The History of the Old Testament Methodized

this dignity, as being descended from Jehojarib (of the Priests family indeed) but not from Jaddus the High Priest, whose Heir Onias now lived in Egypt with Ptol. Philometor.

The Jews now disclaiming Demetrius, of whose hatred to them they had had sufficient experience, stick close to Alexander; and from that time forward continued his Confederates in the War.

Alexander Bala having gotten an Army together, made up partly of the Soldiers that revolted to him from Demetrius, and partly of the Auxiliaries of Attalus King of Pergamos, Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, and Jonathan, and especially Ptol. Philometor, encountered Demetrius, and conquering his Army, killed him in the Fight, after he had reigned in Syria twelve years: And so Alexander obtained the Kingdom.

Alexander shortly after, remembering how much he was engaged to Ptol. Philometor for his assistance, sent to him to desire his Daughter to make him a Wife; which he willingly assented to, and brought her to Ptolemais in Phoenicia, and there married her to him with Royal and magnificent Solemnity.

Jonathan being by Alexander invited to this Wedding, he brought with him great Presents of Gold and Silver, and several other things which he presented to both the Kings, and their Friends; so that thereby he much wrought himself into their favor. At the same time several vile male-contents came out of Judea to accuse Jonathan, but Alexander was so far from listening to any Tales against him, that he caused him to be clothed with Purple, and to set next to himself, and forbad by Proclamation any to speak against him, or molest him in any matter. The King also did him a great deal of honor by listing him among those that were esteemed his most intimate Friends.

After this, Alexander gave himself up to Idleness and Luxury, and permitted the affairs of his Kingdom wholly to be managed by one Ammonius, who carried himself insolently, and made slaughter of the Kings friends, and among the rest, put to death the Lady Laodice, Daughter of Epiphanes. These things coming to the notice of Demetrius, eldest son of Demetrius Soter, he procured out of Crete a considerable force of Mercenary Soldiers, and with them sailed into Silicia. At the notice of which, Alexander being affrighted, hasted to Antioch to secure his affairs there before Demetrius should come, where he made Hirax and Tryphon Governors. With Demetrius joined Apollonius the Governor of Coelosyria, who was ordered by him to go against those Jews that adhered and continued firm to Alexander. Apollonius having gotten together a great Army, encamped at Jamnia, and sent a proud challenge to Jonathan to come and meet him (if he durst) and to fight with him in the plain field. Jonathan enraged hereat, marched from Jerusalem against him with 10000 men. In his way he took Joppa, which Apollonius understanding, marched to Ashdod, and left an Ambush in the way to entrap him, but he getting clear of it, engaged Apollonius and put all his Forces to flight; whereof many fled to the Temple of Dagon, which Jonathan set on fire; and so what with the Sword, and what with Fire, destroyed about 8000 of Apollonius his men. This coming to the ears of Alexander, he honored Jonathan more than ever, and sent him the Golden Buckler which was usually given to those of the Blood Royal, and gave him Accaron, a City of the Philistines, with its Territories, for an Inheritance to him and his Heirs forever.

Ptol. Philometor now comes out of Egypt with great forces both by Land and Sea, under pretence of aiding his Son-in-law Alexander, but indeed with an Intention to seize upon Syria. He fell out with Alexander because he would not deliver up Ammonius to him, who (he alleged) had plotted his Destruction. Hereupon taking his Daughter Cleopatra away from Alexander her Husband, he gave her to Demetrius, promising to assist him in the recovery of his Fathers Kingdom. The Antiochians also deserted Alexander because of Ammonius, who had used them so hardly. Hereupon Ammonius endeavored to make an Escape in Woman's apparel, but was taken and slain.

Ptolemy went to Antioch, and being there saluted as King, was crowned with two Diadems, the one for Syria, the other for Egypt. But at last persuaded the Antiochians to receive Demetrius for their King.

Alexander was at this time at Silicia, whereupon consulting the Oracle of Apollo, 'tis said, he received for answer, That he should take heed of that place that had brought forth a double formed Spectacle; which seemed to point out the City Abas in Arabia; where a certain Woman (as 'twas thought, named Herais ) being married to one Samias, was found to be a man; into which City he went not long after. For invading and wasting of Syria with Fire and Sword, Ptolemy and Demetrius his new Son-in-law met him and overthrew him at the River Oenopara; whereupon he flying to Abas, his Head was cut off by Zabdiel the Prince of the place, and sent to Ptolemy, who, though he received it with much joy, yet having in the Fight received a great hurt in his head, he died of that Wound three days after.

Demetrius now obtaining his Fathers Kingdom, was called Nicanor. About this time Jonathan besieged the Castle at Jerusalem, and did all he could with his Engines to reduce it. This being made known by some wicked Jews to Demetrius, he in great anger sends to him to raise his siege, and appear before him at Ptolemais. Jonathan would not draw off his siege, but taking with him the Elders and Priests, he ventured to go to the King; and by the Presents he brought and other ways so appeased him, that the King rejecting his Accusers, confirmed the High-Priesthood upon him, and counted him one of his chief Friends. And upon promise to pay to him 300 Talents, he procured from him an immunity from Tribute for all Judea, and the three Seigniories thereunto annexed.

Demetrius seeing all in peace at home, disbanded his old Soldiers, which bred great discontents among them. Diodotus (afterwards called Tryphon ) one of Alexander Bala 's Captains laying hold on this opportunity, went to Elmacuel the Arabian, with whom Antiochus (Alexander Bala 's young Son) was brought up; and acquainting him how matters stood with Demetrius, obtained of him to have the young Child delivered up to him, undertaking to settle him in his Fathers Kingdom.

Demetrius in this tottering condition of his affairs, sends to Jonathan for a supply, who sent him 3000 men, which stood him in good stead; For he going about to disarm the Antiochians, they rose up in Arms, and many thousands of them assembling together, they attempted to surprise the King himself, insomuch that he was forced to retreat to his Palace; but the Jews hastening to his relief, overcame this Rabble, and slaying a great number of them, set the City on fire; whereupon the Citizens were glad to submit.

Tryphon now bringing Antiochus the young son of Bala from Arabia into Syria, he there set the Crown upon his head, calling him Theos. Hereupon all the disbanded Soldiers flocked unto him, so that Tryphon grew strong enough to fight with Demetrius, and overthrowing his Army, forced him to fly to Seleucia. Then Tryphon in the name of Antiochus sent Messengers to Jonathan to draw him to his party. And in order thereunto confirmed the High-Priesthood to him, sent him also chargers of Gold, and gave him leave to drink in vessels of Gold, to be clothed in Purple, and to wear the Golden Buckler. Jonathan was easily drawn to be for Antiochus, because Demetrius had for some time past falsifyed his word, and dealt very ungratefully with him.

Jonathan now having gotten leave of Antiochus to wage War against Demetrius his Captains, gathered his men together, and reduced the Country beyond Jordan as far as Damascus, and overthrew a party which there met him, killing to the number of 3000 men.

Jonathan observing now how his affairs were in a good condition, sent Ambassadors to Rome to renew the Allyance made with them by Judas Maccabaeus. And he gave them Instructions, that in their return homeward from Rome, they should visit the Lacedemonians, and to mind them of the Alliance and ancient League with Onias the third, sending a Letter to the same purpose, wherein the people of Judea among other things signified how that as a Testimony of their continued affection towards them, they constantly remembered them as their Brethren in their solemn Sacrifices and Devotions. These Ambassadors were very honourably received both by the Romans and Lacedemonians, and effected what they were sent about.

Tryphon having brought his design thus far on as to break the power of Demetrius, and having to that end desired the friendship of Jonathan, he now desired his ruin above all things, as standing in his way, and likely to hinder his intended Treason. For he resolved to seize upon the Kingdom himself; but fearing lest Jonathan should stand fast to the Interest of the young King, and oppose him; he came down with his forces to Bethsan thinking to surprise Jonathan, but he hearing of his coming, made towards him with 40 thousand choice men, which so disheartened Tryphon, that he was so far from daring to attempt anything against him, that he treated him very honourably, and with Presents and other kindnesses so dissembled with him, that he persuaded him at last to dismiss his army, and taking only a selected party along with him, to go to Ptolemais, which he promised to put into his hands: Jonathan consenting hereunto, sent all his men back but a 1000 whom he took along with him; but as soon as he entered Ptolemais, Tryphon commanded the Gates to be shut, and cut off all his men, and kept him Prisoner. Then Tryphon invaded Judea with a great Army (carrying Jonathan with him Prisoner) to oppose whom Simon the Brother of Jonathan was chosen General in his stead by the people. But Tryphon seeing the Jews prepared for resistance, feigned, as if Jonathan was only detained for a 100 Talents of Silver, which he was in arrear, which if they would send to him together with Jonathan's two Sons for Hostages (as a security that Jonathan should not attempt to revenge his Imprisonment after he got his liberty) he promised he should be released. Simon, though he distrusted him, yet least it should be said he neglected anything for his Brothers safety, sent his Nephews with the money; which, when Tryphon had received, he most perfidiously slew Jonathan, and then returned into Syria. Jonathan lived after the decease of his Brother Judas, 17 years, and enjoyed the High-Priesthood about nine years, he was put to death near Bascha in the Country of Gilead, and there buried.

Simon some time after sent to fetch away the body of his Brother Jonathan, and buried it at Modin the City of their Ancestors; and all Israel lamented him many days. Simon also built a stately Monument over the Sepulcher of his Father and his Brothers, exceeding high, of white stone polished all over. He erected also seven Pyramids all of a row in memory of his Father, and Mother, and Brothers. To these he addded a Porch of great Pillars, on which he caused the Portraiture of Armies and Ships to be engraven. Josephus says, this rare Sepulcher of Modin lasted to his time.

Tryphon now makes away young Antiochus, giving out, that he was troubled with the Stone; and under pretence of cutting him for it, he caused the Physicians to kill him. This done, he put the Crown upon his own head. Simon being so highly disobliged by him, and accounting him a great Tyrant and Robber, he sent to make his peace with Demetrius, presenting him with a Crown of Gold. Demetrius considering the great Respect the Romans had lately shown the Nation of the Jews, and particularly to the Ambassadors Jonathan had lately sent to confirm the League with them, promised to bury all things in oblivion, and confirmed to Simon the Immunities before granted to Jonathan. The year after he had the Castle of Jerusalem surrendered to him: The Gentiles within having been pent up for two years without any relief, were most of them consumed with Famine. Simon having cleansed the Fort of all the Pollution of Idols, entered in with Branches of Palms, Harps, Cymbals, Viols, Hymns and Songs. He ordained also an Anniversary Solemnity for this day: Which done, he afterwards repaired and fortified it, together with the Hill of the Temple, and there dwelt himself with his attendants.

After he had been High Priest three years, by a public instrument of the Priests, Nobles and Elders of the people, after a recapitulation of his merits and great services performed for his Nation, he was made their Prince and High Priest perpetual till God should raise up the true Prophet, and all ornaments and prerogatives of Majesty were given unto him. This instrument being made in brass was fastened to the wall that encompassed the Sanctuary, and a Copy thereof was laid up in the Treasury. Thus was the yoke of the Heathen taken off from Israel, and the people began to date their instruments and contracts from the years of their High Priests after this manner, viz. In the first year of Simon being the great High Priest, General and Leader of the Jews, 1 Mac. 14.

Simon seeing his Son John (Sirnamed afterwards Hircanus ) to be a very valiant man, appointed him Captain over all his forces.

Demetrius being invited by the Macedonians to come and head them against the Parthians, and being with great alacrity received and assisted by them, he overthrew the Parthians in several Battels, till at last being circumvented by the cunning of one of their Princes, and having lost his Army he fell into their hands, and was cast into Prison. Arsaces King of the Parthians having got him thus into his hands, afterwards sent him into Hircania, where he caused him to be treated with respect due to a King, and afterwards gave him his daughter to wife, promising to restore unto him the Kingdom of Syria which Tryphon had dispossessed him of.

The Soldiers in Syria growing weary of Tryphon 's Government, revolted from him to Cleopatra (wife of Demetrius ) who then lived in Seleucia with her children. Cleopatra taking it in great disdain that Demetrius her husband had married the King of Parthia 's daughter, in a strange revenge sent to his Brother Antiochus (called Sidetes or the Hunter, second Son of Demetrius Soter ) offering herself in marriage to him, and with herself the Kingdom also. Antiochus willingly accepted the offer, and marrying of her took the name of King upon him. Then writing Letters to Simon the High Priest and Ruler of the Jews, and (designing to make him his friend) he confirms unto him not only all the privileges and immunities which other Kings of Syria had granted, but added also a privilege of coining money with his own stamp.

Simon now sent Ambassadors to Rome for himself and the people of the Jews to renew their League and Amity with the Romans. These Ambassadors carried with them a great shield of gold of a thousand pound weight to present to the Roman Senate. The present was very kindly accepted, and Lucius the Consul gave them Letters to the Neighbouring Kings and Provinces prohibiting them from attempting anything which might prejudice the Jews, or abetting and assisting any that should fight against them. And if at any time any Runnagado-Jews should flee out of Judea and come into their Territories, they should deliver them up to Simon the High Priest to be proceeded against according to the Laws of their Country.

Antiochus Sidetes having married Cleopatra his Brothers wife, all the Armies of the Syrians except a few revolted to him; so that Tryphon seeing himself thus forsaken fled to Dora a Maritime City of Phoenicia, whither he was straight pursued and blocked up both by sea and land. Simon sent 2000 choice men to Sidetes at the siege of Dora, but he to Simon's great astonishment refused them all, and brake whatever Covenants he had made with him. And further, sent Athenobius to him, complaining of his holding Joppa, Gazara and the Castle at Jerusalem, and destroying the borders, and holding the Government of divers places of his Kingdom, requiring of him the tributes of those places beyond the bounds of Judea (which were possessed by him) or else in lieu thereof to pay 500 Talents, and for the tribute of the other places held by him 500 Talents more, menacing war against him, except all things were performed that he demanded. To these things Simon answered that he held no Towns belonging to any other Prince, but had recovered by his sword some Towns of his own held back from him by his enemies; as for Joppa and Gazara though they had done much harm to his people, yet he was willing to pay an hundred Talents. At this answer Sidetes was exceedingly enraged. In the mean while Tryphon escaped away from Dora to Orthosias another Maritime City of Phoenicia; Antiochus himself pursuing Tryphon left Cendebaeus to take care of the Sea-coasts, and to build up Cedron, and to deal with the Jews. He being come as far as Jamnia began to make inroads into Judea, and to take the people prisoners, and to kill and slay such as he pleased. John (the Son of Simon ) then lying at Gazara, and understanding how things went, gave notice thereof to his Father, who being now decrepit committed the managing of the war to him and his Brother Judas. John therefore with 20000 Foot, and some Horse marched against Cendebaeus (who met them with a powerful Army) and marshalling his body in such wife that the Horse and Foot might mutually protect each other, and then sounding with their holy Trumpets they engaged the enemy and overthrew him, and put his whole Army to the rout; some betook themselves to the Fort newly built, and others flying away, he pursued as far as the Towers of Azotus, and having slain about 2000 men in the pursuit, he burnt those Towers, and returned safe into Judea.

Tryphon at last fled to his own Country-men at Apamea, and in the way as he went he scattered money on purpose to retard Antiochus's Soldiers in the pursuit of him, and so escaped out of their hands; but at last he was taken by Antiochus and put to death.

Simon traversing the Cities of Judea, and providing for their orderly government, came down with his Sons Mattathias and Judas to Jericho, there Ptolemy the Son of Abubus his Son-in-law (who was by him set over the Province of Jericho ) entertained them in Doc-castle which he had fortified, but designing to get the Government of the Country to himself, whilst he was treating them at a Banquet, most treacherously and barbarously slew Simon with his two Sons, and some of his servants, after he had discharged the office of High Priest for the space of eight years and three months. Ptolemy immediately acquaints Antiochus Sidetes with this villainy, desiring him to speed an Army for his assistance, promising to deliver the Cities and Country of Judea into his hands. So that it seems more than probable that this villainy was not transacted without the privity of Sidetes, and that the honor and reward which the Traitor so much aspired unto was before promised him by the King upon his performance of it. This perfidious Ptolemy also sent other cut-throats to murder John, Simon 's other Son, but he escaped them. He dealt also with the Colonels of the Jewish Militia to draw them over to himself, promising them great rewards. And moreover sent some to seize upon Jerusalem, and the mountain of the Temple.

John having received information of the murder of his Father and Brethren, and that some were sent to do as much for him, prevented his enemies by falling upon them first, and so was made High Priest in the room of his Father, 1 Mac. 16.

And here the Author of the first Book of Maccabees concludes his work, having therein delivered the History of forty years, which Josephus continues on.

Antiochus Sidetes taking the opportunity of Simon 's death, entered Judea with an Army, and having wasted the Country forced John (Sirnamed afterwards Hircanus ) to retire into the City of Jerusalem, and then laid a close siege to it; the siege was prolonged through the strength of the walls, and valor of the defendants. Antiochus built many turrets about it, out of which he attempted the walls, and begirt it so straightly with a double Trench that there was no getting out for the besieged any way. Hircanus seeing a great and useless multitude in the City, which consumed the victuals, put out the more infirm out of the walls, but Antiochus would not suffer them to pass, so that they wandered about the walls almost famished, till at last out of pity they were taken in again.

At this Feast Hircanus sent out to Antiochus to desire a truce for seven days for their Feasts sake, which Antiochus not only granted, but also brought in great pomp to the very gates of the City, bulls with guilded horns, and gold and silver cups filled with all manner of spices to be offered to the God of Israel; and delivered sacrifices to the Priests of the Jews; so easily can God change the hearts of Princes. Hircanus was so taken with this great act of piety in Antiochus, that from thence forward he gave him the title of Pius, and sent to him to request terms of peace of him, and that he would give them leave to live according to the Laws of their forefathers. Many of those that were about the King pressed him not to make any peace with them, but to demolish their City, and destroy the whole Nation of the Jews as being a people severed from all other Nations by their peculiar laws and customs, or if he would not do so, at least to abrogate their Laws, and force them to change their manner of living. But God so over-ruled the Kings heart that he utterly rejected this counsel, and approving the piety of the Jews, offered them peace upon condition that they should pay him tribute for Joppa, and other Towns without Judea, and receive a Garrison. They yielded to the former but not to the last, in regard they would avoid all commerce with strangers; in lieu of that they chose rather to give hostages for their fidelity, (amongst whom Hircanus's own Brother was one) and to pay 500 Talents, whereof 300 at present. These terms being agreed unto by Antiochus the siege was immediately removed. Hircanus opening the Sepulcher of David found there 3000 Talents, wherewith he not only paid Antiochus his 300, but feasted him and his Army in Jerusalem, and also filled his coffers, so that he began to entertain foreign Auxiliaries which never any of the Jews did before.

Antiochus Pius three years after his departure from Jerusalem marched with a great Army against Phraates who succeeded his Brother Arsacidas in the Kingdom of Parthia, his design being to fetch back his Brother Demetrius Nicanor kept there still in free custody. In this Expedition John, the Jews High Priest, followed him with his Auxiliaries. Antiochus much prevailed upon the Parthians at first, in so much that the King of Parthia sent Demetrius into Syria with a party that he might seize upon that Kingdom in Antiochus 's absence, and so divert him. And John having overthrown the Hircani in battle, from thence obtained the name Hircanus, and returned home with a great deal of honor. But Antiochus (his army being grown dissolute and debauched ) was at last overthrown by the Parthians (falling upon them at a time appointed as they lay dispersed in their quarters ) and Antiochus himself was slain.

Demetrius now recovers his Kingdom of Syria again. Hircanus the High Priest, and chief Magistrate of the Jews taking this occasion leads down his Army into Syria, supposing (as indeed it happened) that he should find the Cities thereof unmanned, he took Medeba, and Samega, and Sicima the Metropolis of the Samaritans; so that after the death of Antiochus Sidetes the Jews wholly shook off the yoke of the Syrians, and never after sent them any supply either as subjects or as friends.

Hircanus also took Gerizim, and demolished the Temple of the Cuthites in the two hundredth year after it had been built by Sanballat.

Demetrius having recovered his Kingdom was outed of it again by his own subjects, and was slain at Tyre. Zabinas a counterfeit Egyptian, Sirnamed Alexander, (pretending to be the adopted Son of Antiochus Balas ) is now set up King, who entered into league with Hircanas, so that things went well with the Jews during his reign, which was but four years.

Hircanus now subdues Idumea, the Inhabitaats whereof he put to their choice, Whether they would be Circumcised, or quit their Habitations? They chose the former; and now began to be reckoned among the Jews, submitting to all their Rites and Ordinances. Hircanus also sent Ambassadors to Rome to renew their friendship and amity with the Romans. And it was ordered by a Decree of the Senate, That Joppa, Gazara, and other Towns that Antiochus Sidetes had taken from them, should be restored. It was further ordered, That the King of Syria should notpass through their Country with his Armies. The Fathers also renewed the League with them according to their desire, and promised to take order they should be no more wronged; and then dismissed the Ambassadors with money out of the Common Bank to provide necessaries for their return homeward, and gave them Letters Commendatory to those Kings and free People through whose Countries they were to pass.

Many changes now happened in the Assyrian Kingdom: For after Demetrius 's death (notwithstanding the usurpation of Alexander Zabinas) Seleucus his eldest Son put on the Diadem, but at the years end his Mother slew him with a dart by her own hand, because he took the Government upon him without her permission. She sets up Antiochus Gryphus his younger Brother, who being assisted by Ptol. Physcon (whom Alexander, though set up by him, had disobliged) defeats and kills Alexander the usurping counterfeit. He reigned securely for some years, but then Antiochus his half Brother (begot on his Mother by Antiochus Sidetes his Uncle, and from Cyzicus the place where he was brought up, called Cyzicenus ) began to be his Emulator for the Kingdom; and between them there were great Contestings. The civil Broils in Syria diverted the several Princes from meddling with the Jews, so that they were glad of their Friendship; and this gave opportunity to Hircanus to establish his affairs, and enjoying quietness, he got together a great mass of money, and then went and besieged Samaria; the Inhabitants of which he was sorely displeased with for some injuries offered by them to the Marisseni, though the King of Syria's Subjects, yet now his Friends and Allies. He cast a Trench about it, and committed the care of the Siege to his two Sons Antigonus and Aristobulus. The Samaritans in this distress sent to Antiochus Cyzicenus imploring his aid. He coming to their relief, was routed by Aristobulus 's Soldiers, and pursued as far as Scythopolis, hardly escaping. The besieged now reduced to great necessities, sent once more to Cyzicenus, who obtaining 6000 men of Ptol. Lathurus, made an inroad into Hircanus 's Dominions and made great havoc, thereby hoping to constrain him to raise the siege. But having lost many of his men (who were intercepted by the enemy) he himself went to Tripolis, committing the managing of the War with the Jews to two of his Commanders, Callimander and Epicrates. Callimander encountering the Jews with greater resolution than discretion, had his party routed, and was himself slain. Epicrates being corrupted, betrayed Scythopolis and other Towns to Hircanus; who then after a year, lying before Samaria, took it, and rased it to the very ground.

After this, Hircanus being both a Disciple and a great Favourer of the Sect of the Pharisees, invited some of the most Eminent among them to a Feast. He there labored to approve his sincerity to them, and desired, that if any of them knew any fault by him, they would tell him plainly of it. All approved of his manners, but only one Eleazar (a seditious and bad man) who told him, if he would be accounted good, he must devest himself of the Priesthood, and be content with the Principality; for that (as he heard) his Mother was a Captive in the days of Antiochus Epiphanes, and was fain to serve for a Lively-hood. This being utterly false, and the Scandal not being so deeply resented by the rest of the Pharisees there present (as he expected it should have been) he grew enraged against the whole Sect of them by the Instigation of Jonathan a Sadducee, who persuaded him, that this affront came from all the Pharisee • , and so deserting them, he turned Sadducee.

Hereupon he abrogated the constitutions of the Pharisees, and punished their followers. A sedition arose hereupon, but he soon quieted all; and having governed the people 31 years, he died, being honored with three especial dignities, namely, the sovereign Authority over the Nation; the High Priest-hood, and the gift of Prophesy, as Josephus tells us; who relates how he foretold, that his two eldest sons should neither of them long enjoy his Principality.

After Hircanus 's decease, the stones which were set in the High-Priests Breast-plate, and the Onyx-stone upon his right shoulder (by whose radiation the will of God was wont to be intimated to the people of the Jews ) upon God's displeasure for their sins, grew dim, and lost their luster, as Josephus reports, lib. 3. Ant. c. 9.

Hircanus left five Sons, whereof Aristobulus the eldest (surnamed Philellen for his love to, and familiarity with the Greeks) succeeded him. He changed his Principality into a Kingdom, setting a Diadem upon his head, and was the first that did so after the return from the Captivity in Babylon. His second Brother Antigonus he loved exceedingly, in so much that he made him his Partner in the Kingdom, but shut up the other three in Prison, and with them his Mother (who contended with him for the Principality ) and he proceeded to that height of Cruelty, that he famished her to death in Prison.

Aristobulus now marched with his Army into Itrurea, and laid a great part of it to Judea, forcing the Inhabitants under penalty of Banishment to admit of Circumcision, and other Jewish Ceremonies. Not long after he caused his beloved Brother to be made away, though against his will. For Antigonus returning from the Wars in Triumph at the Feast of Tabernacles, it so happened, that Aristobulus was then sick, and kept his Bed in the Tower that was afterwards called Antony 's Tower. Antigonus marched up with his Soldiers to the Temple, intending to offer sacrifice for his sick Brother. This was presently interpreted to Aristobulus as the effect of a bad intention toward him, and a sufficient sign of his affecting the Kingdom, and it was represented as if Antigonus would presently come down and kill him. Aristobulus to provide for his own security, and yet to shun suspicion, commanded some of his Guard to stand in an obscure place where his Brother was to come, and if he came armed, then to kill him; but if unarmed, then not to meddle with him; and that he might do so, he sent one under hand to him to desire him not to come with his arms. But Solome the Queen, and the rest of Antigonus 's back friends persuaded the Messenger to tell him that the King had a mind to see him as he then was in his Warriors habit. So Antigonus thinking nothing, but coming armed to see his Brother, was there immediately slain upon the place. After it was done, Aristobulus was smitten with a great remorse for it (though' he knew nothing of the altering the purport of his Message ) and his distemper increasing, at last he vomited blood, which being carried out by one of his Attendants, he chanced to spill some of it in that very place where Antigonus was slain. Aristobulus having notice given him of this accident, acknowledged the just Judgment of God therein, and immediately gave up the Ghost in extreme anguish both of body and mind, having reigned only one year,

After his decease his Wife Solome (whom the Grecians call Alexandria ) released his Brothers whom he had kept Prisoners a long time, and made Alexander Jannaeus the eldest of them, King in his room. He, as soon as he was possessed of the Kingdom, put one of his Brothers to death upon the discovery of some treasonable design against him: But he loved the other exceedingly, who affected to live a retired life. He was called Absalom, and was taken Prisoner at Jerusalem by Pompey many years after.

Alexander Jannaeus having settled his affairs at home, went and besieged Ptolemais, which with Gaza only of the Sea-Towns remained unconquered, besides the Tower of Straton (since called Cesarea ) and Dora, which Zoilus the Tyrant had got into his hands. At this time the two Brothers, Antiochus Gryphus and Cizicenus were eagerly destroying one another in Syria, so that the Ptolemaians had little hope of Relief from them, only Zoilus (who gaped after the City himself) gave them a little Relief. There being no hope of any Relief but from Cyprus (whither Ptol. Lathurus had been driven by his Mother Cleopatra ) they sent to him, desiring his aid against Alexander, giving him hopes that he should not only save them, but with them the Inhabitants of Gaza on his side, and that Zoilus, the Sidonians and others would assist him also. He being puffed up with these Promises, made what haste he could to their assistance; and Zoilus and the Gazaeans joining with him, the Siege was raised before Ptolemais, and Alexander departed home, attempting afterwards by Policy to overturn the design of Ptolemy. For openly professing himself his Friend and Ally, he promised him 300 Talents to take off Zoilus the Tyrant, and so lay his Territories to his own Dominions; which Lathurus consented to do, but then he privily sent to Cleopatra his Mother, exciting her against him; which Lathurus understanding, though' before he embraced his friendship, yet now he utterly renounced the League he had made with him. And laying a Siege with part of his Army against Ptolemais, which City (it seems) had shut their Gates against him, he marched away himself with the residue of his forces against Judea. Alexander Jannaeus marches out to meet him with fifty thousand men. Ptolemais coming unawares on the Sabbath-day on Asychis a City in Galilee, stormed it and took it, and carried away with him about 10000 Prisoners. Next he fell upon Zephoris not far distant from thence; but having lost many men before it, he drew off to encounter Alexander. They engage near Jordan, and Ptolemy 's Soldiers rout the Jews, and in the pursuit slay many thousands of them; Josephus says 30000. Ptolemy ranging up and down the Country, fell at last into some Villages, which being full of Women and Children, he commanded his Soldiers to kill them promiscuously; and cutting off their Limbs to cast them into Caldrons, that so a report might be spread abroad, that his army eat man's flesh, which would strike Terror and Discouragement into their Enemies. Cleopatra hearing how her Sons power increased, held it small Policy to let him go on as he did, therefore she came against him with Forces both by Land and by Sea; over which she placed as chief Commanders under herself, Chelcias and Ananias, both Jews, and Sons of that Onias who built the Temple in the Seigniory of Alexandria. Her Son Lathurus imagining she had drained the Garrisons of Egypt to make up this great army, hasted thither, hoping to have surprised that Kingdom in her absence; but she left it so well provided, that his attempts proved ineffectual. Cleopatra with her Army now lays siege to Ptolemais and takes it. Thither comes to her Alexander Jannaeus with Presents in his hands, where he was received as a person distressed by her adversary, and one only who had no other Refuge but herself to betake himself unto. Some that were about her, advised her to seize his Country immediately into her own hands, and not to suffer so many good Jews to be at the pleasure and command of one man. But Ananias advised the contrary, accounting it a great wickedness to dispossess a man (received into Friendship) of his Estate: And if the Queen should do so, she would, by offering injury to Alexander, in a short time lose the affections of the whole Nation of the Jews. The Queen being persuaded by Ananias, entered into a League with Alexander at Scythopolis a City in Coelosyria.

Alexander being now freed from fear both of Mother and Son, (Ptolemy being gone to Cyprus, and his Mother to Egypt ) he fell upon Gaza for calling in Lathurus to their help against him. In the mean time Apollodorus their General broke out into his Camp by night with a very strong party, and as long as night lasted, had the better of it; but as soon as it was day, the Jews uniting themselves, charged the Gazaeans so stoutly, that they slew a thousand of them. The City held out a good while, but was at last taken by the treachery of Lysimacus, Brother to Apollodorus, whom out of envy for being in so much favor with the people, he murdered; and then getting a party about him, delivered up the place. Alexander at first marched in very calmly and peaceably, but after a while let loose his Soldiers to fall upon the Citizens without control, who sold their Lives as dear as they could, destroying many of the Soldiers. He cut the Throats of many Senators who were met in Apollo's Temple; and after he had sacked the City, he returned to Jerusalem.

Alexander was hated by his own Subjects, and being injuriously used by them on the Feast of Tabernacles, he is reported to have slain six thousand of them having furnished himself with Guards hired out of Pisidia and Silicia for the purpose. He overthrew the Arabians, and imposed Tribute upon the Moabites and Gileadites. He was troubled with intestine Broils from his own Subjects, stirred up principally by the Pharisees, who had been provoked by his Father Hircanus; which Broils continued six years, during which time, they fought often, but he usually had the better of it. 'It is said, that in that time he destroyed no less than fifty thousand of them. It troubled him thus to destroy the strength of his own Kingdom, therefore he endeavored to compose matters with them, and asked them, Wherewith he should appease them? They answered, If he would kill himself; for scarce could they pardon him, though' he were dead. At last they called in Demetrius Encaerus son of Antiochus Gryphus (made King of Syria by Ptol. Lathurus ) to their assistance, and by the help of his Army, overthrew Alexander: But many of them being touched with compassion towards their King after this defeat, about 6000 of them went over to him, which so discouraged Demetrius, that he thereupon retired into his own Country. The Pharisees being thus left by Demetrius, forthwith waged War with Alexander by themselves, but still had the worst of it, and many of them being taken by him, were nailed to Crosses, and their Wives and their Children slain before their faces. During these stirs he lost all that he had got in the Arabian and Moabitish Regions. Yet afterwards gathering together his forces he wan divers Towns, and reduced under his power the valley called Antiochus 's Valley, and the Fort Gamala, and outed Demetrius Lord of those places; and then returned home and was joyfully received by his Subjects for the good success he had had in that Expedition. At this time the Jews possessed many Cities in Syria, Idumaea, Phoenicia and other Countries (a Catalogue of which Josephus hath left us) among which Pella a Town of Moab being one, they destroyed it, because the Inhabitants refused to receive the Jewish Rites. Anna a Prophtess, Daughter of Phanuel (her Husband being dead) went not out of the Temple, but served God day and night for 84 years together, until she saw Christ in the Temple. Alexander towards his latter end giving himself to intemperate courses, contracted a quartan Ague, which held him three years. Yet for all this he followed on his Wars, and laid siege to Ragala Castle beyond Jordan; but being at last overcome by the force of his disease, he died there before the Walls of that place, in the 27th year of his reign about 76 years before the birth of Christ.

Alexander a little before his death (when he saw he must die) advised his Wife to keep close his death, till the place should be gained, and then going victoriously to Jerusalem to send for the chief of the Pharisees (whom both he and his Father had grievously offended) and to express kindness to them, and give them the disposal of his Corps, and to assure them, that she would not act anything in State matters, but by their advice. This advice she punctually followed, and thereby so gained the love of the Pharisees, that they cried up Alexander for a good King among the people, and bewailed his death, and provided a more stately and sumptuous funeral for him, than they had made for any King before him.

Alexander left two Sons, Hircanus and Aristobulus; but to his Wife he left the management of the Kingdom. Hircanus was of a dull and heavy temper. Tho' therefore she made him High Priest, yet she kept the Government in her own hands, though' indeed all things were ordered at the will and pleasure of the Pharisees, whom the people were commanded to obey, and against whom whatever Ordinances were made by Hircanus, were now abolished. The Queen kept in pay a great number of Foreigners, and so increased her Power, that she became formidable to the neighbouring Princes, and took Hostages of them; yet no great matters were done by her abroad, but sufficient stirs happened at home. For the Pharisees knowing no moderation in the prosecution of their ambitious and envious designs, procured the Queen to put to death many of those who had counseled her Husband to deal so cruelly with their adherents. Hereupon those of them who were most obnoxious, being backed by Aristobulus, made their Address to the Queen, beseeching her, that either they might be all slain there, or else that they might be dispersed severally into Castles where they might pass the remainder of their lives in some security from the Treachery of their Enemies. The Queen not well knowing what to do in this Exigent, resolved at last to intrust them with the command of all the Castles, excepting Hircania, Alexandrium, and Machaerus. After this, Alexandra falling grievous sick, Aristobulus judged that now or never was the time for him to do something for the setting up of himself. Whereupon departing privately by night with only one Servant to attend him, he went to those Castles which his Fathers Friends had the command of, and in a short time got them into his power. The news of this being brought to the Queen, she and the Pharisees were exceedingly troubled at it, knowing that if he had got the Kingdom into his hands, he would call them to a strict account for the hard usage of his Friends. Hircanus the High Priest, and the Elders of the Jews having secured Aristobulus 's Wife and Children in the Castle at Jerusalem, make their Address to the Queen, desiring her speedy direction what they should do in these State Emergencies. She told them, They might do what in their Judgments they thought fit, and most conducing to the public good, and might employ the Arms and Treasure of the Kingdom, as they saw occasion: But for her part, she was in so weak a condition both of Body and Mind, that she could not take care of those matters. And shortly after she died, having reigned nine years, and in 73 of her Age.

In the meantime Aristobulus increased in power, many flocking to him that hoped to get something by this Innovation in the State.

Hircanus the High Priest now succeeding in the Government, his Brother Aristobulus presently made War upon him. They come to a Battle near Jericho, where many of Hircanus 's Soldiers revolted to the other side. Upon which he fled into the Castle where the Wife and Children of Aristobulus were then kept. The rest of this party for fear of the Conqueror, betook themselves to the Protection of the Temple; and in a short space delivered up themselves. At length it came to a Treaty between the two Brothers, and it was agreed, that Aristobulus should reign, and that Hircanus should lead a private life, and enjoy his Brothers Estate. This Covenant they both entered into in the Temple, having both sworn to it, and solemnly confirmed it. Then kindly embracing each other in the sight of the people, they withdrew, the one to his Court, the other as a private person to Aristobulus 's house.

But this agreement lasted not long. For Antipater (an Idumaean, Father of Herod the Great ) having been made Governor of Idumaea by Alexander Jannaeus, and being a Rich man, and Factious, and busy by nature, he feared Aristobulus 's power (by reason of some Grudges that were between them) and endeavored his destruction by stirring up Hircanus and the most powerful of the Jews against him, suggesting it would be very ill to let him possess a Command he had so unjustly gotten, having put by his elder Brother, and despoiled him of the Prerogative of his Birth. And with the like Suggestions he plied Hircanus, constantly adding with all, that his very life was in danger, except he prevented it by a timely flight. At length (though' with some difficulty) he prevailed with Hircanus to fly to Aretas King of the Arabians, whom Antipater procured to assist him with his Arms for the recovering of his Kingdom. Hircanus promising him, that if by his means he obtained it, he would restore to him a Country with twelve Cities, which his Father Alexander Jannaeus had taken away from the Arabians.

Aretas being wrought upon by these promises, invades Judea with fifty thousand men, and overthrows Aristobulus, so that he was forced with many Priests that were with him, to fly into Jerusalem, where he was closely besieged in the Temple by Hircanus and the Arabians. The besiegers brought one Onias (a man that had at that time a great repute for his Piety and the Prevalency of his Prayers) to the siege, and there would needs have him to curse the besieged. He refused a great while, till being at last compelled by the multitude, he stood in the midst of them and prayed thus; O God, thou that art King of the whole world, forasmuch as these that are with me are thy people, and those that are besieged are thy Priests, I beseech thee, that thou wouldest neither hear these praying against them, nor them against these. This so enraged the rude multitude, that they fell upon him and stoned him to death.

The Feast of the Passover happening during the Siege, the Priests that were besieged with Aristobulus in the Temple (that the Sacrifices might not be omitted) bargained with the Besiegers to sell them Beasts for that service. But when they had let down their money from the Walls, they were derided by the Besiegers, and no Sacrifice returned. This Wickedness, and the Murder of Onias, the Historian observeth to have been punished with great storms and tempests, which procured extraordinary scarcity of Corn.

In the mean while Pompey the Great being diverted by the War with Tigranes in Armenia, sent Scaurus his Quaestor into Syria, who coming strait to Damascus, found it newly taken by Metellus and Laelius; whereupon he advanceth presently into Judea. As soon as he had entered the Country, he meets Ambassadors both from Hircanus (that had besieged the Temple at Jerusalem ) as also from his Brother (that was besieged) both of them entreating his assistance. And though' the one promised as much as the other for his help, (namely 400 Talents ) yet he closed with Aristobulus, counting him more free and rich, and whose Request was more easy to be fulfilled in driving away the Besiegers, than that of the other to take the place which he held, being so strong both of it self, and by the valor of the Defendants. Having therefore received Aristobulus 's money, he sent to the Besiegers, threatening them in the Romans and Pompey 's name, if they did not immediately desist from that Siege. Aretas being affrighted with this Message, withdrew his siege, and Scaurus returned to Damascus. Aristobulus being thus freed from the siege, gathereth together all the forces he could make, and pursuing Aretas and Hircanus at a place called Papyron, he there worsted them, killing about 7000 of them, and among others Cephalias the brother of Antipater. Not long after Pompey came to Damascus, whither were sent unto him Ambassadors from several parts. Aristobulus sent him an excellent present, being a Golden Vine, a piece of so exquisite Workmanship, that it was called the Delight. It was placed in the Temple by Alexander Jannaeus, and now by his Son Aristobulus presented to Pompey; and by him afterwards among other things dedicated in the Capitol at Rome. Pliny describes it thus: A foursquare mountain of Gold, with Harts and Lions, and all kind of Apples with a Vine of Gold encompassing it. Plin. Lib. 37. Cap. 2.

A while after there were sent some to him from both the Brothers, namely, Antipater from Hircanus, and one Nicodemus from the other. Pompey commanded both Parties, viz. Hircanus and Aristobulus to appear before him at Damascus. Thither was sent also an Embassage from the Jews themselves, who declared they were unwilling to live any longer under Kings, it being the custom of their Country to yield obedience to the High Priest of their God; that though these two Brothers were indeed of the race of the Priests, yet they had a design to alter the Government, and to bring slavery upon the people.

Hircanus accused his Brother of Usurpation, and depriving him of his Birth-right. Aristobulus excused himself by the necessity of the thing, his Brother being so unfit for Government, insomuch that there was danger (if he had not taken it upon him) that it would have been transferred to some other family. There were a great number of the chief of the Jews, whom Antipater had brought with him, who confirmed what Hircanus had said. But Aristobulus 's followers (whom he appealed unto) were a Company of young Gallants, ridiculous to all for their fantastic Bravery.

Pompey having heard them both, rebuked Aristobulus 's violence, yet dismissed them both very kindly at present, promising he would come himself to them as soon as he had inspected the Affairs of the Nabathaeans, enjoining them both in the mean time to be quiet, and to make no disturbance. But Aristobulus being high spirited, resented his usage, and thought it intolerable for him to be treated so much beneath the Majesty of a King; wherefore he betook himself, in some discontent to Judea, to take care of his own affairs. Pompey being offended with his carriage, took the Army he had provided against the Nabathaeans, and other supplies out of Syria, and the Legions which were at his command, and followed him, Hircanus very much entreating him so to do. Having entered Judea, and hearing that Aristobulus was fled into Alexandria, a goodly Castle, he sent to him to come to him. Aristobulus being persuaded by many of his friends not to commence War against the Romans, came unto Pompey. After he had debated his Title, touching the Kingdom, Pompey permitted him to go back to the Castle again. And thus he did two or three times, always flattering Pompey as if he would obey him in all things, but in the mean time he privately provided for War, fearing lest Pompey should give the Principality to his Brother. At last Pompey commanded him to deliver up into his hands the Castles and Garrisons which he held. Aristobulus in a discontent withdrew to Jerusalem, and there prepared for War. But Pompey immediately followed him, not thinking it fit to give him time to prepare himself. His first nights quarters were at Jericho, and next morning he marched towards Jerusalem. Aristobulus thinking with himself what he had done, came out to meet him, and promised him money, and that he would yield both himself and the City up to him, only he desired that laying aside all hostility, whatever he did, he would do it in a peaceable manner. Pompey pardoned him, and sent Gabinius with some Soldiers to receive the money, but he was fain to return without any. For Aristobulus 's Soldiers would not stand to what he had promised. Hereat Pompey grew very angry, and committing Aristobulus into custody, marched in person against the City. The Citizens within were divided among themselves, some being for Hircanus, others for Aristobulus. The former were for the delivering up the City to Pompey; the other being wholly against it, seized upon the Temple, and cutting down the Bridge by which they go into the City, stood upon their defense; whereupon the other party let the Romans into the City, and delivered to them also the Kings Palace; the custody of both which Pompey gave to his Lieutenant Piso. Pompey first offered to the besieged Conditions of Peace, which being refused, he prepared to give a general assault, and was assisted by Hircanus in all things needful. Pompey 's Soldiers with great labor and difficulty filled up that vast trench, or valley wherewith the Temple was begirt, and then with Engines brought from Tyre, battered the Wall, taking advantage of the Superstition of the Jews, who thought it sinful to hinder the works of their enemies, or do anything on the Sabbath-day, but defend themselves. The greatest Tower being battered down, and with the fall thereof breaking down a great piece of the wall, the Romans break in, ( Cornelius Faustus the Son of Sylla first entering the breach) and then made slaughter of twelve thousand Jews. The Priests, during the siege, performing the daily Sacrifice, not intermitting it, in their greatest extremities, no not then when they saw their enemies rushing in with their drawn swords upon them, so that many were slain whilst they were offering sacrifice and burning Incense in the Temple, preferring the performance of their duty before the saving of their lives. Some were taken Captive, among whom was Absalom the Uncle and Father-in-law of Aristobulus. Pompey with many followers entered the Temple, and looked on those things which it was unlawful for any but the High Priest to behold. And though' there were in the Temple, the Table, and Candlesticks with the Lamps and all Vessels for sacrifice, and the Censers of Gold, and one huge heap of spices, and in the Treasury about 2000 Talents, yet he meddled not with anything, but next day commanded them who had the charge of the Temple, to purify and cleanse it, and to offer their solemn sacrifices to God. The Temple was taken, as Josephus tells us, in the third month, and on the Fast day which was usually kept in memory of Jehoiakim’s burning the Roll about 62 years before the birth of Christ.

Pompey restored the Priest-hood to Hircanus, because among other Services he had done him during the siege, he had kept the Country from joining with Aristobulus. And with the Priest-hood he invested him also with the Principality, yet forbad him to wear a Crown. Then putting to death the chief Authors of the late War, he made the Jews tributary to the people of Rome. And the Cities which the Jews held in Coelosyria, he took away, and subjected them to a Governor of their own • and the Dominion of the Jews he reduced within its ancient bounds. Thus Aristobulus and his Brother were the cause of losing their Countries Liberty to the Romans, who within a short time exacted above ten thousand Talents of it.

Pompey having broken down the walls of Jerusalem in many Places left Syria to the Government of Scaurus, and with two Legions hasted to Rome, leading Aristobulus along with him captive with his two Sons, and as many Daughters. One of his Sons, (namely Alexander ) escaped in the way, and returned into Judea, where he got together a considerable power, and awed his Uncle Hircanus who was unable to resist him, being then employed in repairing the walls of Jerusalem, which Pompey had thrown down. Within a while Gabinius was sent from Rome to govern Syria. He undertook the War against Alexander, who had now got together 10000 Foot, and 1500 Horse, and had strongly fortified Alexandria and Hircanium, and Machaeron. Gabinius overthrew him near Jerusalem, killing and taking about 6000 of his men. He then besieged him in the Castle of Alexandria, whither he had fled. But leaving here sufficient strength for carrying on the siege, he went and visited the Country, causing divers Cities to be re-edifyed, and then returning and more powerfully re-enforcing the Siege, Alexander yielded himself and the Castles which he held. All which Gabinius by the advice of the Mother of Alexander levelled with the ground, lest they should be an occasion of new Troubles. For she being solicitous for her Husband and Children that were carried captive to Rome, used all obsequiousness towards Gabinius.

Gabinius then went to Jerusalem, and established Hircanus in the Priesthood, but Cantonized the Country into five parts, which he ordered to be Governed in an Aristocratical way. One division was to be governed by a Committee, or Assembly at Jerusalem, another at Jadara, a third at Amathus, a fourth at Jericho, a fifth at Saphora a Town of Samaria. The Jews very gladly embraced this Form of Government. But Aristobulus not long after with his Son Antigonus escaping from Rome, and coming into Judea ministered occasion of new troubles. For coming into his own Country, he presently found some, who out of desire of Innovation sided with him, among whom was Pitholaus the Governor of Jerusalem who left the Romans, and revolted to him with a thousand men. He quickly got together 8000 men well armed, so that when the Romans followed him, he gave them Battle, in which he fought stoutly till his men being over-powered, 5000 of them were slain upon the place; near 2000 fled to a certain Mountain from whence they got away and provided for their own safety as well as they could. The rest with Aristobulus fled to Machaerus, and began to fortify the Castle, but being not able to hold out the siege above two days (having received many wounds) he was taken Prisoner with his Son Antigonus, and brought to Gabinius, who sent them both to Rome. The Senate kept him Prisoner, but sent his Son immediately back again into Judea, because they understood by Gabinius 's Letters, that he had promised his Mother so much for the delivery of the Castles.

Gabinius now prepared an expedition against the Parthians, but passing over Euphrates, was hired by Ptol. Auletes (who brought Letters to him from Pompey ) to reduce him into his Kingdom. In this expedition he made use of Hircanus, especially Antipater, who furnished him with Supplies both of men and Provision, and prevailed with the Jews inhabiting about Pelusium to give him passage, and so he presently became Master of Egypt which he delivered to Ptolemy.

During his absence and tarrying in Egypt, Alexander the Son of Aristobulus seized upon the Government, and having gotten together a great number of the Jews, he put to death all the Romans he could meet with, and besieged all those that fled to mount Gerizim. Gabinius sent Antipater before (knowing his great Wisdom) to see if he could reduce the people to obedience, and he effected it with many. But Alexander having gotten together an army of 30000 Jews, he came out and gave battle to the Romans near the mountain Isabyr, in which Fight the Jews lost ten thousand men. Then Gabinius having ordered the affairs of the City of Jerusalem by Antipater's advice, went against the Nabathaeans, whom he overcame in one Battle. Then returning to Rome, he left his Province to Crassus his Successor. Crassus intended first an Expedition against the Parthians, but hearing of the Riches of the Temple which Pompey, like a brave and gallant man, had left untouched, he turned aside into Palestine, and came to Jerusalem, and spoiled the Temple not only of those 2000 Talents which Pompey had spared; but of all the Gold which he found there besides, which amounted to the Sum of 8000 Talents more, though' Eleazar the Treasurer had given him a Beam of Gold weighing 750 common pounds, as a ransom for all the rest, and he had bound himself by an Oath therewith to be satisfied, and not to meddle with anything else; but going against the Parthians he received the reward of his Sacrilege and Perjury; for there he lost his life. Crassus being dead, one Head of Varro 's three-headed Faction was cut off, and a Foundation laid of the Civil Wars between Pompey and Caesar.

Cassius (who was Treasurer to Crassus, and he that together with Brutus afterwards killed Julius Caesar ) now took on him the Government of Syria. He being come to Tyre visited also Judea, and therein took Tarichaea, and led from thence many of the Jews Prisoners, and slew Pitholaus who had assisted Aristobulus, at the desire of Antipater, who now grew very considerable, having entered into Confederacy and Allyance with divers Princes, especially with the Arabian, out of whose Country he had married a Wife of Noble Extraction, by name Cypris, by whom he had four Sons, Phasaelus, Herod, Joseph and Pheroras, and a Daughter named Solome. His Sons he sent into Arabia, and committed them to the Custody of the King thereof whilst he was engaged in the War with Aristobulus.

The Civil Wars between Pompey and Caesar now beginning, and Pompey being driven beyond the Ionian Sea, and Caesar having got Rome into his power, he set Aristobulus at liberty, and with two Legions sent him back into Syria, hoping that all that Country round about Judea might be brought under by him, yet he was frustrated of his hopes, Aristobulus being poisoned by the Pompeians in the way, and buried after by the Cesareans in the Sepulcher of his Ancestors. This Expedition proved fatal not only to Aristobulus, but to his son Alexander also, who was beheaded by Scipio at Antioch by order from Pompey, beig first arraigned and condemned for what he had done against the Romans.

Ptolemy Mennaeus the Governor of Chalcis under Mount Libanus, sent Philippio his Son to Askelon to Aristobulus 's Wife, for her Son Antigonus and her two Daughters, and courteously entertained them; the youngest of which, named Alexandra, Philippio fell in love with, and married. But Ptolemy 's Passion overcoming both Reason and Nature, he killed his Son, and took the Lady to himself.

Pompey being now murdered on the Egyptian shore, Antipater betook himself to Caesar as his Interest led him, and by his great services purchased his favor.

Caesar Warring with young Ptolemy in Egypt after the death of Pompey, Antipater joined with Mithridates of Pergamos (who went down thither to him with supplies ) and brought a supply of 3000 Jews for his assistance. At Pelusium he did special service, being the first that broke down the Wall and entered. And whereas the Jews inhabiting the Country of Onias hindered them from going any further, he prevailed with them not to oppose Caesar, yea, to furnish his Army with Provisions. At the Battle at Delia he recovered the Battle almost lost by Mithridates, and afterwards behaved himself very gallanty for Caesar, having received many wounds as the tokens of his valor. Antigonus the Son of Aristobulus coming unto Caesar, complained to him of the hard Fate his Father had met with for taking his side, that he was poisoned by the Pompeians, and his Brother beheaded by Scipio; he desired him, that he would have pity on him, being cast out of his Fathers Kingdom. He also accused Hircanus and Antipater, that they had by force got the Government. But Antipater so pleaded his cause, and indeed the Wounds he had received, and the pains he had taken in Caesars service so pleaded for him, that Caesar confirmed Hircanus in the High-Priesthood, and offered Antipater what Government he would desire, and made him Procurator of Judea, and gave him leave to re-build the walls of Jerusalem thrown down by Pompey, and caused these Grants to be registered in the Capitol, and seconded them with divers decrees made both by himself and the Senate in favor of him and the Jews. Antipater then bringing Caesar on in his Journey as far as the borders of Syria, returned, and fell to building up the walls of Jerusalem; and going about the Country, by threatenings and other Policy, contained the people in obedience, otherwise ready to Rebel. Hircanus being heavy and dull, and unfit to manage the Affairs of Government, Antipater made his Son Phasaelus Captain of Jerusalem, and the Country adjacent, and committed Galilee to the Custody of his second Son Herod, being then about 25 years of Age.

Herod at the very first gave evidence of what Spirit, and height of courage he was. For there being at that time one Hezekiah a notable Thief, who with a great company of followers, used to infest the Country of Syria, he took him, and put him to death, with many others of that Rout; which thing much endeared him to the Syrians, and thereby he became known to Sextus Caesar the President, and Kinsman to the Dictator. Phasaelus his Brother was hereby much stirred up to Emulation, and carried himself very obligingly and honourably towards those of his Jurisdiction, so that their Father was honored by the people as a King, and yet preserved his fidelity entire to Hircanus. But divers of the Nobles and chief men of the Jewish Nation, understanding how he flourished both upon his own account, and that of his Sons, inwardly fretted at it; and the rather because he made use of Hircanus for his own ends (as they conceived, having contracted friendship with the Roman Generals ) and persuaded him to send money to them, yet got to himself the credit of the President. But especially the forward and bold disposition of Herod affrighted them, whom they looked upon as a young and growing Tyrant. They make their Addresses to Hircanus, complaining to him bitterly against Antipater, as one who carried away all the profit of the Kingdom. They further complained of that bold act of Herod's in putting to death Hezekiah with many others without any Commission received from Hircanus, in contempt of the Laws by which no man is to suffer (though' he were never so wicked) till he had a legal Trial, and were condemned by the Sentence of the Judge. Hircanus being at last wrought upon by these complaints, summoned Herod to Jerusalem to give an account of these his actions before the Council.

Herod having settled the affairs of Galilee, appeared at Jerusalem, but with a Guard (as his Father had advised him by Letter) yet a moderate one lest he should affright Hircanus. When he appeared before the Sanhedrin in his Royal Robes, and with his Guard, nobody had the courage to say anything to him, or accuse him, till one of the Council called Sameas, a just man (and yet no hot-spirited man, as the Jewish Proverb shows; Be thou humble as Hillel, and not angry as Sameas ) rising up, inveighed against him for the manner of his Appearance, not suitable to the condition of a person summoned to answer for his faults; and blamed both Hircanus and the Council for their too great Indulgence, which he feared they would afterwards pay dearly for. And the event proved his words true, that very Council, and Hircanus himself being afterwards put to death by Herod when he was King.

The Council being inflamed with Sameas 's words, had certainly now condemned him, had not Hircanus foreseeing it, put off the business till the next day, and in the mean time privately advised Herod to shift for himself. Herod thereupon retired to Damascus, and visited Sextus Caesar (who loved him as his own Son ) and then gave out, That he would no more appear though he were cited; at which they at Jerusalem fretted, and persuaded Hircanus, That all these things tended to his ruin. Herod having purchased of Sextus Caesar the Government of Coelosyria, disdaining now that he had been commanded to come and plead his cause at Jerusalem, marches towards the City with an Army, and if his Father and Brother had not met him, and otherwise persuaded him, he had made mischief enough. Having therefore made a show of his power, he retreated. About this time Caelicius Bassus in favor of Pompey, made away Sextus Caesar, and got his Army to submit to him; but divers of Caesars party came to revenge his Kinsmans death, and a War ensued about Epamea, whither Antipater (mindful of the Benefits he had received from Caesar ) sent his Sons with aid to assist Caesars Captains. The War being drawn out in length, Statius Marcus was sent to succeed Sextus, and in the mean time Julius Caesar was stabbed in the Senate-house, which as it bred trouble and disturbance to the whole Roman Empire, so neither did Judea escape without its share thereof.

A Civil War ensuing, the chief Captains on both sides, ran up and down to provide themselves for it. Cassius (one of them that slew Caesar ) came into Syria, where raising the Seige before Apamea, he drew both Marcus and Bassus to his Party, and then taking upon him the Power of a General, and Title of Proconsul, he reduced to his obedience all the Cities of Syria, and levied men, and exacted grievous Contributions: But especially he afflicted Judea, levying a Tax of above 700 Talents upon it. Antipater seeing the Commonwealth in trouble, and fearing Cassius 's Threats, appointed his two Sons to gather part of the money, and Malichus a Jew (that was an enemy of his) to gather another part, and some others, another part. But Herod bringing first of all an 100 Talents, which were imposed upon Galilee (which belonged to his Government) became thereby much in Cassius 's favor. But under the other Governors divers Cities were set to Sale to make up the Sum. And the Tax (as it should seem) came in so slowly, that Cassius was exceedingly enraged, and was about to put Malichus (one of the Collectors) to death, had not Hircanus by sending to him a 100 Talents of his own money by Antipater, appeased his fury. But Antipater was ill requited by Malichus for this. For as soon as Cassius left Judea, Malichus practiced to take away Antipaters life, thinking that he being removed out of the way, they should better provide for the security of Hircanus 's Government. Antipater having an inkling of it, passed over Jordan, and gathered an Army, intending to revenge the Treachery; but Malichus (being a crafty Dissembler ) so denied the matter with Oaths to his two Sons, that they reconciled him to their Father, who by his Intercession saved him out of the Hands of Marcus, President of Syria, who understanding that Malichus attempted some Innovations in Judea, had resolved to put him to death. But Antipater preserved him to his own Destruction.

Cassius and Marcus having gathered an Army, made Herod (for his good services) Governor of Coelosyria, and gave him forces both of Horse and Foot, and also Ships at Sea, and promised to make him King of Judea, if they got the better against Anthony and young Caesar.

Antipater not long after, being feasted by Hircanus at Jerusalem, Malichus corrupting the Kings Butler, poisoned Antipater, and gathering a Band of Soldiers, seized on the Government of the City.

Antipaters Sons having notice of their Fathers death, Herod would have revenged it out of hand, and that by open force; but Phasaelus thought it better to circumvent the Murderer in some more private way, lest they should seem the beginners of a Civil War. And therefore Malichus stiffly denying he had any hand in Antipaters death, they seemed satisfied with his justifications, and Phasaelus set himself to erect a Monument for his Father. Not long after, the Feast of Penticost approaching, Herod came up to Jerusalem with a company of Soldiers at his Heels. Malichus hearing of his coming in this Equipage, was much startled at it, and persuaded Hircanus not to suffer him to enter the City; and Hircanus accordingly forbad him to approach so holy a solemnity with a Profane rout of Strangers. But he notwithstanding got in by night, and so affrighted Malichus that he betook himself to his old Trade of dissembling, and openly bewailed with Tears the death of Antipater as his great Friend. So that for that time it was thought fit by Herod's friends (for the shunning of Suspicion) to treat him fairly. Yet Herod by Letters signified his Fathers death to Cassius, who willed him by all means to revenge it; and gave order to the Tribunes then lying at Tyre, to assist him in his just endeavors.

Cassius not long after having taken Laodicea, the Governors came flocking from all places to him bringing Crowns and Money, and Herod expected now that Malichus should be punished for the Murder of his Father.

Malichus being apprehensive of the danger he was in, began to cast about for his own security. And his Son being at that time kept in Tyre as an hostage, he resolved to go in, and get him out by stealth, and carry him into Judea, whilst Cassius was busied in the War against Antonius, to stir up the Nation of the Jews to revolt from the Romans, and then to depose Hircanus, and get the Kingdom to himself. Herod understanding something of his design, prevented him: For inviting Hircanus and him to Supper with their company in Tyre, he sent to the Tribunes to come out to meet them, who remembering the Commands of Cassius, encountered Malichus on the Shore, and slew him there. Hircanus much startled at this fact, asks, Who had slain Malichus? One of the Tribunes answered, The Command of Cassius: At which he replied, Then Cassius hath saved both me and my Country from him that plotted the destruction of both.

After Cassius was gone out of Syria, there arofe a great stir at Jerusalem. For Felix (who was left thereby Cassius with Soldiers) in revenge of Malichus 's death, set upon Phasaelus, and it happened, that at that very time Herod, being at Damascus with Fabius the Roman Captain, was fallen sick, and so unable to come and help his Brother. Notwithstanding Phasaelus was hard enough for Felix, and forced him into a Tower, where he gave him quarter, and let him go with his life. But he expostulated highly with Hircanus, objecting ingratitude to him for taking Felix 's part, and suffering the Brother of Malichus to seize divers Castles which he held at this present, and Massada among the rest, the strongest of all. But Herod (upon his recovery) gained from him all those Castles, and let him go out of Massada upon composition.

Antigonus the Son of Aristobulus about this time so bribed Fabius, that he suffered him to get for himself an army. He was also aided by Ptol. Mennaeus (who by Cassius 's means had subjected Tyre, and divers places in Syria, and three Castles in Galilee ) and adhered to him for the hatred he bore to Herod. But Herod going against those Castles, had them surrendered to him by the Tyrians, whom he dismissed very graciously out of respect to their City, and then marched against Antigonus, whom he overthrew in battle presently after he had entered the Coasts of Judea. Going to Jerusalem he was very honourably received not only by the People, but by Hircanus also, who had of late agreed to receive him into his Family, having consented to a Contract between him and Mariamne the Daughter of Alexander (eldest Son of Aristobulus) whom with young Aristobulus her brother he had by Alexandra, Hircanus 's own Daughter. Herod by this Wife had afterwards three Sons and two Daughters, having by a former Wife (and his own Country-woman) Doris, his eldest Son Antipater.

Within a while after Cassius and Brutus were overthrown at Philippi by Caesar and Antony; of whom the former returning into Italy, the other came over into Asia, which gave occasion to new stirs in Judea.

Anthony being come into Bithinia, Ambassadors were sent thither to him from all Countries; and among the rest, some came from the chief of the Jews, to accuse Phasaelus and Herod, who usurped (as they said) all the Power, and Hircanus reigned only in show. Herod went thither to defend himself, and so prevailed with his money that his Accusers could do nothing against him. Anthony being come to Ephesus, an Ambassy was dispatched to him in the name of Hircanus, and the whole Nation of the Jews, desiring that all Captives that Cassius had carried away out of Judea, might he set at liberty; which he readily granted, and sent his Letters throughout the Provinces to effect it. As he was travelling into Syria, Cleopatra met him in Silicia, to whose Allurements he wholly gave up himself. Being come to Daphne near Antioch, an hundred of the most considerable men among the Jews came to him to complain of Phasaelus and Herod; but Anthony who knew their Father, and had been obliged by him, when he served in Egypt under Gabinius, made them both Tetrarchs, leaving unto them the Government of all Judea, and clapt up fifteen of their Adversaries in Prison, and would have put them to death, had not Herod interceded for them. Yet notwithstanding the Jews were not so discouraged as to desist; for instead of an hundred, now a thousand resolved to go to Tyre, there to complain to Anthony against the two Brothers; but he being already sufficiently bribed by them, commanded the Magistrates of the place to kill them as persons that attempted Innovations. Herod coming to the Jews, advised them to withdraw themselves; and Hircanus also (who was there) shown them the danger they were in, if they should go on in their Purpose, But they contemning this advice, were presently fallen upon by some of their own Countrymen that were there, as also by the Inhabitants of the Town; and part of them being slain, and others taken, the rest got away and returned home. The people exceedingly clamour'd against Herod for this, at which Anthony was so far incensed, that he slew those he had in hold.

A year or two after, Pacorus son to the King of Parthia, and Barzaphernes one of his great Officers, seized upon Syria. Antigonus the Son of Aristobulus bargains with the Parthians, promising them a 1000 Talents to settle him in the Kingdom of Judea, and to kill Herod with his Friends. The Parthians undertake it, and in order to effect it, march with their Army into Judea. A strong party of horse under the command of Pacorus (Butler to the King of Parthia ) are sent before to make discoveries. The Jews about Carmel, and divers others join with them for the establishing Antigonus. At last their number increasing they came to Jerusalem; they assault the Palace, but the two Brothers with their Friends beat them back. Many Skirmishes between them ensue; Antigonus whiled off the time as well as he could, staying for the Feast of Pentecost, at which he expected multitudes of the Jews would come up, from whom he hoped for assistance. And accordingly multitudes came to the Feast, and so assisted him, that he got all but the Palace, which Herod and his Brother manfully defended, and made Sallyes out to the great hurt of their Enemies. At last Antigonus desired, that Pacorus the General of the Parthians might be admitted to be a Mediator between them. The Proposal being accepted, Pacorus persuades Phasaelus to go as an Ambassador to Barzaphernes to treat with him about those matters, having a design to entrap him. Phasaelus suspecting nothing, went (contrary to the mind of Herod ) and with him went also Hircanus (an unheard of employment for the Prince himself ) under the conduct of Pacorus. As soon as they came into Galilee, they were met by the Governors of the Towns there, and Barzaphernes entertained them very civilly; but shortly after they were both secured (in vain upbraiding the Barbarians with Perjury ) and an Eunuch was dispatched to Jerusalem to get Herod by some means or other out of the City, if he could, and to apprehend him. But Herod presently hearing of his Brothers Captivity, resolved to shift for himself; and taking the opportunity of the Evening, got away with his Relations and Friends that night without the knowledge of the Enemy. And making all speed he could to get into Idumea, his Mothers Litter was overthrown in the way, by which she was in danger of death. Herod was so disturbed at this accident (fearing lest the enemy should overtake them whilst they stayed there) that he was ready to kill himself with his own Sword; but being restrained by those about him, he went on to Massada, a strong fortified place in the Country of Arabia. A Party of the Parthians first, and then another of the Jews pursued him, but he beat them off. When he was come into Idumea, his brother Joseph came to him, and persuaded him to dismiss many of his followers, because the Castle of Massada would not maintain them all, which he accordingly did, giving them money to bear their charges. But calling out the ablest Soldiers from among them, he with them and his Relations marched on to Massada, and there disposed of the Women and most of his Companions, there being plenty of all sorts of Provisions in the Castle. But he himself held on for Petra in Arabia the Metropolis of that Kingdom, hoping from that King (who was such a Friend to his Father) to obtain help for the recovery of his Brothers Liberty. The Parthians, after his departure from Jerusalem, plundered the City, and Palace, and wasted the Country, and destroyed the rich Town of Morissa; and so reducing Antigonus into Judea, delivered up Hircanus and Phasaelus into his hands, he fearing that Hircanus by the favor of the people, might again be restored to the Kingdom; he cut off his ears, making him thereby uncapable of the Priesthood, which by the Law was not to be given to any one that wanted any member. But Phasaelus knowing that he was destined to death, seeing that he could not otherwise kill himself by reason of his chains, dashed out his brains against a stone. The Parthians having thus settled Antigonus, when they departed took Hircanus along with them Prisoner into Parthia.

Herod knowing nothing of his Brothers death, was going as fast as he could to the King of Arabia, hoping to get money of him either upon free gift, or trust, to ransom his Brother; and he carried with him Phasaelus (his Brothers Son ) a Child of seven years old, to leave him with him as a Pledge.

But the Arabian being persuaded by his great ones to return the Treasure which Antipater had deposited with him, and not to afford Herod any Succor; he sent some to meet him, and to command him to depart from his Borders, (pretending the Parthians had so commanded) but afterwards repenting of this ingratitude, he sent after him, but could not overtake him; for hearing of his Brothers death, posted towards Egypt as fast as he could, where coming to Pelusium, the Mariners that were to sail to Alexandria denied him passage, but the Magistrates of the place honourably entertained him, and brought him to Cleopatra the Queen, who kindly received him, intending to use him in her Wars. But nothing could hinder him from hasting to Rome, though it was then the Winter season, and though great stirs were reported to be in Italy. He came thither at last, though he had been grievously tossed with tempests in his passage; and he came thither at a time, when not long before there had been an Agreement made betwixt Anthony and Caesar, (the former having married Octavia the Sister of the latter ) and another betwixt them two and young Pompey, who then held Sicily, which was a time very convenient for his affairs. He made his Application first to Anthony, of whose favor he had formerly tasted, declaring to him the whole story of the Parthians overrunning Judea; of his Brothers death; and the misery of his Family now besieged in a Castle; and how through great Tempests both at Sea and Land he had ventured to come to him as his only harbor and refuge, and withal did not spare to promise him a large Reward, if he would procure him to be declared by the Senate, King of Judea. Anthony being moved partly with pity, and partly by the memory of me former Friendship that had been between him and Antipater, and also highly displeased with Antigonus (whom he looked upon as a turbulent man, and an enemy to the Romans ) was much inclined to favor Herod. Octavius Caesar also because Antipater had done good service for Julius Caesar in Egypt, and because he was willing to gratify Anthony, and out of a peculiar fancy he had to the man for his courage, did willingly join with Anthony in his promotion. The Senate therefore being called, first Messala, then Atratomus brought forth Herod, and commended him to the Fathers, relating what good services both his Father and himself had done for the Commonwealth, and withal they inveighed against Antigonus as a bitter enemy to the Romans; and that he had not only shown himself so before, but of late, more especially in calling in the Parthians. Then Anthony rose up, and declared to them how much it would conduce to the ending of the Parthian War (which was now on foot) if Herod were made King. So that without anymore a do he was so declared by the unanimous suffrages of them all. Then Anthony and Caesar leading him between them (being accompanied with the Consuls and other Magistrates ) went up into the Capitol to do sacrifiec, and to place there the Decree of the Senate according to cust • me. And this done, the new King was feasted by Anthony. Thus Herod obtained the Sovereignty of Judea, A. M. 3965. about 35 years before the Birth of Christ (to the just Wonderment both of himself and others ) having always feared that the Romans would never confer that honor and dignity upon him which was not wont to be bestowed upon any, but those of a Royal Stock. But this added to the wonder, that within seven days Anthony dismissed him out of Italy. During Herod's absence Antigonus laid close siege to the Castle of Massada (where Herod had left his Relations ) abounding with all sorts of provisions, only Water was wanting, so that Joseph had thoughts of getting away with 200 men into Arabia, the King whereof he now heard repented of his unkindness to his Brother. But this was prevented by a shower that fell by night, as if sent on purpose from Heaven for their relief; whereupon they were so heartened as to sally out upon the Besiegers, whereof they cut off many.

In the mean time Ventidius the Roman General being sent into Syria to expel the Parthians thence, after their retreat came into Judea, under pretence to help Joseph, but indeed with intentions to extort a good Sum of money from Antigonus; which accordingly he did; and then drew off the greater part of his forces, but left Silo with a party behind, who was also to be pleased by Antigonus lest he should raise him some new Troubles.

But in the mean time Herod landed at Ptolemais, and having got together a good Company of Soldiers, hasted through Galilee against Antigonus, being aided by Ventidius and Silo, to whom Anthony had sent express order, that they should place him in the Kingdom. Ventidius was then busy in composing differences among the Cities, which the Incursion of the Parthians had made▪ Herod's forces increasing, he marched towards Massada for the relief of his Friends, which he accomplished, having first taken Joppa in his way; after which he marched up to Jerusalem in spite of Antigonus, many of Silo's Soldiers joining themselves to him, and many of the Jews that were terrified by his power. Having encamped on the west side of the City, he commanded an Herald to proclaim round about the Walls, that he came for the public good, and for the Conservation of the City, and that he would pardon all former injuries. On the other side Antigonus remonstrated to Silo and the Romans, that it was unjustly done to give the Kingdom unto Herod, a private man, and an Idumaean, whereas it ought only to be given to one of the Priests Line. Silo being bribed by Antigonus, dealt privately with some of his Soldiers to begin a mutiny, requiring to be led into a place more plenteous of Provisions. Hereupon the Army being in disorder, and ready to dislodge, Herod entreated the Captains and Soldiers, that they would not leave him now, he being sent both by Caesar and Anthony, and all the rest of the Senate; and he would take care they should not want Provisions; and accordingly brought Plenty out of the Country, and so cut off all occasion of Silo 's departure. Then taking out a party consisting of Ten Companies, (half Jews, half Romans ) he went to Jericho, which City he found forsaken of its Inhabitants. The Romans entering the Town, plundered it, finding it full of good booty. Then returning, he sent the rest of the Roman Army to winter quarters, which he appointed in Idumaea, Galilee, and Samaria. But Antigonus obtained of Silo, that part of his Army might quarter in Lydda, thereby endeavoring to curry favor with Antony. Thus the Romans lay idle all this season in places abounding with all plenty.

However, Herod was not idle, but (sending his Brother Joseph into Idumaea with 400 Horse, and 1000 Foot) went down into Galilee, to reduce some places held by Antigonus; and within a short while brought all the Country into obedience (except those men that lurked in Caves) and then giving to his Soldiers 150 Drachms a man; and more to the Captains, placed them also in Winter quarters. Silo a little after, came to him with his Captains who had Wintred with Antigonus, but he refused to maintain them any longer, and commanded the Inhabitants thereabout to spoil the Country of all necessaries, and taking with them such Provisions as they could carry away, to flee to the mountains, that so the Romans might perish through want.

Ventidius being now engaged in Syria against the Parthians, sent to Silo to come to him, and bring Herod along with him with his Forces. But Herod having sent Silo to him, marched himself with his Soldiers against the Thieves that lurked in Caves, many of whom he destroyed. In the mean while Ventidius having in a Battle slain Pacorus and put the Parthians to flight, by Antony 's command, sent Machaeras, with two Legions, and 1000 Horse to assist Herod against Antigonus; but being come, he would needs (contrary to Herod's mind) go to Antigonus, pretending thereby he should be able to discover and spy out his Designs. But Antigonus suspecting him, would not admit him; then repenting he had not taken Herod's advice, he went and secured himself in Emmaus; and out of madness at what had happened to him, slew all Jews that came in his way, without any difference of Friend or Foe. Herod being hereat enraged, resolved to go and complain to Antony, (who was then in person besieging Samosata upon the River Euphrates; but Machaeras entreated him to stay, or if he would needs go, however to leave his brother Joseph with him to carry on the War against Antigonus; which latter he granted, yet charging his Brother not to venture all upon a Battle, nor contend with Machaeras. Then hasted he to Antony, taking with him Auxiliaries both of Horse and Foot. At Antioch he met with many that desired to go to Antony 's Camp, but durst not venture by reason the Barbarians had beset the ways; but Herod taking the Conduct of them, and beating the Barbarians once or twice in the way, with great honor and reputation for his valor, arrived safe at Samosata. Antony to do him honor, sent out a little Army to meet him, and with great Praises and Embraces received him, and gave him great respect, being a King of his own making. Shortly after the Town being yielded up, Antony delivering to Socius the Government of Syria with an Army, and commending to him the affairs of Herod, went himself back into Egypt.

In the mean while Joseph neglecting his Brothers Counsel, was slain in Judea, and Antigonus being Master of the Field, and having the dead bodies at his dispose, was so enraged, that he whipped the dead body of Joseph, although Pheroras his Brother offered 50 Talents to redeem it. Great Innovations upon Josephs death ensued in that place, and in Galilee.

Herod understanding these things, being furnished by Socius with two Legions, he marched into Galilee, where meeting the enemy, he fought with them, and worsted them, and took the Castle that some of them fled into. Thence hasting to Jericho, he there feasted many honorable persons; and after the feast was ended, and the Guests gone, and himself had retired to his Lodging, the Room in which they had supped, being now empty of Company, fell down, and did nobody any harm; whereupon he was accounted as one especially owned by God, who had so wonderfully preserved him Not long after he got five Towns into his hands, wherein he put to the Sword 2000. Garrison Soldiers, and then went against Pappus, whom Antigonus had sent into Samaria. Pappus gave him Battle very boldly, but his Army was overthrown by him, and himself taken Prisoner; and Herod in revenge of his Brothers death, did great Execution upon them; by which defeat Antigonus 's Interest was quite broken. Next day he cut off Pappus 's Head, and sent it to his Brother Pheroras in revenge of his Brother Josephs death, whom it seems Pappus slew. The extremity of the Weather being over, Herod marches up to Jerusalem and lays siege to it in the third year after he had been declared King by the Romans, intending to use the same manner of assault that Pompey had made formerly against the Temple. Socius also came up to him to Jerusalem, so that both carried on the siege with an army of eleven Legions, and 6000 horse. The Defendants with great courage made resistance, doing all that could reasonably be expected from them, though much straitened for provisions, it being the Sabbatical year. They held out five months, though there was so great an army besieging them. At length twenty of Herod's stoutest Soldiers got upon the walls, and then the Centurions of Socius. The outward part of the Temple being taken, and the lower City, the Jews fled into the inward part, at length by a general assault, that was taken also, and then all places were filled with slaughters; the Romans being enraged that they had held out so long, and the Jews out of malice and particular grudges seeking to destroy all of the contrary faction, the reverence of the Temple not abating their rage. Antigonus came and fell at Socius 's feet, who insulting over him, called him Madam Antigona, and put him in prison and set keepers over him. Herod did what he could to restrain the Soldiers from exercising such extreme violence, and to keep the profane multitude from violating the Temple, and from plundering the City, asking Socius, If the Romans intended to make him King of a wilderness? and added, that he should think the victory worse than an overthrow if they proceeded to such extremities. At length he was fain to redeem the City from further plunderings by his own moneys, wherewith he rewarded the Romans, and sent them away sufficiently enriched.

Socius having offered a Crown of Gold to God departed from Jerusalem, leading Antigonus with him prisoner to Antony. This disaster befell Jerusalem in the third month, on the 28th. day of which the Jews were wont to celebrate a solemn fast in memory of the Roll that was burnt by Jehoiakim, and it was taken on the same day it had been taken by Pompey several years before. Herod fearing that if Anthony should carry Antigonus to Rome, he would there obtain favor of the Senate as being of the Royal race, and procure the Kingdom at their hands, if not for himself, yet for his children, who never had ill deserved of the Romans, he procured Antony to dispatch him out of the way, who pretending the unquietness of the Jews, for his sake caused him to be beheaded at Antioch. And so the Principality of the Asmonaeans came to an end, after it had stood 126 years, and had been freed from the yoke of Syria 98 years, and Herod a forreigner was confirmed in the Sovereignty over Judea by the Romans.

Of these miserable times (among others) were spectators, Zacharias the Priest, with his wife Elizabeth, of the relicts of David's stock Heli and Joseph; Anna also the Prophetess of the Tribe of Asser, and Simeon who was assured from God he should not see death till he had seen the Lord's Christ.

Herod being thus settled in the Kingdom, in the third year after he was made King by the Romans, advanced those of his own faction, and put to death many of the contrary party; among others he put to death all those Judges of the great Sanhedrin, who had accused him of capital crimes before he was King, except Pollio the Pharisee, and his disciple Sameas whom he highly honored.

During these things the King of the Parthians had courteously treated the captive High Priest Hircanus, who hearing that Herod was made King, began to conceive hopes of favor from him, because he had saved his life when he was called into question, and therefore thought of returning into his own Country. To which he was at last persuaded, having received courteous invitations from Herod, who strove to get the poor old man into his clutches; and when he came, Herod received him with all honor and respect, and gave him the upper hand in all Assemblies, and calling him Father, lulled him on lest he should suspect any treachery.

Then he preferred to the High-Priesthood an old friend of his one Ananelus, sending for him from Babylon, a man of obscure parentage, derived from those Jews that were carried away beyond Euphrates, but of the race of the Priests, passing by Aristobulus the Grandson of Aristobulus the King, and Brother to his own wife Mariamne.

Alexandra the Mother of Mariamne being exceedingly enraged at this, and Mariamne continually following him with entreaties that he would restore the High Priesthood to her Brother (to whom of right it belonged) whither moved by these things, or that Antony desiring to see the youth Aristobulus for the same of his beauty, he feared the Romans might advance him, or however it was, to stay him at home, he gave him the Priesthood (putting out Ananelus) and excused his not sending him to Antony by the inclination of the Jews to rebellion. Perceiving him therefore to be in extraordinary favor with the Jews, and that Alexandra plotted the escape of herself and her Son into Egypt (where she expected aid and assistance from Cleopatra) Herod caused him to be duckt to death as he was bathing himself, in the eighteenth year of his age; and then feigning to be very sorrowful for his death, he buried him with a most magnificent funeral, and then made Ananelus High Priest again.

Alexandra certifies Cleopatra by Letters of this horrid treachery of Herod, who exceedingly pitying her misfortune, urged Antony exceedingly to revenge the young man's death. Antony when he came into Laodicea, sent for Herod to come to him to answer the crime objected against him. He therefore leaving the care of the Kingdom to his Uncle Joseph, gave him private instructions, that if anything otherwise than well should befall him, he should put his wife Mariamne to death, for he so loved her that he would not have any one to enjoy her though after his death. And then going to Antony he quickly appeased him by gifts and presents, and made his peace with him, notwithstanding the endeavors of Cleopatra.

Joseph now governing the Kingdom in Herod 's absence, did often converse with Mariamne, partly upon business, and partly out of civility, and frequently in discourse with her he labored to assure her how passionately Herod loved her, which discourse being laughed at by the Ladies