares. That if the truths were so clear as they pretended, and their learning so great as was reputed, little Study in this Case was required. That Bacon was appointed Moderator, not to decide the matters Controverted, but to regulate the manner of their Disputation, whereunto his known Gravity and Discretion, without deep learning did sufficiently enable him. That it was an old Policy of the Papists to account everything fundamental in Religion, which they were loath should be removed, and that the receiving of erroneous principles into the Church, without examination, had been the mother of much ignorance, and security therein. For the preventing of the farther growth whereof, no fitter means then an impartial reducing of all Doctrines to the trial of the Scriptures. that their declining the Disputation, manifested the badness of their Cause, seeing no pay-master will refuse the touch or scales, but such as suspect their Gold to be base or light. That formerly Papists had disputed those points when power was on their side, so that they loved to have Syllogisms in their mouths, when they had swords in their hands.
14. It remaineth now, that we acquaint the reader, how the popish Bps. were disposed of, who now fell under a 4. fold division.
- 1 Dead,
- 2 Fled,
- 3 Deprived,
- 4 Continued.
There were nine of the first sort, who were of the Death-gard of Q. Mary, as expiring either a little before her decease. viz.
- John Capon.
- Robert Parfew.
- Maurice Griffin,
-
William Glyn.
-
B
p
.
of
- Sarisbury.
- Hereford.
- Rochester.
-
Bangor.
- These were Q. Mary her Vshers to her grave.
-
B
p
.
of
Or a little after her departure, as
- Riegnald Pole.
- John Hopton.
- John Brookes.
- John Holyman.
-
Henry Morgan.
-
B
p
.
of
- Canterbury
- Norwich.
- Gloucester.
- Bristol.
-
S. David's.
- These were Q. Mary's trainbearers to the same.
-
B
p
.
of
15. Three only made their flight beyond the seas, namely 1. Thomas Goldwell of S t . Asaph, who ran to Rome, and there procured of the Pope, the renewing of the indulgences, (for a set time) to such as superstitiously repaired to the well of S t . Winnifride. 2. Cuthert Scot of Chester, who afterwards lived and died at Lovain. 3. Richard Pates of Worcester, whose escape was the rather connived at, because being a moderate Man, he refused to persecute any Protestant for his difference in religion.
16. Be it here remembered, that the See of Worcester had nine Bishops successively.
-
whereof
- The four first, (being all Italians) none of them lived there.
- The five last, [Latimer, Bel, Heath, Hooper, Pates,] none of them died there as either resigning, removed or deprived, and all five were alive together in the reign of Q. Mary.
As for Pates, we find him thus subscribing the council of Trent, Richardus Patus Episcopus Wigorniensis, under-writing only in his private and personal capacity, having otherwise no deputation as in any public employment.
17. The third sort succeeds, of such who on the refusal of the oath of supremacy, were all deprived, though not restrained alike. Bonner was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, a Jaile being conceived the safest place to secure him from people's fury, every hand itching to give a good squeeze to that Spunge of Blood. White, and Watson, Bishops of Winchester and Lincoln, died in durance, their liberty being inconsistent with the Queens safety whom they threatened to excommunicate.
18. As for Bishop Tonstal, and Thyrlby, they were committed to Arch-Bishop Parker. Here they had sweet chambers, soft beds, warm fires, plentiful and wholesome diet, (each Bishop faring like an Arch-Bishop, as fed at his table) differing nothing from their former living, save that, that was on their own charges, and this on the cost of another. Indeed they had not their wonted attendance of supperfluous Servants, nor needed it, seeing a long train doth not warm but weary the wearer thereof. They lived in 〈◊〉 custody, and all things considered, custody did not so sour their freedom, as freedom did sweeten their custody.
19. The rest (though confined for a while) soon found the favor to live Prisoners on their Parole, having no other Jailor than their own promise. Thus Poole of Peterburgh, Turbervile of Exeter &c. lived in their own, or their friends houses. The like liberty was allowed though Heath Arch-Bishop of York, who (like another Abiathar sent home by Solomon to his own fields in Anathoth lived cheerfully at Chobham in Surry, where the Queen often courteously visited him.
20. Popish writers would persuade people, that these Bishops were cruelly used in their prisons, should their hyperbolical expressions be received as the just measure of truth. Carceribus varijsque cusodiis commissi, longo miseriarum taedio extincti sunt, saith Sanders, Confessor obiit in vmculis saith Pitzeus of White. A great cry and a little pain. Many of our poor Protestants in the Marian days said less, and suffered more. They were not sent into a complemental custody, but some of them thrust into the prison, of a prison, where the Sun shined as much to them at mid-night, as-at noon-day. Whereas Abbot Feckenham of Westminster (who as a Parliamentary Baron, may go in equipage with the other Bishops) may be an instance▪ how well the Papists were used after their deprivation. For He grew Popular for his alms to the poor, which speaks the Queens bounty to Him, in enabling him (a prisoner) to be bountiful to others.
21. Only one Bishop conformed himself to the Queens commands, and was continued in his place, viz. Anthony Kitchen, alias Dunstan of Landaffe. Camden calls him, Sedis s • ae calamitatem. The bane of his Bishopric, wasting the lands thereof by letting long leases, as if it were given to Binominous Bishops (such as had two Names to be the empairers of their Churches, as may appear by these 4. contemporaries in the reign of K. Henry the 8.
- John Capon
- John Voisey
- Robert Parfew
-
Anthony Kitchen
-
alias
- Salcot
- Harman
- Warton
-
Dunstan
-
spoiled
- Sarisbury.
- Exeter.
- S t . Asaph.
- Landaffe.
-
spoiled
-
alias
I know what is pleaded for them, that Physicians in desperate consumptions, prescribe the shaving of the Head, (which will grow again) to save the life, and that these Bishops, fearing the final alienation of their lands, passed long leases for the prevention thereof, though whether Policy or Covetousness most shared in them herein, we will not determine. Only I find a mediate successor of Kitchins (and therefore concerned to be knowing therein) much excusing him from this common defamation of wronging his See, because many forged leases are countenanced under the pretence of this passing the same.
22. As for the number of Recusants which forsook the land at this time, the prime of them were, Henry Lord Morley, S r . Francis Inglefield, Thomas Shelly, and John Gage Esqrs; As for the Nuns of Zion, and other Votaries wasted over, we have formerly treated of them in our History of Abbeys. Nor were there moe then eighty Rectours of Churches, fifty Prebendaries, fifteen Masters of Colleges, twelve Arch-Deacons, twelve Deans, with six Abbots, and Abbesses deprived at this time of their places throughout all England.
23. Now the Queen and Her Council, accounted it high time to supply the Church of Canterbury (which hitherto had stood Vacant a year, and three weeks) with an Arch-Bishop. D r . Matthew Parker is appointed for the place; borne in Norwich, bred in Cambridge, Master of, Benefactour to Bennet-College there, Chaplain to Queen Anne Bollen (a relation, which, next his own merits befriended him with Queen Elizabeth, for such high, and sudden advancement) then to King Henry the eighth, Dean of the College of Stoke juxta Clare, a learned, and religious Divine. He confuted that character which one gives of Antiquaries, that generally they are either superstitious, or supercilious, his skill in antiquity being attended with soundness of doctrine, and humility of manners. His Book called Antiquitates Britanicae hath indebted all posterity to his pen. Which work our great Critick cites as written by M r . Joscelin, one much employed in the making thereof. But we will not set the memories of the Patron, and Chaplain, at variance (who loved so well in their lives time) nor needeth any Writ of partition to be sued out betwixt them, about the authorship of this book, though probably one brought the matter, the other composure thereof.
24. The Queen had formerly sent order to D r . Wotton, Dean of Canterbury (an exquisite Civilian, and therefore one who may be presumed critical in such performances) and to the Chapter there, to choose Matthew Parker their Arch-Bishop, which within fourteen days after was by them accordingly performed. This done, She directeth Her Letters-Patents in manner, and form following,
Elizabetha Dei Gratia, &c. Reverendis in Christo Patribus, Antonio Landavensi Episcopo, Will, Barlow quondam Bath. & Well. Ep. nunc Cicestrensi electo, Joh, Scory quondam Cicestrensi Episcopo, nunc electo He • esor. Miloni Coverdalio, quondam Exoniensi Episcopo, Johanni Surffaganeo Bedford, Johanni Suffraganeo Thetford, Johanni Bale Osserensi Episcopo.
Quatenus vos, aut ad minus quatuor vestrûm, eundem Matthaeum Parkerum in Archiepiscopum, & Pastorem Ecclesiae Cathedralis, & Metropoliticae Christi Cantuariensis praedictae, sicut praefertur, electum, electionemque praedictum confirmare, & eundem Magistrum Matthaeum. Parkerum in Archiepiscopum, & Pastorem Ecclesiae praedictae consecrare, caeteraque omnia, & singula peragere, quae vestro in hac parte editorum, & provisorum, velitis cum effectu &c. Dat, sexto Decembris, Anno secundo Elizabethae.
But the old Bishop of Landaffe appeared not at the Consecration, terrified (say the Papists) by Bonners threats, so as to absent himself, which others do not believe. For, he that feared not the Lion out of the grate, would he be frighted with the Lion within the grate? If Bonner, when at liberty, could not deter him from taking the oath of Supremacy, improbable it is, that when now detained prisoner in the Tower, he could dissuade him from his obedience to his Sovereign. More likely it is, that his absence (as also Bishop Bale's, and the Suffragans of Thetford was occasioned by their indisposition of body, and infirmity of old age.
25. But the other four Bishops appeared, William Barlow, John Scory, Miles Coverdal, and John Hodgskins, by whom Matthew Parker was solemnly consecrated in manner, and form following. The East part of the Chapel of Lambeth was hung with tapestry, the floor spread with red cloth, chairs and cushions are conveniently placed for the purpose; morning prayer being solemnly read by Andrew Peerson, the Arch-Bishops Chaplain, Bishop Scory went up into the pulpit, and took for his text, The Elders which are among you I exhort, who also am an Elder; and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, &c. Sermon ended, and the Sacrament administered, they proceed to the Consecration: the Arch-Bishop had his Rochet on, with Hereford, and the Suffragan of Bedford, Chichester wore a silk cope, and Coverdal a plain cloth-gown down to his ankles. All things are done con • ormable to the book of Ordination, Litany sung, the Queens Patent for Parkers consecration audibly read by D r . Vale, he is presented, the oath of Supremacy tendered to him, taken by him, hands reverendly imposed on him, and all with prayers begun, continued, concluded. In a word, though here was no Theatrical pomp to make it a Popish pageant; though no sandals, gloves, ring, staff, oil, pall &c. were used upon him, yet there was ceremony enough to cloth his consecration with decency, though not to clog it with superstition.
26. This his consecration is avowed most legal, both according to Canon, and Common Law. In the latter it was ordered by King Henry the eighth, that an Arch-Bishops; should not be consecrated but by an Archbishop, and two Bishops; or by four Bishops, in case an Arch-Bishop was wanting, as here it was performed. Object not that one of these four was but a Suffragan, seeing such by the laws of the land (though not able to vote as Barons in Parliament) had Episcopal power to all purposes, and intents. Neither cavil, that Coverdale henceforward led a private life, being always a Bishop quoad characterem, and for the present quoad j • es & • itulum (Exeter, his former Bishopric being actually void by the deprivation of Turbervile though refusing to be so quoad possessionem. As for the canonical part of his consecration, six of the most eminent Doctors of that faculty England then afforded, gave it under their hands, that the same was exactly observed.
27. Yet notwithstanding all circumstances so solemnly performed, some impudent Papists have raised a lie, that Matthew Parker was consecrated Ad caput manni, At the Naggs-head, a tavern in Cheapside. Indeed they show a place therein, just against the bar, so anciently arched, that an active fancy (which can make anything of anything) may create to itself a top, or rester of a pulpit thereof, though the like thereunto may be seen elsewhere in the city. But that this lie of the naggs-head was bred in a knaves brains, doth plainly appear. For, why should a rich man be a thief: seeing all Churches in England were equally open unto them to pick, and choose at pleasure, why should they steal a clandestine consecration in a place so justly obnoxious to censure? Were not the Cana • nites, and Perizzites then in the land? Were not many prying Papists then mingled amongst Protestants? which consideration alone would command them to be cautious in their proceedings. Besides, that mock-pulpit shown at this day at the entrance of that tavern, was inconsistent with the secrecy (which is said to be their design) who would rather have made choice of an inner, and more remote room for that purpose. But, when once one Jesuit had got this shameless lie of the N • ggshead (I cannot say by the tail, but) by the ears, instantly Champn • y, • itzSimon Persons, Killison, Constable, and all the whole kennel of them, baule it out in their books to all posterity.
28. All the authority the Papists produce for their Naggs-head -Consecration, is ultimately resolved into the single testimony of one Thomas Neal, Chaplain to Bishop Bonner, and sometimes Hebrew-Professor in Oxford. But, was this Neal known, or unknown to the Bishops, pretended in this taverne-assembly? If known, as most probable he was ( Bonners Chaplains bearing their Masters mark, the indelible character of cruelty stamped upon them, as the Wolf is too well known to the sheep) it is utterly unlikely they would permit a person, vowing open opposition to their proceedings, to be present thereat. If Neal were unknown, the English Bishops (whom the Papists, though they call Heretics, do not count fools) would not admit a stranger to their privacies of such importance, seeing commonly in such cases, men's jealousies interpret every unknown face to be a foe unto them.
29. To the testimony of Neal, one endeavors to twist the witness of John Stow, to prove this Nags-head -consecration. A silent wittness, who says nothing herein, if either we consult his Chronicle of our Kings or his Survey of London, he neither speaks words, nor makes any signs thereof. But (saith the Jesuit) Stow, though prudently omitting to print it, told the same to some of his private friends. I pray, to whom? where? and when? and what credible witnesses do attest it? Be it refer'd to the ingenuity of our very adversaries, whether their bare surmises without any proof, be to be believed before the public Records, faithfully taken when the thing was done, carefully preserved ever since, entirely extant at this day, and truly transcribed here by us. Besides, Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham (not more famous for the Coronet of a Count, than the crown of old age) alive in the later end of the Reign of King James, being requested of a friend, whether he could remember Matthew Parkers consecration, gave an exact account of the same solemnly performed in Lambeth Chapel, being himself an eyewitness thereof, and an invited guest to the great feast kept there that day, therefore the more observant of all particular passages thereat, because the said Arch-Bishop was related to him as a kinsman. Let such as desire further satisfaction herein, consult learned Mason (whom King James justly termed a wise builder in God's house) who hath left no stones unturn'd to clear the truth, and stop the mouth of malicious adversaries. Let the Papists therefore not be so busy to cast dirt on our Bishops, but first fall on washing the face of their own Pope, even John the twelv'th, whom an excellent author reporteth to have ordained a Deacon in a stable, for which two Cardinals reproved him. And let these three stories be told together, that the Empress Hellen was the daughter of an Hostler; that Arch-Bishop Cranmer himself was an Hostler; and, that our first Bps. in Queen Elizabeth's days were consecrated in the Naggs-head. I say let these three be told together, because wise, and good men will believe them together, as all coming forth of the forge of falsehood, and malice.
30. Now though we are not to gratify our Adversaries with any Advantages against us, yet so confident is our innocence herein, that It may acquaint the world with that small foundation on which this whole report was bottomed: Every Arch-Bishop, or Bishop presents himself in Bow-Church, accompanied thither with Civilians, where any shall be heard, who can make any legal exceptions, against his Election. A Dinner was provided for them at the Naggs-head in Cheapside, as convenient for the Vicinity thereof, and from this Sparke hath all this Fire been kindled; to admonish posterity not only to do no evil but also in this Captious Age, to refrain from all appearance thereof.
31. Parker, thus solemnly consecrated, proceeded, with the assistance of the aforesaid Bishops, to the consecration of other grave Divines; and not (as Sanders lewdly lies) that these new elected Bishops, out of good fellowship, mutually consecrated one another; some whereof were put into Bishoprics void.
-
By the
- Natural death, as Sarisbury, Rochester, Gloucester, Bristol, Bangor, or,
- Voluntary desertion, as Worcester, and S t . Asaph, or,
- Legal deprivation of the former Bishops, as all other Sees in England.
Suffice it at this time to present a present Catalogue of their names, Sees, with the dates of their consecrations, referring their commendable characters, to be set down, when we come to their respective deaths.
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consecrated, |
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consecrated, |
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The other Bishoprics were thus disposed of, Richard Cheiney held Bristol in Commendam with Gloucester; Barlow, and Scory, Bishops in King