Gods Free Grace and Mans Free Will

A note.

Pag. 109. l. 19. that some Papists place the efficacy of grace in man's will, it is the sentence of Bellarmine, de grat. & lib. arb. l. 1. c. 12. Grati. vn efficacem constituunt in assensu & cooperatione humana. L. Molina saith, that our will makes grace to be effectual, De lib. arbit. p. 326, 327. and sometime again he saith, will is but a condition and no cause of the efficacy of grace. p. 329. Yet always he granteth, that it lies in man's will whether grace shall be effectual or no. Thus when grace is offered on God's part, will within stands as the Porter to open or shut, or as master Controller to accept or repel the work of God.

Pag. 83. in the margin, read nihil ad non peccandum.

THis whole chapter cōtaines a Sermon that our Savior Christ made to the Jews at Jerusalem. It hath two parts. The first, is a reproof of the Jewish Doctors, namely the Scribes and Pharisees for sundry vices, from the beginning of the chapter to the 36. verse. The second, is an Inuectiue against Jerusalem, in the words which I have now read: Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the Prophets, &c. In the Inuectiue two things are to be considered, the Rebellion of Jerusalem in the 37. verse, and the punishment of this sin, verse 38.

Touching the Rebellion it self three things are set down, the place & p • rsons in the words Jerusalem, Jerusalem: the degree and practice of rebellion, in these words, which killest the Prophets, &c. the manner and form of their rebellion, in these words, How oft would I have gathered you, & ye would not.

According to the order of the holy Ghost, first I will begin with the place. It is a wonder that Jerusalem of all the places in the world, should be charged with the height of rebellion against God. For it was the city of God, and had perogatives above all cities in the world. Saint Paul hath noted seven of them. The first is, that they were Israelites, that is, of the posterity of Jacob: the second is Adoption, in that they were reputed and called the children of God: the third is, that they had the glory of God, that is, the Mercy-seat, the pledge of the presence of God: the fourth is the Couenants, that is, the two tables of the covenant: the fifth is the giving of the law, namely of the Judicial and ceremonial Law: the sixth is, the worship of God, the public solemnity whereof was tied to the Temple at Jerusalem: the seventh, that to them pertained the promises made to the Patriarchs touching the Messias. To these, the prophet Micah addeth the eight privilege, that the first Church of the New Testament, should be gathered in Jerusalem, and that consequently, the preaching of the Gospel should pass thence to all nations. Now, for all these blessings and mercies, Christ our Savior cries out and complains of Jerusalem's rebellion. And this is not the first time of his complaint. In the days of the prophet Isai he saith, that when he had done all that he could do for his vineyard, it brought forth nothing but wild grapes. By the prophet Ezekiel he sets down a long catalogue of his blessings to this people, and withal a catalogue of their unthankfulness. Hence it appears, that where God shows the greatest mercy, there oftentimes is the greatest wickedness and unthankfulness. And this is partly verified in this land, for within the compass of this forty years, we have received great blessings from God both for this life and for the life to come, specially the Gospel with peace and protection: and the like have not been seen in former ages: yet there was never more unthankfulness then now. For now commonly men are weary of the Gospel, and begin to decline from that which they have been: and the care to please God and do his will is accounted but a curious preciseness of many.

Secondly hence it may be gathered, that God doth not tie the infallible assistance of his spirit to any place or condition of men. If ever any city in the world had this privilege it was Jerusalem. But Jerusalem which was the seat and habitation of God, had not this privilege, because it is here cha • ged with rebellion against God. No place therefore nor condition of mē hath it. It is alleged that God hath made a promise to the order of Priesthood: the priests lips shall preserve knowledge, and thou shalt require the law at his mouth. I answer, that these words are not a promise but a commandment. For sometimes words of the future tense are put for words imparatiue. And therefore the sense is this, The Priests lips shall keep, that is, let them keep knowledge. Again it is alleged that we are commanded to hear the Scribes and pharisees; because they sit in Moses chair. I answer, that the Chair of Moses is not a place or seat, but the doctrine of Moses: and to this doctrine, I grant, the spirit of God is annexed, when it is truly taught and believed. Thirdly it is alleged, that God hath promised the spirit of truth to lead men into all truth. I answer, that this promise doth not directly and absolutely concern all believers, or all Ministers, but only the Apostles, to whom it was made: and not to them for all times & in all actions, but only while they were in the Execution of their Apostolical ministry, which stands in the foūding of the church of the new testament, partly by publishing the Gospel, and partly by writing the Scriptures of the New Testament. In a word, no Scripture can be brought to prove that, God hath, doth, or will bind his spirit to any particular place or persons. Here then falls to the ground three popish cōceits. The first, though the members of the Catholic church may severally err: yet they cannot err, when they are together in a general Council lawfully assembled: the second, that the Pope cannot err in his consistory: the third, that personal succession is a mark of the catholic Church: which nevertheless may be severed from the spirit of God, as we see.

Where our Savior Christ, useth a repetition, saying, O Jerusalem, Jerusalem; he doth three things therein. First he signifies thereby that he takes it for a wonder, and for a thing incredible that the Jews after so many blessings should be so exceedingly unthankful. Secondly he testifies hereby his own detestation of their unthankfulness. Thirdly by this repetition he doth awake the Jews and stir them up to a serious consideration and loathing of this their sin: and he doth (as it were) proclaim the same unto us. And not without cause: for in unthankfulness there be two grievous sins against God, false witness bearing, and injustice. False witness bearing: because the unthankful person denies in his heart God to be the fountain and giver of the good things he hath, and he ascribes them to his own wisdom, goodness, strength, endeavor. Injustice: because he yields not to God the duties, which he owes unto him for his blessings.

The second point to be considered is the degree of the Jewish rebellion. David makes three degrees hereof: the first is to walk in the counsel of the ungodly, the second is to stand in the way of sinners, the third is to sit down in the skorners chair, and this is the very top of desperate rebellion and the sin of Jerusalem. For when Christ saith [which killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee] he notes out three sins in this city. Impenitency, whereby they persevered in their wicked ways without hope of amendment: sacrilegious and profane contempt of God & the means of their salvation: cruelty in shedding of blood. And by cruelty I mean not one or two actions of cruelty, but an habit therein and the custom thereof: for the words are thus to be read, Jerusalem killing the Prophets, and stoning them that are sent to thee: where stoning and killing, signify not one act, but a continuance and multiplication of acts, that is, a custom in shedding of blood.

It may be demanded how the Jews should grow to this height of wickedness. I answer thus. In every actual sin there be four things distinctly to be considered; the fault, which is the offense of God in any action: the guilt or obligation to punishment for the fault: the punishment it self which is death: a blot or spot set in the foul of him that sinneth, and that by the fault or offense: and this blot is nothing else but a proneness to the sin committed, or to any other sin. In the sin of our first parents, besides the fault, guilt, punishment, there followed a blot or deformity in the soul, which was the loss of God's image and the disposition of their hearts to all manner of evils. Since the fall of Adam, he that commits an actual offense, besides the fault, guilt, punishment, imprints in his heart a new blot and that is an increase of his natural proneness to sin: even as the dropsi-man the more he drinks the more he may, and by drinking he increaseth his thirst. Thus the Jews by custom in sinning attain to an height in wickedness▪ because every act of offense hath his blot, and the multiplication of acts offensive, is the continual increase of the blot or blemish of the soul till the light of nature be extinguished, and men come to a reprobate sense. This must be a warning to all men to take heed least they commit any offense against God in thought, word, or deed, considering every offense imprints a blot in the soul.

Secondly it may be demanded, how Jerusalem grown to this height of Rebellion, can truly be called the holy City, or the City of the great king. I answer two ways. First, there were many holy men and women in Jury and Jerusalem, that truly served God and waited for the kingdom of Christ, as Joseph, Marie, Zechariah, Elizabeth, Anna, Simeon, Nicodemus, Joseph of Aramathea, and many others. Now a Church is named not of the greater but of the better part: as an heap of corn is so called, though there be more chaff then corn. Secondly I answer that a people or Church that have forsaken God, remains still a reputed Church, till God forsake thē, as a wife committing adultery remains still a supposed wife, til her husband give her the bill of diuocemēt. Jerusalem indeed had forsaken God, but God had not forsaken Jerusalem. For there he preserved still the temple, and his worship: yea, when Jerusalem had condemned and crucified Christ, S. Peter inspired by the holy Ghost saith still, To you belong the promises, and to your children. And Jerusalem did not utterly cease to be a City or Church of God, till they contradicted & blasphemed the Apostolical ministry: for thē & not before the Apostles withdrew thenselves frō the fellowship of the Jews. Here we see a depth of mercy in God: for though the Jews for their parts had deserved a thousand thousand times to be forsaken, yet God for his part did not forsake them but still pursued thē with mercy. And we are taught hereby not to give any sentence of the persons of evil men. For though they forsake God, yet know we not, whether God have forsaken them or no.

In this example of Jerusalem's Rebellion, we learn many things. First in it we may he hold the vileness of man's nature, and our violent proneness to sin. For the Jews went about to abolish and quench as much as they could the doctrine of salvation; yea to quench it with blood, and which is more with the blood of the prophets: and this shows that man drinks iniquity, as the fish drinks in water.

Secondly in Jerusalem we may behold the desperate condition of the Church of Rome at this day. For it follows in Rebellion, nay it goes beyond Jerusalem. If any man will indifferently consider, it will appear that by the whore of Babylon is meant the present church of Rome: & this whore is said to be drunk with the blood of the Saints. The locusts out of the bottomless pit go to the kings of the earth to stir thē up to war against the Church of God. And these locusts are in all likelihood, swarms of monks, fryers, & Jesuits of the church of Rome. And we have found it by long and much experience, that they of the Roman Church have long thirsted for the blood of prince and people in this land.

Thirdly we are here taught to exercise our selves in the duties of meekness, goodness, peace to all men. The prophet Isai saith that men in the kingdom of Christ, shall not apply their swords and spears to the hurt of any, as the Jews here do, but shall turn them to instruments of husbandry, as mattocks and sithes. Whereby is signified that men truly regenerate shall lay aside all purpose and mind of doing any hurt, and shall give themselves to do the good they can. Again he saith that the wolf and the lamb shall dwell together: and that there shall be no hurt in all the holy mount of God. The devil by the sin of our first parents, of men made us beasts, lions, wolves, tygers, bears, cockatrices: and Christ again of beasts hath made us his lambs and sheep in respect of meekness and patience.

Fourthly we are here taught not to oppose our selves against the Ministers of God, but without pride and fierceness to yield subjection and obedience to their Ministry. Isai foretells that in the Church of the New Testament a little child, that is, Ministers otherwise weak and silly men, shall by their doctrine rule and guide wolves, leopards, lions, that is, fierce and cruel men by nature. My people (saith the Lord) shall come willingly in the day of assembly: and the sheep of Christ hear his voice and follow him. The Jews arraign and judge the prophets that are sent unto them: but we must suffer them in their ministry to arraign and judge us, that we be not judged of the Lord. Again, the Jews kill their teachers: but we must permit our teachers after a sort to kill us: for their ministry must be as it were a sacrificing knife to kill the old man in us, that we may be an acceptable offering unto God.

Lastly Ministers of the word, must learn hence not to be troubled, if they be hated and persecuted of men. For this befell the holy prophets of God and that in the city of Jerusalem.

The third point is the manner or form of their Rebellion. In it I consider four things. [ 1] The will of God against which the Jews rebel, I would: [ 2] the will of the Jews rebelling, ye would not: [ 3] the concord of both, I would, ye would not: [ 4] the manner of God's will, He wills their salvation in love, I would have gathered you as an hen gathereth her chickens: in patience, How oft would I? Before I come to handle these points in particular, I will set down a general preamble touching the nature of will.

Will is a power of willing, nilling, choosing, refusing, suspending, which depends on reason. By power I mean an ability or created faculty: and it is so properly in men and Angels: but in God only by analogy or proportion. Because his will is his essence or godhead indeed. Secondly, I say it is a power of willing, &c. because to will, nill, choose, refuse, suspend, that is, neither to will nor to nill, are the proper effects of will whereby it is known and discerned. Lastly, I say it depends on reason, because it is incident only to natures reasonable; as God, Angels, men: and because, though it go against good reason, yet it is not without reason altogether. When a man knows & approves that which is good, and yet doth the contrary: it is because it seems good to him to do the contrary. And in every act of will there are two things, Reason to guide, and Election to assent or dissent.

Will hath his property, and that is the Liberty of the will, which is a freedom from compulsion, or constraint, but not from all necessity. From compulsion; because compulsion and will be contrary, and where compulsion takes place there will gives place, and will constrained is no will. Nevertheless will and necessity may stand together. God wills many things of absolute necessity, as the eternal generation of the Son, the proceeding of the Holy ghost, the doing of justice and such like: and he wills them with most perfect liberty of will. The good angels will their own hapines and the doing of justice, and that of necessity; for they cannot will to sin or to be in misery: and all this they will most freely. Nay the necessity of not sinning is the glory and ornament of will: for he that doth good so as he cannot sin, is more at liberty in doing good, then he that can do either good or evil. When the creature is in that estate that it willingly serves God & cannot but serve God, then is our perfect liberty. Again, the liberty of will since the fall of man is joined with a necessity of sinning, because it stands in bondage under sin; in this respect it is fitly termed of Augustine, the bondfree will. Wherefore we may not imagine in the will a Liberty which is a freedom from all necessity. That this may the better appear, let us consider the kinds of necessity. There is a simple or absolute necessity, when a thing cannot possibly be otherwise: thus we say there is a God, and he is righteous, &c. This necessity stands not with the will of the creature; yet doth it stand with God's will, in whom an absolute necessity of holiness and goodness is joined with absolute freedom of will. Again there is a necessity by violence or compulsion, and this abolisheth freedom and consent of will. Thirdly there is a necessity of infallibility, or of consequence, when something follows necessarily upon a supposed antecedent, as namely upon the determination and decree of God. This necessity and freedō of will may both stand together. For to the doing of a voluntary action it is sufficient, that it proceed of judgment & have his beginning from within the will, though otherwise in respect of God's will it be of unchangeable necessity. The certainty of God's decree doth not abolish the consent of man's will, but rather order it and mildly incline or draw it forth. And the thing that is directly contrary to freedom of will is compulsion: because it abolisheth consent.

The liberty of will stands in a double power. The first is, when it wills anything, of it own self to be apt and able to nill the same; and so on the contrary: and it is called in schools the liberty of contradiction: the second is, when it wills anything to be able to will another thing or the contrary. As for example: when God willed the creation of the world, he could have nilled the same: and when he willed the creation of one world, he could have willed the creatiō of mo worlds. And this latter is called the liberty of contrariety.

Will by this liberty is distinguished frō the inclinations of natural Agents, which always show themselves in the same manner. Put matter to the fire, it burns always & it cannot but burn. Cast up a stone into the air, it falls down always and cannot but fall down. Secondly will by this liberty is distinguished from the appetite of beasts: for it follows sense, and in choosing or refusing keeps always one order. The sheep flies the wolf: and all sheep do so at all times and in all places. Bees gather honey, and they do so always and in all places, and they can do no otherwise. When the beast in the field, chooseth one herb, and refuseth another, there is a show of liberty, yet no true liberty. For that which it choseth or refuseth once, it choseth or refuseth always in the same manner.

Thus much of the general nature of will: now I come to the points in hand. The first is touching the will of Christ, I would. According to the two natures of Christ: so be there two wills in him, the will of his godhead and the will of his manhood. Some think that these words are meant of the will of his manhood. For they suppose him here to speak as the minister of circumcision, and consequently as a man. This I think is a truth, but not all the truth. Because the thing which he willeth namely the gathering of the Jews by the ministry of the Prophets, was begun and practiced long before his incarnation. Wherefore (as I take it) here his divine will is meant or the will of his godhead, which is also the will of the Father, and the Holy Ghost.

This will is one and the same as God is one: yet may it be distinguished on this manner. It is either the will of his good pleasure, or, his signifying will. The truth of this distinction, we may see in earthly Princes, who bear the image of God. A king determines within himself according to his pleasure what shall be done in his kingdom, and what not: this is his will. Again he signifies some part of his secret pleasure to his subjects, as occasion shall be offered: and this is also his will. Even so the pleasure of God within himself, and •• e significations thereof to his creatures either in whole or in part, are bis will.

The first is mentioned, Ephes. 1.5. where Paul saith the Ephesians were predestinate according to the good pleasure of his will. That it may be rightly conceived of us, I will set down 4. things. The first is, that this will is God's purpose or decree according to counsel. For in it these two concur, his counsel and his decree. His counsel sees all things and all the causes of them: His decree determines what shall be done and what undone: and he determines according to his own eternal counsel. Yet is not counsel a rule to his will. For there is nothing higher then his will, and his counsel also is according to his will which is goodness it self. And therefore by Paul, Counsel is called, the Counsel of his will.

Secondly in God's will there is a Soueraigntie, that is an absolute power, whereby he is Lord of all the actions that he willeth, willing of himself without dependence from any, without impediment or controlment, what he will, when he will, and how he will. Thus much is signified in the parable, May I not do with mine own as I will: and by Paul alleging Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy; teaching also that we are at God's pleasure, as clay at the pleasure of the potter. This must teach us when we think or speak of God's works & judgments, to think and speak in modesty and sobriety, with admiration, reverence, not dating to search into the reason of them, or think hardly of them, when they sound not with our reason, contenting our selves with this that we know God to have a Soueraigntie in his will, to will at his pleasure, and his will to be good.

The third point is, that the will of God is the beginning or first cause of all things without exception, and of all their motions and actions. And it is a beginning two ways. First in regard of the existence or being of things: Secondly in regard of their goodness. That all things in particular have their Being from the will of God as from the first efficient cause, I show it thus. God is of that power, that nothing cā come to pass which he nilleth, or which is utterly against his will. Therefore whatsoever comes to pass, comes to pass because he wills it either simply or in some part. A wise governor of a family or of an army, having all things in his own power, suffers nothing to be done without his will, and he desires in the very smallest matters to have a stroke; and nothing hinders this desire but his own weakness, which is not incident to the majesty of God. God by an unchangeable presciēce foresees all things that shall come to pass: and therefore by an unchangeable will he willeth the being of them. For God's foreknowledge depends on his will. Not because God foresees things to come, therefore they come to pass: but because according to God's will they are to come to pass, therefore he foresees them. Indeed there is in God a knowledge of things that possibly may be, though they never be: and this knowledge goes before God's decree. Yet the divine knowledge of things that certainly shall be, follows the will and determination of God. To proceed further: In that God wills the being of all things, he makes them to be. For his will is operative, not severed from his power but distinguished: and his willing of anything is his doing of it: and therefore it pleaseth the Holy ghost to signify the will of God by an operative word or commandment: In the beginning God said, let there be this and that, and it was so: now this commanding word was his will. Again, Man lives by every word of God, that is, by anything that God in his pleasure wills to be our food. Things in respect of being must have dependence on the will of God, or on themselves, or on some other thing. If they depend on themselves for their being, they are God's: if they depend on any other thing without and beside God, that thing is god also. It remains therefore that all things and acts in the world considered as Acts, have their being by a dependence on God as on the highest cause, or the cause of causes. This doctrine must be remembered. For it is the foundation of true patience: when we consider, whatsoever comes to pass befalls us according to the will of God. Upon this ground Job arms himself to patience, and David saith, I held my tongue & said nothing: because thou Lord diddest it. Secondly this doctrine is the means of all true comfort, whē we consider that all our afflictions are from the good pleasure of God. Thus did the primitive church comfort it self, when it considered, that the Jews, Herod, Pontius Pilate, & the rest, did nothing against Christ, but that which the counsel of God had determined before to be done And it must be out comfort, that we are predestinate to be made conformable to the image of Christ in afflictions.

Furthermore the will of God is the beginning of the goodness of things. For a thing is not first good and then willed by God: but it is first willed by God, and thus it becomes good. This is a manifest truth, I will not stand vpō it. It may here be demanded, whence the evil in the creature, namely sin, hath his beginning. I answer: It comes of the will of the declining creature, and not from the will of God. Yet is it not without the will of God. For though he will not sin properly, because he hates it: yet doth he will the being of it in the world. For in respect of the counsel of God, it is good that evil should be. And God wills the being of sin, not because it is his will to effect, produce, or give a being to it, but because his will is to forsake his creature, and not to hinder the being of evil when he may: and thus evil not hindered comes to pass. And whereas God foresaw it in his eternal counsel, and yet willed not to hinder it when he might, in effect he willed the being of it in the world; though simply he wills it not.

The last point is, that this will of God's good pleasure being hid̄ from us, is not the rule of our actions and of our faith. Moses saith, Secret things belong to the Lord our God, and things revealed to us and to our children. Hence it follows, that we do and may (with a submission) in our wills dissent from this will of God before it is known to us, without sin. Paul would by virtue of his Apostolical commission have preached in Asia and Bythinia, and God would not, because it is said the spirit withstood him. Yet did not Paul sin herein. One good thing may differ from another: and that which the creature sometime willeth without offense, God willeth otherwise by his most righteous pleasure. Samuel prays for Saul otherwise then the secret pleasure of God was; but when the decree of God was revealed to him, he then stayed his praying. Here sundry men are to be reproved that reason thus. If it be the will of God that I shall be saved, it shall so be, howsoever I live: therefore I will live as I list. They make the secret will of God the rule of their lives, which should not be: because the revealed will of God is the Law, or the only Rule of things to be done and believed.

Thus we see what the will of God's pleasure is. Now this will is not meant in this text, How oft would I. For the pleasure of god cannot be withstood or resisted. Isaiah. 46.10. My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure. But the will here mentioned, may be resisted, and withstood, I would, ye would not.

The signifying will of God is, when he revealeth some part and portion of his pleasure, so far forth as it serves for the good of his creature, and for the manifestation of his justice or mercy. This signifying will is not indeed the will of God properly, as the will of his good pleasure is, for it is the effect thereof: yet may it truly be so termed. For as the effects of anger without the passion, are called anger in God: so the sign and signification of his will, may be termed will.

This will is propounded sometimes more plainly, sometimes more darkly. It is propounded more plainly three ways, by his word, by his permission, by his operation.

His word is his will, for so Paul saith, Prooue what is the good will of God And it is not his decree or pleasure, but his signifying will: because it serves to declare and manifest what is pleasing and acceptable to God, what is our duty, and what he requires of us, if we desire to come to life eternal. For this cause, both the Law and the Gospel and all the commandments, prohibitions, promises and threatenings thereof, are the signifying will of God. For commandments signify what we are to do: prohibitions what we are to leave undone: promises, what good he will do unto us: threatenings, what punishments are due to sin. Furthermore by reasō of the word, the Ministry and dispensation thereof is the signifying will of God. For by it God signifies his pleasure touching the salvation of men.

Divine permission is likewise the signifying will of God. For by it he signifies, that he will not hinder the being of the thing permitted; and consequently that the thing permitted shall come to pass.

Thirdly every Operation or work of God, signifies what God will have done, and what must come to pass. For when a thing is done, we know thereby what is and was the pleasure of God, considering nothing comes to pass without his will.

When the signifying will is more darkly propounded, it is because some things appertaining to the said will, are concealed. And by reason of this concealment, sometime there seems to be a contrariety between the signifying will and the will of his good pleasure: but indeed there is none. And the end, why God doth so darkly signify and propound his pleasure, is not to hurt or deceive, but to procure the good of his creature. Examples of this kind, there be in Scripture three sorts. First of all, God sometimes propounds a commandment to men and conceals the end of the commandment. For the ends of divine precepts are three: one is Obedience, when God will have the thing commanded, to be don precisely as it is commanded: the other is Trial, when he wills not the thing commanded to be done absolutely, but only wills to make trial of the loialtie of his creature: the third is conviction, when by commanding God intends to convince his creature of disobedience. Thus parents sometime give precepts to their children, that must be done: and sometime again they give a commandment, the doing whereof they intend not, but only intend thereby to make experience of the affection and duty of their children. And sometime one man commands another only in way of conviction: as when the creditor saith to the bankrupt, Pay thy debt: which he never looks for, and which peradventure he minds to forgive. Divine precepts therefore be of three sorts, precepts of obedience, as the commandment of the moral law, precepts of trial, and precepts of conviction. Now when the signifying will of God is propounded in a precept, & the ende of the precept is concealed, the pleasure of God is darkly signified. God gives a commandment to Abraham, Offer thine only son Isaac. The end was only to try Abraham, & this end was concealed, til Abrahā was in doing the fact, for then the angel of the Lord stayed him & said, Now I see Abraham fears God. And the very commaudement, Offer Isaac, seems to be flat contrary to the will of God's pleasure or decree: for, as it appears by the event, Isaac was not to be slain: and therefore the not slaying of Isaac was decreed of God. Now then, it may be said, why should God command anything contrary to his decree? I answer, there is an apparent cōtrariety, by reason the end of the commandment was concealed: but indeed there is none. For as it was the decree of God that Isaac should not be offered: so also was it his decree, that Abraham should be tried in the offering of Isaac. And with this decree doth this commandment accord. For it is a commandment not so much of absolute obedience as of trial, and therefore it is a fit and convenient means to accomplish the decree of God. The Lord by the hand of Moses gives a commandment to Pharaoh, Let the people go: and yet the secret pleasure & purpose of God was, that he should not let them go. Here is contrariety in show, but indeed none. For it was also the decree of god, to convince Pharaoh of rebellion and hardness of heart: and to this end serves this commandment: because properly according to God's intention it was a commandment of cōuiction: though Pharaoh for his part was to accept of it as of a commandment to be obeyed and accomplished.

By this doctrine the public ministry of the word receives a just defense. Some are of opiniō, it is a means to delude the world: because in it a commandment is given to all without exception to repent and believe, and yet grace to repent and believe is not. But they are deceived. For the commandment, Repent, and believe, though in the intent of the minister it have only one end, namely the salvation of all, yet in the intention and counsel of God, it hath diverse ends. In them which be ordained to life eternal, it is a precept of obedience: because God will enable them to do that which he commandeth: in the rest it is a commandment of trial or conviction, that to unbelievers their sin might be discovered and all excuse cut off. Thus when the precept is given to believe and not the grace of faith, God doth not delude, but reprove and convince men of unbelief and that in his justice.

The second example of the signifying will of God darkly propounded is, when God propoundes his promises concealing the exception or condition thereof. Gen. 1.28. Ye shall rule over the fowls of the air, the fishes of the sea, & the beasts of the earth. And of Jerusalem the Lord saith, Psal. 132.14. This is my rest for evermore. These promises take no place now: and yet there is no contrariety in God's will, because the said promises must be understood with their exception; unless ye fall from me and provoke mine anger by your sins.

The third example is, when God propoundes his threats concealing the conditions and exceptions thereof. Iud. 10.13. I will, saith the Lord, deliver you no more. And it was his pleasure afterward to deliver them again and again. Exod. 32.10. Let me alone, that my wrath may wax hot: for I will consume them: and he spared them at the prayer of Moses. Ion. 3.4. Yet forty days and Nineveh shall be destroyed. For all this Nineveh was spared and not destroyed. We may not here so much as dream of any change or untruth in God. For all threatenings denounced, must be understood with this clause, Except ye repent and turn unto me. And this exception God conceals, that he may the better terrify the consciences of men and so prepare them to true repentance. Isaiah. 38.1. the Lord saith by the Prophet to Hezekiah, S • t thine house in order, for thou shalt die and not live: and yet he lived fifteen years after. Here God conceals his own pleasure of lengthening the days of Hezekiah, and signifies, what shall betide him in respect of nature & the helps thereof. In all these examples we may not surmise any fraud or double dealing in God. For he doth not speak one thing and mind another, after the fashion of hypocrites: but he conceals part of his will and reueals part: and this he doth not for the hurt of any after the manner of deceivers, but for the good of men.

Thus much of the signifying will of God: now I come to the text in hand. The words, I would have gathered you, are not to be understood of the decree of God, but of this signifying will and namely of the ministry of the word. For when God sent his word to Jerusalem by his Prophets, he thereby signified that it was his pleasure and will to gather and convert them. And he is said to will the conversion of the Jews in and by his word two ways. First because he approved it as a good thing in it self, being agreeable to his goodness and mercy. Secondly because he commanded and required it of them as a duty of theirs, and as a thing necessary to salvation. Some may happily say, it is a point of hard dealing, for God to command the Jews to do that which they cannot do, and to complain because they are not gathered: and that a master might as well command his servant to carry a mountain on his back, and complain because it is not done. I answer thus: If a master could give to his servant power and ability to carry a mountain, he might then command him to do it: and if he should by his own default loose this ability, the said master might still command him and complain, if he did not the thing commanded. And this is the case with God. For he gave all men grace in our first parents to obey any of his commandments: this grace in them we have cast away, & do not of our selves so much as desire it of God: and God for his part is not bound to give us this grace again. He therefore may justly command us to turn unto him, though we now be unable to turn.

If we compare this text with Isa. 6.10. they may seem to be contrary. For here Christ saith, I would have gathered you: there he saith, Harden them that they be not gathered and converted. God therefore seems to will and not to will one and the same thing. Answ. There is but one will in God: yet doth it not equally will all things, but in diverse respects it doth will and nill the same thing. He wills the conversion of Jerusalem, in that he approves it as a good thing in it self: in that he commands it, and exhorts men to it: in that he gives them all outward means of their conversion. He wills it not, in that he did not decree effectually to work their conversion. For God doth approve, and he may require many things, which nevertheless for just causes known to himself, he will not do. The confirmation of the Angels that fell, God approved as a thing good in it self, yet did not he will to confirm them. A judge in compassion approves and wills the life of a malefactor: and yet withal he wills the execution of justice in his death. Even so God sometime wills that in his signifying will, which he wills not in the will of his good pleasure.

By this which hath been said, we learn, that where God erects the ministry of his word, he signifies thereby that his pleasure is to gather men to salvation. In this regard the prophet Isaiah saith, that the preaching of the gospel, is a banner displayed, that all nations may come unto it. All this is verified in this our English nation. For more then forty years hath God displayed this banner unto us, and more then forty years hath he signified in the ministry of his word, that his will is to give mercy & salvation unto us. First therefore we owe unto God all thankfulness & praise for this endless mercy. Secondly we are to reverence the ministry of the word, in as much as God signifies his good will unto us thereby, & we are in all obedience to subject our selves to it: and for this cause we must suffer our selves to be converted and gathered by it. Subjects use to reverence the letter of their Prince, how much more then must we reverence the letter of the living God sent unto us, that is, the ministry of the word, & conform our selves to it. thirdly, hence we may learn to forsee our miserable condition in this land. For though God for his part have long signified his will unto us touching our everlasting good, yet there is nothing to be found in the most of us, but a neglect or contempt of the gospel: and in most places men are weary of it as the Israelites were of Manna. What weary of the goodness of God, that offers and proclaims mercy unto us? Yea, verily. And the more weary we are of this, the more weary are we of our own happiness, and consequently hasten to our own perdition.

Secondly it is to be observed, that the rebellion of Jerusalem is against the signifying will of Christ, whē he saith, I would, ye would not. And hence it follows, that the signifying will of God is the rule of our obedience and not the unrevealed will. And threfore so oft as God signifies unto us his will and pleasure, we must yield our selves in obedience to it. Now God signifies his will three ways (as I have said) by his commandments and prohibitions, by his permission and by his operatiō. Therefore when be commands, we must obey: when he forbids, we must also obey. When he permits any evil, we must be content. Lastly when God doth anything & brings it to pass, he signifies his pleasure, and we must obey. We are bidden to say, Thy will be done: and this is not only the will revealed in his word but also his will revealed by any event. For when anything comes to pass, it comes to pass because it was the will of God. Furthermore this signifying will must be the stay and ground of our patience and comfort. For when a thing is come to pass, the will of God is past upon it & he hath signified his pleasure: As for example, when a man is slain, the will of God is past upon his life, and he hath revealed his pleasure touching his death. Upon this consideration in all events, are we to stay our minds.

Thirdly it appears hence, what mind must be in the Ministers & teachers of the word. They must put away all blind respects of profit and praise, and simply with honest hearts apply themselves and their Ministry to this end, that they may gather a people to God. For that which is the mind of the master in any business, the same must also be the mind of the servant: the mind of the master is here set down, How oft would I have gathered you.

Thus much of the will of God: now let us come to the second point, to consider what is the will of man. That this may appear, two things must be handled, the Nature of man's will, & the strength thereof. Of the nature of will, I spake something before generally, there is yet somewhat more to be added. The nature of man's will, may be gathered by the practice thereof. The practice of will stands in five things. The first is the action of the mind, nam • lie a Cōsideration of the thing to be done, and the ende thereof: the second is Deliberation of the diverse means, whereby the foresaid thing may be done: the third is, after deliberation a Determination what shall be done. The fourth action is proper to the will, and that is Election, whereby the will upon determination of the mind, chooseth or refuseth, that is, willeth what shall be done, what not. The fifth is, that the will in all her Elections keeps and maintains her liberty. Because when it wills or nills anything, it moves it self freely of it self to will or to nill, without any external compulsion: & when it wills anything, it so wills, as still retaining a natural aptness to nill the same: and when it wills any one particular thing, it remains still apt not to will it, but to will another thing or the contrary.

Again the will of man must be distinguished from the power of man, whereby he doth anything. Will and power in God are only distinguished in our conceiving, being indeed one and the same thing, namely the essence of God. And therefore, what God can will, he can do: what he willeth he doth: and his willing of anything is his doing of it. It is not so in man, who can will that which he cannot do: as Paul saith, To will is present with me, but I cannot do that which I would. Will therefore is one thing, and power to do the thing willed, another.

The second thing to be handled, is the strength of will, that is, what will can do, what not; and how far it extends it self. That this may appear, Will must be considered according to the four estates of man, the estate of innocence before the fall, the estate of corruption after the fall, the estate of regeneration after conversion, and the estate of glory after this life.

In the estate of Innocence, the will of man is a power of willing either good or evil. For God gave Adam a commandment, in which he forbad him to eat of the tree of knowledge of good & evil. Adam therefore could either keep or break this commandment. This reason holds not in us since the fall, yet doth it hold in Adam. Because with the commandment he received the power to obey: and that he could not obey, it appeared by the event; because he did not obey. Ecclesiastes saith, God made man righteous: there is the power to will that which is good: & they found out many inventions: there is also a power to will that which is evil. Moses saith to the Israelites, I set before you this day, life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that thou and thy seed may live. These words are a sentence of the law, telling what we ought to do, and not what we can now do, but what we could do by the gift of creation before the fall. Here a difference of powers must be made: the power to will that which is good, was a gift put into Adams heart by God: and the power to will that which is evil, was in him before his fall not a gift but only a Possibilitie to will evil, if he should cease to do his duty. And thus had he power to will both good and evil.

In Adams will there were two things, Liberty and Mutabilitie. Liberty was twofold. The first is a liberty simply to will, or to nill, or to suspend. And this is liberty of nature: because it is founded in the nature of will, from which it cannot possibly be severed; and therefore it still remains in the damned spirits: because where this liberty is wanting, there is no will.

The second liberty is a liberty of grace, which is a power to will or nill well, or to will that which is good, and to nill that which is evil. This liberty is founded not in the nature but in the goodness of the will. By goodness I mean the holiness of the will, which is the image of God. And here we must take heed of the opinion of some, who think that Adam was created and placed in such a condition, in which he was neither righteous not unrighteous, but in a mean between both. But this is directly contrary to the Apostle who saith, that mā was created in righteousness & holiness. And by this means in the first instant of Adams creation, he wanted liberty of grace. Again by reason of this second liberty, Adam had a further liberty from sin and a liberty from misery.

The changeablenes of Adams will appears in this, that though it was created in goodness, yet was it made changeably good. For such was the goodness and inclination of his will to obey God, as might be altered and changed by force of temptation. The cause of this mutability must be considered, & it is this. That a creature righteous by creation may remain eternal and constantly righteous, two favors or helps of God are required: the first is a Power to persevere in goodness. Without this power the creature of itself ceaseth to be good. The second is an Act or deed, and that is the will to persevere, or perseverance it self. This also is required with the former, for God gives not only the power but also the will and the deed. And the creature doth not the good which it can do, unless God cause it to do the said good, as he caused it to be able to do good. Both these helps the good angels have, and therefore they stand. And as for Adam, he received of God the first help and not the second. For beside the goodness of his will he received of God a power constantly to persevere in goodness if he would: yet the act of perseverance was left to the choice and liberty of his own will. We may behold the like in nature. God creates the eye and puts into it the faculty of seeing, and withal he adds to the eye necessary help by the light of the sun: as for the act of seeing, it is left to man's liberty: for he may see if he will; and again if he will, he may shut his eyes. The phycisian by art procures an appetite; this done, in the next place he provides convenient food: yet the act of eating is in the pleasure of the patiēt. For he may eat if he will, & if he will not he may abstain. And thus God gave Adā the power to persevere in righteousness, but the will he left to himself.

It may be said, if Adam received power to do good if he would, and not the will to will that he could, he then received not sufficient grace. I answer: he received sufficient for the perfection of his nature, for the full obedience of the will of God, and for the attainment of everlasting happiness, if he would not be wanting to himself: but he received not sufficient grace for the causing of the immutability of his nature: neither was it of necessity to be given to a creature. A goldsmith intends to make a jewel of greatest value & price: he compounds it of gold, pearl & precious stones: whē he hath brought it to perfection, he doth not put this condition to it, that if it fall it shall not be bruised or broken. And God created Adam in all perfection, and gave him a power and ability to continue in the said perfection if he would: yet did not he put unto his nature this condition, that it should be unchangeable and unalterable, when it should be assailed by the force of outward temptation.

The use of the former doctrine. In Adams example, we see the weakness of the excellentest creature in it self without the grace of God. For Adam having power to persevere, could not for all this, act or put in execution the said power without the further help of God. He could fall of himself, he could not stand or rise again: he could not avoid the least evil, but as he was helped by God. We therefore being sinful wretches, much more are to acknowledge our infirmity, and to ascribe all we do or can do that is good to the grace of God. Thus have the godly always done. The Jews in their repentance say, Conuert thou me, and I will convert. The spouse of Christ saith, Draw us and we will run after thee. David saith, Incline my heart to thy commandments, turn mine eyes from the beholding of vanity, and quicken me in thy precepts. Augustine said, Give that which thou commandest, and command what thou wilt. We are to God as the sick man to his keeper, who saith, Take me up and I will rise: hold me and I will stand. In regard of this our frailty, it is the best for us to deny our selves, and by faith to depend on the providence and mercy of God.

Again such as believe in Christ have great cause to be thankfull to God. For they have the beginnings of further grace then ever Adam received. He received only the power to persevere in his happy estate, if he himself would: but they that believe beside the power of perseverance, receive the will and the deed. Paul saith, work your salvation with fear and trembling: and then he adds, It is God that works in us the will and the deed, whereby we run the race to eternal life.

In the estate of corruption, two things are to be considered of man's will, the first what it can do, and how near it comes to the doing of a good work. The second, what it cannot do. For the declaration of the first, two things must br considered in corrupt will, a liberty and a possibility. The liberty is a certain freedom to will or nill, or to suspend. For this liberty is remaining since the fall of Adam, and is natural to the will, from which it cannot possibly be severed. This liberty is large and showeth it self in three kind of actions, natural, human, ecclesiastical. Natural actions are such as are common to men and beasts, as to eat, drink, sleep, smell, hear, taste, move▪ common experience declares a freedom of will in all these actions.

Human actions are such as are common to all men: and I may fitly reduce them to three heads. The first is, the study and practice of arts, trades, occupations and professions of all kinds. And that man hath freedom of will in all these, experience testifieth. The second is, the government of societies, namely of families and common-welths. The Lord said to Cain of Abel, his appetite shall be subject to thee, that is, in freedom of thy will thou shalt rule over him, and his will shall be subject to thine. Peter said to Ananias, that, the giving or the not giving of his lands was before he gave them, in his own liberty. And Paul saith, that the father hath the power of his own will, to give or not to give his child in marriage, as he shall see occasion. The third is the practice of civil virtue, justice, temperance, liberality, chastity. To this purpose Paul saith, that the Gentiles do the thing contained in the law, and that by nature. For outwardly to be chaste, just, bountiful and so forth, is in the power of natural and corrupt will. It may be said, that these things are the gift of the Holy ghost. I answer thus: the gifts of the Holy ghost are twofold, gifts of restraint, and gifts of renovation. Gifts of restraint are such as serve only to keep in the corruption of nature and not to mortify or abolish it. And they are common to all men both good & bad, and serve only to maintain outward peace and comely order in the societies of men. Of this kind are civil virtues. Gifts of renovation, are such graces of the Holy ghost, as serve not only to restrain the corruption of the inward man, but also to mortify it in the root and to make a change of our sinful nature. Now virtues of this kind, are only incident to such as are in Christ.

The third kind of actions are Ecclesiastical, namely such as pertain to the outward duties of the worship of god. And there is also a Liberty of will in them. For corrupt and sinful man, hath power and liberty to think of God, and to think many things of him, good in themselves: power to read and search the Scriptures: power to speak and talk of the word of God: power to come to the congregation and hear a sermon, as the Athenians did: power to conceive a zeal (I say not a good zeal, but only a zeal I say) for the maintenance of outward duties of religion. Paul saith, that the obstinate Jews had a zeal of God, and were followers of the justice of the Law; and that himself being a pharisie unconverted, was unreproveable in respect of the Law of God. Thus far can man proceed by the freedom of corrupt will: and the devil by natural strength goes somewhat further. For he is said to believe▪ and he conceives his faith not by illumination of the spirit of God, as man doth; but by the remainders of the light of nature, and by the power which yet remains in his corrupted will. For we may not supppose that since his fall, he is enlightened by the spirit of God in anything.

Thus we see what is the liberty of corrupt will. We must yet further conceive it to be full of weakness and imbecility, which I will express in three rules.

The first: that which the will can will, it cannot do, unless God will. Herupon S. James bids us say, we will do this or that, if God will. And Paul wishing that he might have a prosperous journey to Rome, adds this clause, By the will of God. Herod, Pontius Pilate and the Jews did nothing against Christ but that which the counsel of God had determined before to be done.

The second: That which the will can will, it cannot do without the help of God: for in him we live, move, and have our being. This help is twofold, Preseruation of the will both for power and act, and the Direction thereof, whereby it is ordered and applied to the things it willeth.

The third: Often the will neither willeth nor doth the things it can will and do, because it is hindered. It is hindered sometimes by the mind that misleades the will: sometimes again by the work of Satan. Thus Paul saith, that Satan hindered him from coming to Thessalonica.

The use of this doctrine is twofold. First the liberty of the will is the condemnation of the world. For in civil and Ecclesiastical actions men do not that which they can do: so far be the most from doing that which the Gospel requires, that they do not that which nature can do. Some plead, that if they be ordained to salvation, they shall certainly be saved, otherwise not: and therefore they say they will leave all to God, and live as they list: but this shall be their condemnation, that they have not lived according to civil virtue as they might, they come not to the Church, they search not the Scriptures, they hear not sermons: in a word, they use not the good means of salvation so far as they are able to use them by the strength of nature.

Secondly, the weakness of will in his liberty must teach us to abate our pride, and to humble our selves: because we cannot do anything, no not so much as move hand, foot, or finger without the help of God. Ieroboā, whē he had stretched out his hand to lay hold on the prophet, could not so much as pull it in again. And this consideration must likewise move us to be thankful to God, because the actions we do, we do by him.

The second thing to be considered in the corrupt will, is a Possibilitie of willing that which is good. This possibility is a certain condition of the will, whereby it can will that which is good, after that God hath prevented us with his grace. A stone is not of this nature, neither is the beast, because they are creatures unreasonable, wanting both will and understanding: and therefore no way capable of grace: whereas man in that he hath will and understanding, hath a possibility of doing that which he cannot do. The fathers in this sense say, To be able to have faith is nature, to have faith indeed is grace.

Hitherto I have shown what will can do in the corrupt estate of man: now let us see what it cannot do. And because here the main differences come to be considered, between us and the Church of Rome; I will first lay down a sure ground and then build upon it. The ground is this:

I prove it thus. Liberty of grace is founded in the goodness or integrity of the will: now this goodness of the will is abolished by the fall of Adam: and therefore the liberty it self that is sounded thereon. That the goodness or integrity of the will is lost, I confirm it thus. That which we put on in our conversion, we want by nature: we put on this goodness in our conversion. For in it we put on the new man created according to the Image of God in justice and holiness, as Paul saith. Again if all the motions and inclinations of the heart be evil, and only evil, and continually evil, there is no goodness in the heart: but the first is true. For the Lord saith, that he saw the frame of the thoughts of the heart to be only evil continually. Paul makes three parts of man in the estate of Innocence, the body, the soul, and the spirit, that is, the image of God wrought by the spirit, being the ornament and glory of both the former. Now since the fall, the spirit is turned to flesh: for whatsoever is borne of flesh is flesh (saith Christ,) that is, wholly flesh and only flesh: and the natural disposition of the flesh is to lust against the spirit. What goodness then can be in the will. He that must enter into the kingdom of heaven must first be borne again: now look as it is in the first birth, so is it in the second. In the first, an imperfect man is not made a perfect man, but that which is no man is made a man: even so in the second birth, he that is a sinner & hath nothing in him to please God, is made just and righteous. For regeneration is not in respect of the substance of body or soul, nor in respect of the faculties of the soul, but only in respect of the goodness thereof, which is a conformity to the will of God. And if there be any part or portion thereof yet remaining, there cannot be a new birth, but only a repairing of that which is decayed, with a confirmation and increase of it.

The second reason. There is no power or aptness in the will corrupted to will that which is truly good. Therefore liberty of grace to will well is lost. The minor I prove thus. Ezech. 36.26. A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you, and I will take away the stony heart out of your body, and I will give you an heart of flesh. Here two things are set down distinctly. The first, that the new & fleshy heart is the gift of god, that is, an heart ready and apt to give obedience. The second, that there is in us no aptness or ability to receive this gift of God: because our hearts are stony. God therefore gives the fleshy heart, and the aptness to receive this gift by taking away the stony heart. Christ saith, that none can come unto him, unless the father Draw him. Now if there were in us by nature the least power or aptness to come to Christ, then drawing were needless, (for that argues obstinate rebellion) and it were sufficient to succor, help, and confirm the foresaid power, without anymore ado. Saint Paul saith, that the wisdom of the flesh, that is, the best inclinations and motions of the mind of a natural mā, are not only enemies, but even enmity to God. Now in enmity, there is nothing but hatred and contempt of God. And in the hatred of God, what inclination or aptness can there be to love and obey him? Again Paul saith, The natural man is not capable of the things of God: for they are foolishness to him: neither can be know them, for they are spiritually discerned. In the mind of a natural man there be two things to be considered, the act and the power of knowing & approving that which is truly good. And here Paul gives his sentence of both: of the act, that the mind cannot know the things of God: of the power, that the mind hath no capablenes or aptness to acknowledge or approve them; as a little vessel hath no aptness to receive a great quantity of liquor. Again, we are not apt or sufficient of our selves to think a good thought as of our selves, but our sufficiency is of God. Therefore nature corrupted wants ability so much as to think a good thought: much less to will that which is good. Again Paul tells the Ephesians that they were dead in sins and trespasses. And this death or deadness is not only in respect of the performance of that which is good, but also in regard of power to perform it. For if the least power to do good remain since the fall, man is not dead as yet, but dying or drawing on: because as yet some portion of spiritual life remains. And if this be so: how are we quickened together with Christ: and how is it a wonder, that the dead hear the voice of Christ. Again, Paul saith to the Ephesians that they were once darkness, but now are light in the Lord. Now in darkness there is no aptness at all either to give or to receive light. But how were they made light? without any work or cooperation of theirs: even as in the creation light was taken not from some other precedent beginnings of light, but out of darkness, which conferred nothing at all to the being of light.

The third reason: There is not only an Impotencie to good, but such a forcible proneness and disposition to evil, as that we can do nothing but sin. Jeremiah saith, that the heart of man is wicked above all things, who can know it. Paul saith that the Romans were once servants of sin & free in respect of righteousness: and of himself, that the law was spiritual, he carnal & sold under sin. And of unrepentant sinners he saith, that they are in the snare of the devil according to his will. And this disposition of which I speak, is not to some few sins, but to all sins without exception: because, as every man takes of Adam the whole nature of man, even so he takes the whole corruption of man's nature. And where this huge & horrible mass of corruptiō takes place, there all inclination and power to goodness must needs give place. It may be objected, that if the will be in bondage, under sin, it hath lost his liberty quite. I answer; not so: for both may stand together. The prisoner though he have lost a great part of his liberty, yet hath he not lost all: for within the prison he may (as he will) either sit, stand, lie or walk. And though he which is captive to sin can do nothing but sin, yet may he in sinning use his liberty: and in the diverse kinds of evils intended, show the freedom of his will.

The fourth reason. All the goodness we have and all we can do that is pleasing to God, is wholly in Scripture ascribed to God. He that is the child of God, is born of God: not of blood, that is, not of natural generatiō: not of the will of the flesh, that is, not of the power and inclination of natural will, not of the will of man, that is, the heroical inclination of excellent men. We are the workmāship of God created in Christ to good works. Now the creature confers nothing to his creation, which is wholly from the Creator: because to create is not to make something of something but something of nothing. Christ saith without me ye can do nothing. And the reason is there rendered. Because Christ is the vine, and they which believe are vine branches: which branches, that they may bring forth good fruit, must first be set into Christ, and then draw their sap, that is power to do good, from him.

Patrons of nature against the grace of God, allege four special reasons for liberty of will in moral acts, that is, in things and actions good according to the moral law. The first is this. God hath given sundry commandments to man since his fall, some pertaining to the law, some to the gospel, as commandments to turn unto God, to believe, to repent. And all commandments are given in vain, unless there be freedom of will to do them or not to do them. I answer first, these commandments set not down what we can do, but what we should do: they signify not our ability but our office and duty, whereby we should please God & come to salvation. And if the commandments be impossible, it is not God's fault but ours: for they are not impossible to created but to corrupted nature. Secondly, though we cannot will to do that which God commands; yet are not his commandments idle. For they are the instruments and means of the spirit of God, whereby he effects in us the good he commands.

The second objection. We are bound to give unto God an account of all our doings in the day of judgment, and this were not equal unless we had power to will both good and evil. I answer, It sufficeth to bind us to a reckoning, that once we had liberty in Adam to will either good or evil. And all men since the fall have some measure of liberty of will: the wicked liberty in sin: the righteous liberty in duties of righteousness.

The third objection from testimonies of Scripture. It is alleged that the Samaritan, which lay wounded between Ierico & Ierusalē is a figure of mankind half dead in sin. I answer, that in parables nothing may be gathered that is beside the scope thereof: and the scope of this parable is nothing else, but to show who is our neighbor. Again, we grant that liberty of will is not abolished but wounded. Because, though liberty of grace to will well be lost, yet liberty of nature to will, still remains. Again the words of Christ to the angel of Laodicea, are objected. Behold I stand at the door and knock: if any man open I will come in. Here (say some) to knock is the work of grace, and to open the work of free-will. I answer, that the words, (if any man open) are conditional: and therefore determine nothing of the power of will either to or fro. Again, the words set not down what the angel is able to do, but what his office is and what he can do by grace. Furthermore the place of Deuteronomy is objected. The word which I command thee, is near thee that thou mayst do it. But in these words Moses sets down, what the Israelites can do by the grace of a Mediator, who fulfilling the law for us, and giving grace to obey the same; makes the commandments of the law (which otherwise are impossible) to be easy. Thus Paul hath expounded this text Rom. 10.8. where he signifies, that sentences of the law must not legally but euangelically be understood of them that are in Christ, and fulfil the law by him.

The fourth objection. When man is converted, he is not converted against his will: for then God should deal with a man after the manner of a stone or a beast. Therefore he which is converted is converted with the consent of his own will. Answer. This consent is not of our selves but of God. For as the conversion is of God, so is the will to be converted. Of this point, more afterward.

Upon the ground formerly delivered, sundry questions of great moment are resolved. The first is, whether a natural man or an infidel, can by the freedom of his will, without faith and without the help of God, do any work morally good, that is, a work in which there is no sin. They of the Church of Rome for many hundred years have answered, yea: for they confidently teach, that a man pressed with no temptation, may without faith, by the special help of God, and without it, by his own strength so do that which is morally good, that no sin at all be committed therein. We answer, no: and that upon sufficient warrant. For such as the beginning of an action is, such is the action it self. Now the mind and will of man are the beginnings of all their actions: and in them there is no ability to think or to will that which is truly good, but a continual disposition to the contrary. All actions therefore proceeding thence are only and continually evil. Upon this ground Paul saith, that to the unclean, the use of all things is unclean: and Christ saith, that an evil tree cannot bring forth good fruit. And, Whatsoever is not of faith, without exception is sin. To this doctrine always subscribed the Orthodox and ancient Church. The Arausican Council saith, It is from the gift of God, that we keep our feet from injustice: and, that man doth no good things, which God enables him not to do. Cyprian saith Al we can do is God's. Jerome saith, Without Christ every virtue is but as a vice. Gregory, If faith be not first wrought in our heart, other things cannot be good, though they seem to be so. Augustine saith expressly, that all the works of unbelievers are sins: because whatsoever is not of faith, is sin. And he saith thus of Pelagius the heretic: Sometimes he poised the power of the will with such equal weights in even balance, that he might determine how it auailed somewhat to cause us not to sin: which if it be so, there is no place reserved for the help of grace, without which, we say free will hath no force at all in causing us not to sin. In this speech there are two things worthy observation. One, that (in Augustine's judgment) freewill of it self hath no force at all to cause man not to sin. Of the same mind is the master of the Sentences, who saith, that man before he be repaired by grace cannot but sin; though the School afterward for the most part dissent from him. The second, that it was the heresy of Pelagius to teach, that freewill SOMEWHAT AVAILETH to cause us not to sin. With this iumps the determination of the Council of Trent, when it saith, Let him be accursed that saith all works done any way before justification, are sins indeed. For thus it insinuates closely, that will, before the grace of justification partly helped, and partly of it self, can do that which is good, at the least morally, as they speak. And this is the resolute sentence almost of all Papists. I doubt not therefore to avouch, that the present religion of the Church of Rome reuiues in part the heresy of Pelagius, & in these last days propounds it again to the world with new varnish and fresh colors. To avoid this charge, they answer the place of Augustine before alleged thus: When Pelagius saith, the will is of force not to sin, his meaning (say they) was, that, will was of force to cause us never to sin through the course of our lives. I answer again, Augustine who knew the meaning of Pelagius, speaks not only of the life of man but even of particular actions, as appears by these words: He that prays, lead us not into temptation, prays that he may not sin, that is, that he may not do any evil. Vincentius Lyrinensis took this to be the heresy of Pelagius, that man by his own free-will might do some good things. For these are his words: Who before that profane Pelagius did ever presume that the virtue of free will was so great, that he did not think the grace of God was necessary for the helping of it in the doing of good things according to every act.

It is objected to the contrary, that infidels can do things of the law which are good: and that they have been and are endued with many virtues, which are the gifts of God. Ans. Infidels may do things good in their kind, but they cannot do thē well: because they apply thē to wrong ends, as honor, profit, pleasure. And a good thing done to a wrong ende, ceaseth to be good, and is evil in the doer. Again, the virtues of the Heathen, as they are of God, are good; yet as they are used or rather abused of men, they are turned to sins.

It is alleged that wicked Pharaoh did a good work, when he said, I have sinned, the Lord is righteous, I and my people are sinners: pray for me, &c. Answ. This confession is good in his kind, but not good in Pharaoh: because it proceeded not of love to God, but of the fear of punishment; and it was made in hypocrisy, because afterward he hardened his heart.

Further it is alleged, that Nebuchadnezzar a heathen man was rewarded of God for sacking of Tyrus: and that God would not have rewarded him, if his work had been a sin. Ans. The reward was temporal: and he was rewarded for his labor only, and not for the goodness thereof.

Lastly it may be object • d, that if we cannot do good works by freedom of corrupt will, then all our actions, our eating, drinking, sleeping, buying, selling, and whatsoever we can do, is sin: and no sin may be done: and therefore nothing must be done. Ans. Actions before named, incident to the life of man, are not sins of themselves: for then they might not be done at all: but they are sins only in respect of the manner of doing: because they are not done in obedience to God, and referred to him as to their right ende, but by-ends are propounded. And this is the condition of every man till he be converted, that he can do nothing but sin and displease God, even then when the action is praise-worthy before men.

The consideration of this doctrine serves to correct the erroneous opinion of many, who think themselves in good case and highly in the favor of God, because they are not thieves, murderers, blasphemers, adulterers, &c. But alas, they are deceived: there is matter enough of cōdamnation within them, though they be no outrageous malefactors. For all they do is sin before God, till they be renewed by grace. In eating, drinking, sleeping, buying, selling, in all they do they sin. Not that eating, drinking, sleeping, buying, selling, are sins in themselves, but because they fail in the right manner of doing these actions.

Secondly, in that we can do nothing but sin till we be regenerate, we are taught to acknowledge our bondage under sin and Satan: yea, we must labor to feel this bondage, & to groan under the burden of it. This being don, we must go further yet, & with hungering and thirsting hearts seek to the Mediator Christ, who preacheth deliverance to captives, & withal gives deliverance from sin, Satan, hell, death, condemnation, to all such as with touched and bruised hearts fly unto him.

The second question is, whether a natural man by the power of his will may be able to resist and overcome a temptation. The Papist answers, that he is able to overcome lesser and easier temptations of himself, yea and greater too, if he be helped by God: and that sundry temptations do not exceed the strength of man's nature. But we are to hold and we teach the contrary, that the will of man since the fall of Adam cannot overcome so much as the least temptation. Because the power whereby a temptation should be overcome, is lost and abolished, that is, the power to nill that which is evil and to will that which is good. And where is no power to resist there can be no resistance. When we pray to God, & say, Lead us not into temptation, we acknowledge that there is no temptation at all that we can of our selves withstand without the help of God. Peter bids us resist Satan our adversary: and he shows the right means when he adds these words, Stedfast in faith.

It is objected that a natural man can either sin or not sin. I answer: It is true in regard of actions pertaining to outward government and in regard of open sins, murder, theft, adultery, &c. yet not always true, but only at sometimes. For even the righteous sometime fall into open offenses. And though the natural man occasioned to sin, abstain from open offense, yet gets he no victory. For though he avoid the outward act, yet cannot he avoid the wicked inclination of his heart. And the abstinence from outward sin is not without sin. Because it proceeds from a person vnreconciled to God, it hath not his beginning from faith: again, it is for by-respects, for the getting of praise, the avoiding of open shame, and not for the honor of God.

The third question is, whether an unregenerate man by the power of his will can observe the law though not • ully, yet in respect of the substance of the act. The doctrine of long time hath been in schools and church, that he can: and the doctrine of all papists at this day is, that he can if he be helped by God: and that by his own strength, he may keep all the moral precepts so as no sin be committed, for some short space of time. But the truth is, he cannot. For if we grant and suppose an action, we must presuppose the ground and beginning thereof. Now the integrity or sanity of will, whereby it was able to will that which is good is the ground of a good act, and it is lost: and therefore there can be no keeping of the law in respect of substance. The substance of the first table is, to love God with all the heart, soul, strength: and the substance of all negative commandments is, Thou shalt not lust. And the natural will cannot possibly reach to the doing of these. It is alleged, that a natural man may give alms & do justice to others, and such like. I answer, in the substance of any duty commanded there be two things, the act to be done, and the manner of doing it: and that is to do it in faith, with a mind to obey God, and to intend his honor thereby. And this manner of doing a work is the form of every work, that makes it to be good indeed: and without it, works commanded in the law, are but as a body without life or soul, or as matter without form. Will therefore is unable to observe any one commandment or so much as any one work of a commandment in his own entire substance.

And it must be remembered as a main ground, that the law beside external duties requires inward obedience, in knowledge of God & his will, in faith, hope, love, patience, and the subjection of our thoughts, wills, and affections to the will of God. In respect of this inward and spiritual obedience, the Holy ghost saith, the law is impossible, Rom. 8. ver. 3. and that the wisdom of the flesh cannot be subject to the law of God, v. 7. that this is the yoke which neither we nor our fathers could bear. Act. 15.10.

Again it was the heresy of Pelagius, that a man by the strength of his own free-will may keep all the commandments of God though (as they say) he doth it somewhat hardly. And the Papists are not far from this when they say, that man by natural strength may keep the whole law for some little time.

The fourth question is, whether natural corrupted will can any way prepare and dispose it self to his own conversion & justification: that is, take away the impediments and make himself apt and capable of his justification. The doctrine hath been for diverse hundreds of years that will can do it: and the doctrine of the papists now is, that the will so it be stirred up by God, can do it. But the certain truth is, that will cannot. The conversion of a sinner is a creation: and no creature can prepare it self to his own creation. That very thing, whereby a man should prepare himself to any good duty, is lost by Adams fall: and therefore the work of preparation is God's and not ours; unless it be possible for a man, dead in his sins to prepare himself to his own spiritual vivification: by nature we are servants of sin & our liberty begins in our justification. Therefore before we are justified, we cannot so much as will that which is good. Indeed the Israelites prepared their hearts to seek the Lord: and Ezra prepared his heart to seek the law of the Lord. But this was the work of men regenerate, whereby they renewed in themselves the purpose of obeying God and of persevering in duties of godliness.

The fifth and the principal question of all is, whether a natural man can will his own conversion or regeneration. The learned among the papists teach on this manner. That will alone by it self cannot: yet that will can, if it be prevented and stirred up by some good cogitation cast into the mind and some good desire stirred up in the heart, and be withal helped and directed by God. They use to open their minds by these comparisons. The eye in darkness sees nothing and is as it were without the faculty of seeing: yet if an object be set before the eye & light be brought in, then can it see. Again, a man lies a sleep in a dungeon, and he doth not so much as think of coming forth: yet let a man come and call him, and reach down a cord unto him, he will then awake, take hold of the cord, put under his arm holes, as Jeremiah did, & hāg thereupon. And being thus helped, he both can and doth come forth of the dungeon. The doctrine we teach is the plain contrary, That will before it be turned and converted cannot so much as will his own conversion. This follows upon the former ground: for the power to will that which is truly good is lost: a power to will our conversion is a power to will that which is good: therefore the power to will our own conversion is lost. Beside preventing and exciting motions that serve to stir up and help the will, there is further required that the will be regenerate, before it can will that which is good: and without this gift of regeneration (which is the true preventing grace) all external motions and excitations to that which is good, are of no effect. For the cause must go before the effect. Now that the will may affect and will that which is good, the cause is the regeneration thereof: in which is given to the will not only a new action, whereby it wills well, but also a new quality, whereby it is able and can will well. And this ability of willing well, goes before the act of good will, as the cause before the effect. When a man is dead, chafe him, and rub him, put aqua-vitae into him to warm him at the heart: when this is done, take him by the hand, pluck him up, and bid him walk: for all this, he will not stir the least joint, neither can he. All chafing and rubbing, all speech & perswasiō, & all helps in the world be in vain, unless the soul be restored to the body. Evē so no persuasions offered to the mind, nor good desires to the will, are of any moment, till the image of God standing in holiness, which is a conformity with the will of God, and the very soul of our souls, begin to be restored. Nay, the mind is incapable of any good thought, and the will of a good desire, till God once again create in them a new quality or property of holiness, that the mind in thinking may think well, and the will in willing may will well, or, will that which is good. For though it be the nature of the will to will or nill, yet the proper and formal beginning of well-willing is the integrity or goodness of the will. It is objected, that the will to accept and receive grace, is in us before grace be received. I answ. thus, the first act of will, whereby the will in his regeneration begins to assent unto God, & begins to will to be converted, is indeed the work of the will, (because it is the will that willeth) yet doth it not arise of the natural strength of the will, but from the grace of God, that reneweth it. For to will to be regenerate, is the effect and testimony of regeneration begun. Paul handling the point of the predestination and justification of a sinner, compares God to a potter, and us to clay. Now the clay, before it is framed to a vessel of honor, & while it is in framing, it is merely passive, & doth nothing at all for the framing of it self. When a man is to be regenerate God takes away the stony heart, that is, by nature disobedient and altogether unapt to obey: and he gives a fleshy heart, that is, pliable and flexible to obedience. Now to will to be converted is a good thing, and one point of true obedience: and therefore it proceeds not from the heart of man, till it be mollified and framed by God to that which is good. What hast thou, saith Paul, that thou hast not received? and if thou hast received it, why dost thou boast? Now, if to will to be healed were of us, we have matter of boasting in our selves. Again he saith, we are not sufficient or able to think a good thought as of our selves, but our sufficiency is of God: much less then can we of our selves will or desire to be regenerate. The health and life of the soul is of God, who raiseth us from death to life: now to will to be healed and to will to live unto God, is the beginning of health and life. A certain Council saith thus: If any man do avouch, that God doth expect our will, that it may be purged from sin; and doth not confess that it is the operation of the spirit of God in us, that doth make us to will to be purged, he resists the holy Ghost saying by Solomon, The will is prepared of God. Augustine saith, It is not in him that willeth, nor in him that runneth, but in God that showeth mercy, that all may be given to God, who both prepares the will of man to be helped, and helps it being prepared: who prevents him that willeth that he may will, and follows him with help that willeth, that he will not in vain. They which are bodily sick, can will to be healed before they begin to be healed: because they be alive: but they which are spiritually sick in sin before their conversion, are dead in their sin: and therefore they can neither think, or will, or desire their conversion. When Christ was about to cure a sick man, he moves this question to him, Wilt thou be healed? and so when God is about the work of regeneratiō in any man, he inwardly moves the question in the heart, whether he be regenerate or no: and by this means stirs up a desire to be regenerate. If any man think, that by this doctrine, men are regenerate against their wills: I answer, when God begins to regenerate us, he makes us then willing, being otherwise by nature unwilling▪ and thus he regenerates us not against our wills, but with our wills; yet so as the willingness to be regenerate is not of us but of God. It may be alleged further, that the Act of the will whereby it wills to be converted, goes before the act of God whereby he turns us to himself: and that otherwise, we are converted without our consent, and that God works upon us as upon a block or stone. Answer. In respect of time they are both done together: but in respect of order of nature, first the will begins to be turned of God, before it can will to be turned. For every cause is before his effect, if not in time, yet in priority of nature. The will converted, so soon as God hath begun to renew it, wills to be renewed: and it could not will the conversion of it self, unless it had formerly tasted the goodness thereof. And though we first feel the desire to be converted before the grace of conversion, it is nothing: for sometimes we perceive the effect before the cause: as we see the light of the sun before the sun: and we see the light of a candle in a house before we see the candle. Therefore to will to be regenerate may be the effect of regeneration begun, though it first of all appear. For the better clearing of this our doctrine, I will propound two other questions.

The first, whether the will of man by his natural strength, be any cause of his own conversion. The answer of the Papist is, that the will is a cause with the grace of God: and that both together work our conversion; grace as the principal, will as the less principal, and both as causes formally But we teach and hold (as the truth is) that will, in the Act of working, effecting, producing of our conversion or regeneration, is no cause at all, but in it self considered a mere patient or subject to receive the grace of conversion given and wrought by God. It is absurd to think, that a creature should be a cause of his creation, or a dead man of his quickening. Therefore (as I think) the doctrine of them that teach, that there are three efficient causes of man's conversion, God's spirit, God's word, man's will, hath his defect. The spirit is the principal cause, the word in his right use is the means or instrument, whereby the operation of the spirit is effectual. As for the will of man, it stands only as a Patient or object of divine operation. It is alleged, that men which repent, are worthy praise therefore: and this cannot well be, unless repentance proceed from freedom of will. I answer: repentance is praised, because it is a thing that pleaseth God, and in that respect praise-worthy: and the repentant person is praised, not because he is the cause of his own repentance, but because he repents being thereto enabled by the mercy of God.

The second question is, whether the conversion of a sinner be in the power of man's will a • y way. The answer of the papist is, that our regeneration and conversion is in part in the power of man's will: so as the will stirred up can either apply it self to the grace of God, or reject the same. Contrariewise we teach, that regeneratiō is not within the power of man's will, but that it wholly depends on the will of God: & that, when God will convert and renew us, though will for his own nature be apt to resist, yet in respect of God's unchangeable will, and in respect of the efficacy of his inward operation, it can not resist and repel the work of God. For when God himself works anything, his work cannot be resisted. For his working of a thing is only to will it to be: and his will cannot be resisted. Now in man's conversion, he works the will and he works the deed: and he causeth men to walk in his commandments. Resistance therefore cannot be made 〈◊〉 Secondly the Scripture everywhere teacheth that our conversion & salvation wholly depends on God's will, & not on the will of man. Of the distinction of man & man in the matter of salvation Paul allegeth the testimony of Moses, It is neither in him that willeth nor in him that runneth, but in God that showeth mercy. Our Savior Christ teacheth that the secrets of the kingdom of God are revealed to some and to others concealed, because the pleasure of God is so: and because this gift of understanding is given to some and not to others. Our conversion is termed a new generation and a new creation: for this cause it cannot depend on the will of man at all, because a creature hath not his creation or generation in his own will so as he may either accept or refuse it. And it is a great over-shaddowing of God's grace, to make the having or the not having of it, to be in the choice of man's will. But the text in hand is objected. When Christ would have converted Jerusalem, they resisted and would not. I answer: there is a double work of God. One is, outwardly in the word and sacraments to offer grace: and this indeed may be resisted. Of this Christ speaks here, whē he saith, they would not: & Stephen whē he saith they resisted the Holy ghost. The Lord saith, Gen. 6.2. My spirit shall not always strive with man: and Peter applies this striving of Nohes Ministry saying, that Christ went in spirit and preached, 1. Pet. 3.19. The second is, when God inwardly by his spirit, turns, renues, sanctifies the whole man: and this work cannot be resisted by the will of man; no more then Lazarus could resist the work of Christ, when he was raised from the dead. If it be said, that this doctrine abolisheth liberty, because it cannot choose and refuse the grace of God. I answer: the angels of God, which will good and cannot will evil, have nevertheless perfect liberty of will. And it is greater perfection of liberty freely and only to will that which is good, then to be able to will both good and evil. He is at more liberty, that cannot be a servant, then he which maybe either a free man or a servant. And a necessity of yielding to the will of God is no hurt to our will. For it is a special liberty, to will that which God wills and nothing else. By all this which hath been said it appears, what is the difference between us and the church of Rome in the point of free-will. They say liberty of grace to will well is only weakened, diminished, and held captive by sin: we say it is quite lost and abolished by the fall of Adam.

Again by the former doctrine, the common question is easily answered: namely wherein lies the efficacy of God's grace. Some papists answer that it lies ordinarily in the free consent and cooperation of free-will joined with grace. And this seems directly to be the opinion of the council of Trent. But this is much derogatory to the divine grace of God to place the efficacy thereof in man's will: and it ministers much matter of boasting unto men. Others place the efficacy of grace in the congruity of the object, that is, in moral persuasions which God knows to be apt and fit to move and allure the will according to the condition thereof, even as a beast is moved by the sight of a bottle of hay. But there is no efficacy in these persuasions presented to the mind: because the will lies in thralldom and bondage under sin and Satan. And the will must not only be helped, but also be delivered from this bondage, before any persuasions can move it. Lombard in his time much declined from the purity of the former days: and yet he is far founder then the Jesuits of our days. For he saith thus: Free-will now is hindered by the law of the flesh from doing good and stirred up to evil, so as it cannot will and do good, unless it be delivered and helped by grace. We leaving the papists in their dissensions place the efficacy of grace in the grace it self. For Christ saith, Every man that hath heard and learned of the father comes unto me. Again we place it in this, that God adds the second grace to the first. For having given the power he stays not there, but proceeds further & gives the will, and with the will the deed. And thus is the grace of God effectual.

The consideration and use of this & the former doctrines is of great consequent. For if liberty of grace be lost, great is the necessity of our redemption by Christ and great is the excellency thereof. Secondly this doctrine cuts off the excuse of all sin: for though we sin necessarily because liberty of grace is lost: yet we sin freely, because liberty in evil remains. Thirdly it appears hence, that man of himself cannot have or retain any goodness, but that which God giveth and preserveth in us. This thing must move us to pray earnestly for the grace we want: and to give hearty thanks for the graces we have. Fourthly we are taught deeply to humble ourselves for the loss of our liberty and for the bondage under sin: and to pray instantly for deliverance by Christ. Fifthly, seeing of our selves we cannot prevail against the least temptation, we must pray to be guided and assisted continually by God. Lastly, seeing our conversion depends on God's mercy and not on our will, we are taught to deny our own wills, wisdom, power; and to ascribe our justification and salvation wholly and only to God.

The third estate of man, is the estate of regeneration: in which the will hath power to will, partly that which is good and partly that which is evil, as daily experience declareth in the lives of just men. And the reason is, because the will of man renewed, hath in it a three-fold liberty. The first is, the liberty of nature, to will or nill which is in all men. The second is, liberty of s •• ne, whereby the will when it willeth any evil, willeth it freely. And this liberty is diminished according to the measure of grace, which God bestoweth. The third is liberty of grace to will that which pleaseth God, and it is restored in part in regeneration: so far forth as liberty to sin is diminished. And because these three always remain in the will to the death, therefore sometimes it willeth well, sometime evil, sometime both: and in the best actions we do there is a mixture: because they are not perfectly good for the time of this life, but partly good and partly evil.

That this power of the will may the better appear, I will propound four questions. The first is, whether the will prevented or renewed, have any stroke, action, or operatiō in the first regeneration of a sinner. I answer: In the renovation or conversion of a sinner I consider two things. First, the beginning or ground thereof, and that is the setting or imprinting of new qualities and inclinations in the mind, will, affections of the heart. And this is the entire or mere work of God in us and upon us: and we in it are merely passive, not active. The second is the Evidence of the former in new and spiritual actions, as namely in thinking, willing, and desiring that which is good. Now these actions are works of God in and by man's will: and man's will is not only a Subject of them, but also an Instrument. A Subject, in that God is the first and principal worker of these works in the will. An Instrument, because it pleaseth God to use the will, and to move it by his grace for the acting and effecting of the things which he appointeth. And thus the will is not merely passive, but passive and active both: first passive, and then active. For being acted and moved by God, who works the will and the deed, it also acteth and moveth. And we do not utterly deny the Co-operation of man's will with God's grace. It is necessary indeed that God first regenerate us and make us his children and new creatures. And in this thing, we do not Co-work with God, but stand as patients, that God may work upon us and reform us even in the same manner, as when he made us in the beginning without any help of ours. Yet, after our regeneratiō, by faith we are brought from life to death, and to will is present with us, though in weak measure by reason of the remainders of corruption: and then we begin to be Co-workers with the grace of God, moved to will and so indeed willing that which is good. In this sense have the learned said, that which is repaired in us, is not repaired without us: and, that God in them whom he calls, prepares the will that it may be a receiver & handmaid of his gifts.

The same answer in effect I propound another way. In the work of our regeneration, three graces be required, the preventing grace, the working grace, and the co-working grace. The preventing grace is, when God of his mercy sets and imprints in the mind a new light, in the will a new quality or inclination, in the heart new affections. The working grace is, when God gives to the will the act of well-willing, namely the will to believe, the will to repent, the will to obey God in his word. The Co-working grace is, when God gives the deed to the will, that is, the exercise and practice of faith and repentance. The first gives the power of doing good, the second the will, the third the deed: and all three together make the work of regeneration. Now the will of man in respect of operation, doth not concur with God's preventing grace, but is merely patient as a subject to receive grace. For it is the proper work of God to set or imprint a new faculty or inclination in the will, and that without any action of the said will. Nevertheless the will being once renewed and prevented, concurreth by his operation with the working and Co-working grace of God. For the will being moved by grace, willeth and doth indeed that whereto it is moved. And the will to obey God, or to perform any like duty, proceeds jointly from two causes. From grace: in that it moveth and causeth the will to will to believe. From the will of man: in that being prevented and moved by God, it willeth to believe, or to do any like duty. And therefore the ancient saying hath his truth, He that made thee without thee, doth not regenerate or save thee without thee. Because our conversion is not without the motion and consent of will, as our creation was. And that we do not mistake in this point, the order that is between man's will and God's grace, must here again be remembered. In respect of time they are both together, and concur in the very first moment of our regeneration: in respect of the order of nature, the will doth not first begin that which is good, and then after borrow aide from grace: but grace prevents, renues, and moves the will, and then the will moved or changed, wills to be converted and to be healed in the first instant of conversion.

This operation of the will, to will to believe, to will to repent and to obey, is the least grace and sign of God's favor: (for nothing can be less then to will to do that which is good:) yet is it of great & excellent price. For it hath the promise of God annexed to it. The prophet saith to the rebellious Israeelites, Wash and make you clean—: cease to do evil, learn to do well. Now they might peradventure say, Alas, we cannot wash our selves: he therefore adds, If ye will and obey, that is, if ye do but will to be cleansed, and testify this will by your endeavor to obey, ye shall eat the good things of the land. And Christ saith, that the heavenly father giveth the holy Ghost to thē that desire him. And to them that are in Christ God accepts this Acte of goodwill for the deed it self. Mark the comfort that flows from this doctrine. The full obedience to the law of God is impossible to all men, except Christ, in this life: yea to them which are converted and sanctified, and greatly desire the fulfilling of the law in themselves: and therefore no man can be justified by it before God, and obtain salvation thereby. Nevertheless saith in Christ and repentance is so far forth possible, to all that will and have a desire, that whosoever do but will in earnest to believe and to be converted, do indeed believe and are converted, and please God, and shall not perish eternally, though the beginning of faith and conversion be weak; so it be in truth and not counterfeit. And yet such is the naughtiness of our nature that faith and conversion, is impossible unto us, unless of the singular mercy of God, it be stirred up in the hearts of the Elect by his holy spirit. In this respect Christ saith, Math. 11. My yoke is easy and my burden light. And again, his commandments are not grievous. It may be objected, that the will & desire of renovation and reconciliation with God, may be where there is a mind and purpose to sin, and where is no true hatred and detestation of iniquity. Answ. The serious and instant will or desire to believe in Christ and to repent, includes in it the hatred of sin, and the purpose of not sinning. For he that truly desires to believe doth so: because he detests his unbelief: and he that desires to repent: doth so, because he hates his own evil ways, and purposeth to sin no more.

The second question is, whether the will after it is renewed be able to cause and bring forth good works of it self, or no? I answer two things. The first, that will cannot, unless God further give a double grace. The one is Assisting grace: and it stands in three actions, preservation, confirmation, protection. Preseruation is, whereby God continues the being of the will renewed. For that which is good, doth not continue good the least moment, unless God make it to continue. Confirmation is, when God fixeth the mind in that which is good and causeth the will constantly to follow the good inclination thereof, it being otherwise mutable and apt to decline. Protection is whereby God defends his grace in us against the violence of temptation. Of this he saith to Peter, Satan hath desired to sift you, but I have prayed for thee that thy faith fail not. And God promiseth that he will not suffer the faithful to be tempted above that they are able to bear. The second grace may be called, Exciting grace, whereby God moves and stirs up the will, that it may indeed will and do the good to be done. And this grace is ordinarily required to the effecting of every good work. David's will was exceedingly renewed by the Holy ghost, yet he prays still, Incline mine heart unto thy testimonies. The Christian soul, that is already drawn to Christ prayeth still, Draw me and we will run after thee. Paul saith, they which are the children of God, are guided, moved, or stirred by the spirit of God. Again he saith of the Philippians, after they were renewed & wrought their own salvation with fear & trembling, that God did still work in them beside the power the Act of willing and of doing that which is good. And he works the will, by moving it to will and to do indeed, that which it can will and do. And this moving cause, is the good will of God. It may not seem strange, that I say new grace is required to stir up the will to the doing of every new work. For grace in the will is like a fire of green wood which hardly burns, and continues not to burn unless it be continually stirred up and blowed: even so the good inclination of the will, because it is joined, nay mixed with contrary corruption that presseth down, tempteth, enticeth, and draweth away the will from God and all goodness, hath need continually to be excited, stirred and moved. The man regenerate is able to pray to God, yet can he not pray sometime by reason of the weight of corruption, unless the spirit help to bear the infirmities of nature and make request in us by stirring and moving us to make request. The doctrine of the ancient church hath been that, new grace is to be given to the doing of every good act. And, that we do not that good which we can do, unless God make us do it, as he made us able to do it. This doctrine must the rather be remembered, because the stream of popish doctrine runs another way; by teaching that our wills assisted by grace can do good, without the concurrence of new grace to excite and stir up the will. Indeed for the doing of natural actions the general Cooperation of God sufficeth: but to the effecting of actions Supernatural, the special help of God is required. A child, that can go up and down in an even flour being staid by the mothers hand, for all this it cannot go up a pair of stairs unless it be lifted at every step. Like is the case of the children of God, in things which concern the kingdom of heaven.

The second part of the answer is, that when renewed will doth a good work it doth it not perfectly. To will (saith Paul) is present with me, but I cannot perform the good I would, that is, I cannot perfectly do it as I would. It may be objected thus. The works of God are perfect: good works done by us, are works of God: therefore they are perfect. I answer to the Major or first part of the reason: it is true of such works as are works of God alone, and not of such as are works jointly both of God and man, God being the principal agent, and man the instrument. For then the work done takes unto it the quality, and condition of man: considering it proceeds from God through the sinful mind and will of man. The scrivener, when he writes by himself, he writes a perfect hand: but when a learner and he write both together, he taking the learners hand into his own, then that which is written will carry the imperfection of the learner. Like is the case in all such works as are from God in and by us.

The third question is, whether the relics of corruptiō be of that force in sinning, that they can utterly quench the spirit of God in the renewed will. The answer is, that corruption remaining is of it self apt to do it: and the grace of God's spirit is apt to be extinguished, because of it self it is mutable: nevertheless it wholly & utterly cannot be lost, for 4 causes. The first is, the promise of God in the covenant of grace, I will put my fear into their hearts that they shall not depart from me: and this promise particularly belongs to all them that truly believe, because it is the promise of the Evangelical covenant. The second is, the Intercession of Christ in the behalf of all the Elect. Christ saith to Peter, Satan hath desired to sift you as wheat, but I have prayed for thee Peter that thy faith fail not. And this he did especially in that solemn prayer made John 17. in which he prayed not only for Peter, but for all the Apostles and for all that did or should believe in him. The third cause is the omnipotent power of God in preserving all thē that are in Christ, No man (saith Christ) taketh my sheep forth of my hand. And mark the reason: my father is greater then all. The last cause is the Efficacie of God's spirit. S. John saith, that the seed of God remains in him that is borne a new: and that this seed keeps him that he neither doth nor can sin in two respects. First, if he sin, yet he sins not with full consent of will. For he hates and nills in part the evil which he willeth. Secondly, if by human frailty he fall, he makes not a trade of sin, neither doth he keep a course in wickedness, but the seed of grace remaining within, causeth him to return to God and to recover himfelfe by new repentance.

The last question is, whether the renewed will can of it self persevere in doing good. I answer, that our perseverance depends and proceeds only from the will of God. That we may persevere two things are required: the power to persevere and the will of perseverance: and both these being good things are of God. Because every good giving and every good gift is from above and cometh down from the father of lights.

This former doctrine is of great use. In that the new birth & regeneration of a sinner is not without the motiō of his own will, we are taught, that we must if we desire our own salvation, use the good means, and strive against our own corruptions, and endeavor earnestly by asking, seeking, knocking. It will be said, that faith, repentance and the rest, are all gifts of God. I answer, there is no virtue or gift of God in us, without our wills: and in every good act, God's grace & man's will concur: God's grace as the principal cause: man's will renewed as the instrument of God. And therefore in all good things industry and labor, and Invocation on our parts is required.

Secondly this doctrine ministers true comfort to all true servants of God. For, if when they use the good means of salvation, the word, prayer, sacraments; the will lie not dead but begin to oppose it self against unbelief, and other corruptions, and withal do but so much as will to believe, will to repent, will to be turned to God, they have begun to turn unto God, and God hath begun to regenerate them; so be it, this will in them to do the good they ought to do, be in good earnest unfeigned, and they withal be careful to cherish this little grain, till it come to a bigger quantity.

Thirdly, seeing to every new act that pleaseth God, new grace is required, we are taught not to presume of our own wisdom, will, and strength; nor to glory in anything we do, but always to acknowledge our own impotency, and in every good thing we do, to give all the glory to God: and to be watchful in prayer continually, because we stand by grace so long as we stand: and having done one work, we do not the second but by a continued supply of new grace.

Lastly seeing God's preventing and working grace turns our wills and makes them of unwilling most willing wills, all our obedience must be voluntary, and come from such freeness of will, as if there were no bond in the law of God to force and compel us thereto. The people of God that are turned and guided by the free spirit of God, must be a voluntary people, and with all alacrity and cheerfulness do the duties that pertain to them, of a ready mind, even as if there were neither heaven nor hell, judge nor judgment after this life. The spirit of life that is in Christ must be a law unto them.

The last estate is the Estate of glorification after this life. In this estate the Liberty of will is a certain freedom only to will that which is good and pleasing unto God. For it is the continual voice (as it were) and cry of the glorified will; I do no evil, and I will not do it: I do that which is good, and I will do it. And this indeed is the perfect Liberty in which man's will is conformed to the Free-will of God and good angels, who will only that which is good, and cannot will that which is evil.

By this which hath been said, it appears that the words of the text in hand [and ye would not] are spoken of the will of man according to the estate of corruption. For the voice of the regenerate will is, I do that which is evil but I would not do it: I do that which is good, but I cannot do it as I would. And the voice of the corrupted will is, I do that which is evil, and I will do it: I do not that which is good, and I will not do it. And this last voice is plainly expressed in these words, And ye would not.

The third point comes now to be considered, namely the Harmonie or consent of both wills. For the words are, I would, ye would not. Here it may justly be demanded, whether there be an Harmonie or consent between God's will and man's will, and how it stands with this text. I answer, there is an excellent harmony: and generally it stands in this, that God's will hath a sovereign Lordship over the will of man, and man's will stands subject to it absolutely, and simply depends upon it. And by this means, where man hath a will, God hath an antecedent will; and where man's will hath any stroke or action, there God's will formerly had his stroke and action.

Furthermore man's will depends on God's will, in respect of three things, namely Sustentation, Determination, Ordination, or government. It depends on the will of God in respect of sustentation: because man's will for his nature, strength, and all his motions depends on the will of God: and could not have being for the space of one moment, unless it were upholden by God. It may be objected, that if God sustain the will which is sinful he sustains not only the will but also the sin thereof. Answ. God sustains nature, and not the sin of nature: & threfore he only sustains will as will, and not as it is corrupt or sinful will. The like we see in nature: when a man halts in walking, the motion of the body is from the soul, and is preserved by it: but the halting which goes with the motion and disorders it, is not from the soul, neither hath it his preservation thence, but frō a defect in the leg or foot. By this we are taught to acknowledge the endless longsuffering of God, who sustains the members of our bodies, our souls, the faculties and actions thereof, even in the works in which men offend & dishonor him. Secondly we are taught to acknowledge the vile abomination of every sin: for we sin in the very hands of God sustaining and preserving us: and in the very actions, which we could not do unless we were sustained by him, we offend him and provoke him to anger against us.

Secondly man's will depends on God's will in respect of determination: because we netiher can nor do will anything without the will of God. A sparrow, saith Christ, lights not on the ground without the heavenly father, that is, without his decree or will. The malicious and wicked will of the Jews could not so much as will, much less do anything against Christ, but that which the hand and counsel of God had determined to be done. Moreover God determines the will two ways. In good things he inwardly moves and inclines the will to the willing and doing of the good it willeth. For in that God's will is the first cause of all good things, man's will depends on it in respect of virtue, in respect of Application, and in respect of order of working. In respect of virtue: because the virtue of second causes proceed from the first. In respect of Application: because God useth the will of man as an instrument of his own will, and he applieth it to the doing of things which he intendeth, even as the carpenter useth, moveth, and applieth his tools. In respect of order of working: because always the first cause begins the work, and the second moves not without the first. Upon this ground it follows, that the good things which man willeth, he so willeth, because God first willed them. And therefore Paul saith, that good works are prepared of God for us to walk in: and this preparation is made, because God decrees and determines with himself the doing of all works to be done.

In evil things the Determination of God is to will not to hinder them as he may. Upon this will in God follows sin in the will of man, as a consequent, not as an effect. As a consequent: because when God suspends or withdraws sustentation and government from the will, it cannot of it self but will amiss: as the staff in my hand presently falls when I do but pull back my hand. To avoid evil is good: and therefore we cannot avoid the least evil, unless God make us able to avoid it. And [c] evil is not the effect of God's will: because God puts nothing into man's will to cause it to will amiss: but he only ceases to confer unto it help and direction, which he is not bound to confer.

Here long and tedious disputes are made by many touching the Concord of God's decree and the liberty of mans will. And it is alleged that man's will looseth his liberty and ceaseth indeed to be will, if it stand subject to the necessary and unchangeable decree of God. I answer, first that when the will of man determines it self to one thing, it doth not loose his liberty: much more then may the liberty of will stand with the determination of God. Secondly God's decree doth not abolish liberty but only moderate and order it: by inclining the will in mild and easy manner with fit and convenient obiectes and that according to the condition of the will. That Christ should die when he died, it was necessary in respect of God's decree: yet if we respect the constitution of his nature he might still have prolonged his days: & if we consider the will of Christ, he died most freely and willingly. Otherwise his death had been no satisfaction for sin. God himself doth some things of an absolute necessity, and yet with perfect freedom of will: now then if absolute necessity do not abolish freedom of will, much less shall conditional necessity depending on God's decree, do it. Lastly, the decree of God establisheth the liberty of will. For his determination is, that the Agencie of second causes shall be according to their condition: so as natural causes shall work naturally: free causes, freely: necessary causes, necessarily: contingent causes, in contingent and variabl • sort. And therefore the necessary decree of God is, that man shall will this or that, not necessarily in respect of himself, but freely.

Thirdly man's will depends on God's will in respect of government. This government is of two sortes. First he governs the wills of the righteous, by working his own good work in them and by them. In them, because he moves and inclines them by his spirit. By them: because they are holy instruments of his will.

Secondly he governs the wills of the wicked and ungodly by six actions. The first is permission, when God withdraws his grace from the will, not enlightening the mind nor inclining the will, but leaving it to it self; as when a man gives the rene to a wild horse. The second is, a delivery of the will to Satan, and that is when God • iues the devil liberty to tempt, assault and vex the will of man being left to it self. And this thing is incident to obstinate sinners: and we pray against it in these words, Lead us not into temptation. The third action is, a ceasing to restrain corruption of will, either in whole or in part: as whē he restrains all sins, save one, or, having restrained for a time, for the punishment of former sin, he omits restraint, permitting man to the lusts of his own heart. The fourth action is, the bending, moving, or inclining of the wicked will. And this God doth not by inward inspiration (for then he should be the cause of sin) but by presenting to the mind and will objects good, or at the least indifferent in themselves: upon which obiectes the will takes occasion to be more willful, obstinate, and rebellious, not moved thereto by God, but freely moving it self. The heat of the stomach in the winter season, i • increased, not by the heat of things taken inwardly but by the cold of the air every way compassing the body. An unbroken horse being spurred, because he goes out of order; he flinges out and castes his rider. And thus the sinful will of man urged by commandments, threatenings, judgments: allured by promises and blessings, grows more sinful and wicked. Paul saith that sin took occasion upon the good commandment of God to revive and to be sinful out of measure. David saith, that God moved the hearts of the Egyptians to hate his people. But how? He blessed the Israelites exceedingly, more then the Egyptians. And upon this work of God, they took occasion to envy and to hate the Israelites.

The fifth action is ordination, whereby God useth well, the wickedness of the will of man, and directeth it against the nature thereof to good ends, even as the learned physicion sometime of poison makes a remedy. In this sense Assur is called the rod of his indignation: and the Medes & Persians, his sanctified ones. The Jews in the crucifying of Christ willed and minded nothing but his death and destruction: yet God willed and by them wrought the redemption of mankind. He works his own good work by man's will, as by an active instrument, and withal he leaves the will to it self, to work his own evil work. The last action of God is, when a man is going on in his own wickedness, he turns him unto himself, of his exceeding mercy: and sometimes again he opens a way, that that person, who of himself runs into wickedness, may rush headlong to his own destruction for the further execution of divine justice: as when an house is falling th • owner thereof will not vnderpropp it, neither will he push it down: but he takes away all impediments and digges away the earth round about it, not touching the foundation, that when it falls, it may fall down right.

Thus we see briefly the harmony of man's will and God's will: now let us come to the use, which is manyfold. First of all, by the former doctrine, we are brought to a right understanding of many places of scripture. The Lord saith of Pharaoh, I will harden his heart. And this he is said to do, not because he sets and imprintes hardness in his heart, but because by sundry actions he orders and governs his wicked will, and they are four. First he permits Pharaoh to his own will: secondly he leaves him to the malice of the devil and the lusts of his own heart: thirdly he vrges him with a commandment to let the people go. And Pharaoh the more he is urged, the stiffer and stubberner he is, & the more he rebels against God, whereas he ought indeed to have been the more obedient. Lastly God useth the hardness of Pharaoh's heart to the manifestation of his own justice and judgment, and therefore he opens him a way that he may run headlong to his own destruction. In this manner, and no otherwise are the places to be understood, when the Scripture saith, that God put a lying spirit into the mouths of the prophets of Ahab: that, if a prophet be deceived, the Lord deceived him: that he gives up men to reprobate minds: that he senas strong illusions to believe lies. In the book of Samuel it is said, the Lord commanded Shemi to curse David: because about this cursing there is a twofold actiō in God. One, that he restrains the wicked heart of Shemi in respect of all other sins, and not in respect of this sin of railing, to which God leaves him. The second, he useth him as an instrument to correct and to humble David. And thus likewise must the places be understood, when it is said, that God delivered the wives of David to Absalom, and that he stirred up David to number the people. Lastly Joseph saith, that the Lord sent him into Egypt: and that for two causes. One, because when his brethren were about to make him away, God by his providence caused merchants to pass by in their sight, whereupon they took occasion to sell him into Egypt. The second, because God disposed this fact of theirs to the good of Jacob and his family in time to come. And thus are all like places of Scripture to be understood.

Again, some school-Divines following Damascene, make & ascribe to God an applied or depending will, on this manner. God for his part would have all men without exception to be saved: why then are they not saved? They thenselves will not. And because they will not, God therefore chooseth some and refuseth others. But according to the former doctrine, I take this kind of applied will, to be an invention of man's brain. For the contrary is the truth, namely that mans will wholly depēds on the will of God. That vessels be some of honor, some of dishonor, it is not in the power of the clay, but in the will of the potter. The first cause orders the second, and not the second the first. To make God's will depend on man's will, is to put God out of his throne of majesty, and to set the creature in his room. Others set forth the depending will of God on this manner. God (say they) decrees nothing in particular of things that are casual & contingent, but he foresees within himself what the will of the creature will do or not do, when things are thus or thus ordered: and upon this foresight he consequently determines what shall be done. But this opinion, as it gives unto God a common or general providence, so it takes away the certain determination of God touching all particular events. And it is absurd to think that God should foresee the future acts of man's freewill, when as yet he hath determined nothing: for things that shall be, are therefore to come to pass, because God by decree hath determined their being. And therefore the foreknowledge of things that shall be follows the decree of God. And if God's decree presuppose man's willing of this or that, and thereupon determine, how shall that speech of the Lord stand, I will cause them to walk in my statutes. For hereby is signified, that God doth not attend on the will of man, but brings man's will in subjection to himself. And therefore this attending will ascribed to God, is improoued even of the Papists themselves.

Thirdly, in that man's will stands subject absolutely to the pleasure of God, our duty is, to yield voluntary subjection to him in all things when his will is made manifest unto us.

Lastly, this doctrine of the consent and concurrence of man's will & God's will, must be the stay and ground of our patience and comfort. For there is no calamity or misery that betides us by and from the will of man, without the will of God. The creature can will nothing against us unless it be first the will of God: and it can do neither more nor less then God will. The devil could not touch Job without leave, and he could not enter into the heard of swine without leave. Upon this ground David speaks to this effect, Let Shemi curse, for he curseth because the Lord bids him do so. Joseph comforts himself and his brethren in this, that not they so much as the Lord sent him into Egypt.

As there is an Harmonie between God's will & man's will: so there is a dissent between mans will & God's word, or his signifying will, as appears by the text in hand. Schoolmen upon this dissent make a distinction of God's grace into sufficient and effectual. Sufficient they call that whereby a man may be saved, if he will not be wanting to himself. Effectual, whereby a man is indeed saved. The first (they say) is given to all men at one time or other, the second is not. And this distinction of grace they gather on this manner. When Christ would have gathered the Jews, they would not: therefore they had not effectual grace: and because they would not, they are blamed and rebuked by Christ: therefore (saith the Papist) God gave them sufficient grace to be converted, if they would: else could he not have blamed them. I answer, this proves that once God gave them sufficient grace to obey any commandment of his, namely in the creation: but hence cannot be gathered, that when God called the Jews by his word, that then, then I say, he gave them sufficient grace. Secondly it is objected, that God did all that might be don to his Vine to make it bring forth good fruit; and yet for all this, it brought forth nothing but wild grapes: therefore it is said, there must needs be a grace sufficient to salvation, which is not effectual. I answer: God did that to his vineyard that was sufficient to make a good vine bring forth fruit, (and that is the meaning of the place in Isai) though not sufficient to change the nature of an evil vi • e, and to make it a good vine. It is urged, that the Lord saith, he waited for grapes: which he would not have done, unless there had been hope by reason of sufficient grace given. I answer again, that the Lord waited for fruit, not because God then gave them sufficient grace when he waited, but because the Church of the Jews, was in show and pretence a good vine: and thereby gave hope of good fruit. Thirdly it is objected that Adam received sufficient grace: and that he had not effectual grace because he fell. I answer, Adam had sufficient to the perfection of a creature, but not sufficient to unchangeable perseverance, specially if he should be assaulted by temptation. Likewise he had grace effectual in respect of righteousness and happiness, but not in respect of perseverance in both. Grace in him, so far forth as it was sufficient to happiness, it was also effectual. Lastly, it is objected, that God forsakes no man, till he first forsake God: and therefore that God for his part gives grace sufficient to salvation. Answ. There is a double kind of forsaking in God, one is for trial, the other for punishment. The forsaking which is for trials sake, goes before man's sin, in which he forsakes God. In this regard, Adam was for order of nature first forsaken of God, before he forsook God. The forsaking which is for punishment always follows after sin, and of this must the rule be understood, that they which are forsaken of God, did first forsake God. Now the truth which we are to hold in this point is thus much. There is a grace which is sufficient to the conviction of a sinner, which is not effectual to salvation: and again there is a grace which is sufficient to the leading of a civil life, which is not effectual to salvation: yet the grace which is indeed sufficient to salvation, is also effectual; namely the gift of regeneration, in which God gives not only the power to be converted, but also the will and the deed.

Thus much of the Harmonie: now comes the fourth point to be considered, namely in what manner Christ willed the conversion of Jerusalem. He willed it first in Love, secondly in Patience. His love is set forth by two things. The first, albeit he was God full of majesty, and we vile wretches his enemies by nature, yet was he content to take upon him a vile and base condition, to be unto the Jews as an Hen. The second was, that he takes unto him the fashions, the disposition and tender affection of the Hen to her young ones.

That all this may the better be conceived, three questions are to be propounded. The first is, whether there be such an affection of love in God, as is in man and beast? I answer, that affections of the creature are not properly incident unto God, because they make many changes, and God is without change. And therefore all affections and the love that is in man and beast is ascribed to God by figure: and that for two causes. First because there is in God an unchangeable nature that is well pleased with every good thing, and a will that seriously willeth the preservation of every good thing: and of this nature and will of God, the best love in the creature is but a light shadow. Secondly the affection of love is ascribed to God; because he doth the same things that love makes the creature do: because he bestoweth blessings and benefits upon his creature, as the lover doth on the person loved. In this sort are all other affections ascribed to God, and no otherwise.

The second question is, whether there be in God an hatred of his creatures: for God is compared to the Hen which loveth all her young ones. Ans. If hatred be taken for a passion incident to man, it is not incident to God: if it be taken for a work of God's providence and justice, it is in God: and that in three respects. First of all, in scripture Hatred sometime signifies a denial of love and mercy: as when it is said that he which will follow Christ, must hate father and mother, that is, neglect them or not love them in respect of Christ. In this sense hatred agrees unto God. For he is said to love Jacob and to hate Esau: that is, not to love Esau with that love wherewith he loved Jacob. Again there is in God • nature that abhorreth and detesteth iniquity, thus saith the psalmist, that God loveth righteousness and hateth iniquity. And thus God hates man not simply, because he is the handiworke of God, but because he is a sinner, and by reason of the work of the devil in man, namely sin, which is simply hated of God. Thirdly God plagueth and punisheth offenders, and in this regard he is said to hate them. Thus saith David, that God hates the workers of iniquity, and destroys them that speak lies. By this which hath been said, it appears that there be two degrees of hatred in God: one is Negative, when God as an absolute Lord, bestows his special love on some, and denies it unto others because his pleasure is so. The second is Positiue, when he hates and detests his creature: and this second always follows sin and is ever for sin: but the other goes before sin. And whereas it is said in this text, that God is as the Hen that loveth all her chickins, and gathereth them all together: it must be understood that our Savior Christ here sets down his dealing not with all his creatures and with all mankind; but only his dealing toward his own Church, in which he calleth all outwardly by the sound of his word, and receives all outwardly into the covenant. By this which hath been said, we are taught after the example of God to hate & detest iniquity: and yet always to make difference between the person and the sin.

The third question is, in what thing is Christ as an hen to his Church? Answ. In temporal blessings and deliverances: in afflictions and manifold corrections: but specially and principally in his word published in the ministry of the prophets. For it is the wing which he spread over his people: and it is the voice whereby he called and (as it were) clocked them unto him.

Thus we see the meaning of the similitude, that Christ would have gathered Jerusalem as the Hen gathereth her chickins: now follows the use. By this we see the tender love of God to this Church and land. For it hath pleased him to propound unto us the gospel of salvation, and that now more then 40. years. And in so doing he hath offered long to embrace us in the arms of his mercy: and in spreading his wing over us to become our God and our Savior: for this tender love, our hearts must be filled with love to Christ, and our mouths with praise.

Again, we learn hence, that the gospel brings all other blessings of God with it. For God in it communicates his own self unto us as the Hen to her young ones. The kingdom of God brings all things else with it that may serve for the good of man: and where the gospel is embraced there is God's kingdom. The peace and protection of this Church and land, whereby we have been preserved from being a pray to our enemies, comes by means of the gospel of life. Therefore foolish and false is the conceit of sundry popish persons that say there was never such plenty in the world, as when the old learning (as they say) or old religion was. Secondly by this we are advertised, if we would have all necessary blessings for this life, first of all to embrace the gospel of Christ.

Thirdly if Christ take unto him the disposition of the Hen: we likewise must take unto us the disposition of the chicken in respect of Christ, and that in three things. First we must suffer our selves to be gathered to Christ: that is, to be turned unto him from all our sins, to believe in him, to be of the same mind and disposition with him, to suffer him to quicken us with his heavenly and spiritual life, as the hen cherisheth her chickins by sitting on them. Secondly we must attend upon the word and will of Christ, as the chickin upon the call of the hen: and suffer him to rule us both in heart and life, for all things. The third thing is, that we must depend on the sweet and merciful promises of Christ, and shroud our selves under his wing against hell, Satan, death, damnation. And verily, all such among us, who are not careful to perform these three things to Christ, are no better then monstrous rebels, considering he hath in his merciful and tender love, sought to win us to himself for the space of this 40. years.

Thus much of the love of Christ: now I come to his patience in these words: Howe often would I? The meaning whereof is this: you have continually from time to time provoked me by your sins: yet did I not withdraw my love from you, but sent my prophets from time to time unto you, to call you and gather you unto me And this patience of God is here expressed, to aggravate the rebellion of Jerusalem. I will therefore speak a little of it. And first, it may be demanded, whether the virtue of patience that is in men, be also in God. I answer, properly it is not. For where this kind of patience is, there is passion and sufferance: now God is not subject to any passion or sufferance, because his nature is unchangeable. Again that which is in God properly, is in him eternally: this patience is not in him eternally, but for the time of the continuance of this world. Neuertheles, Scripture ascribes this patience to God for two causes. The first is, because there is in God an infinite goodness of will and nature, whereby he never simply wills the perdition or destruction of any creature. Thus saith Ezekiel, God wills not, that is, takes no delight in the death of a sinner. And whereas it is said, that vengeance is God's and he will repay, it must be thus taken, that God in revenge doth not absolutely intend to destroy, but only to exequute justice in the punishment of sin. It may be objected, that God is said to make vessels of wrath prepared to destruction. I answer, this place must circumspectly and warily be understood: and I take the meaning of it to be this, that God makes vessels of wrath or vessels for wrath by his will and decree, whereby he decrees to pass by some and to forsake them in respect of his love and mercy. And this act of God in passing by and in forsaking of men, is as it were, to set them a part to become vessels of wrath. And though God in secret and just judgment do this, yet he never fills any of these vessels with his wrath, till they have been tainted with iniquity: and though they be prepared to destruction, yet they are never indeed destroyed but for their sins. Thus then, by reason of this excellent and incomprehensible goodness of God, whereof the virtue of patience is but a shadow, God is said to be patient.

The second cause, why God is said to be patient is, because he doth the same things that patient men do. First he invites men to repentance: secondly he promiseth pardon: thirdly he defers punishment: fourthly at the first he only inflicts lesser punishments, when they do no good he inflicts greater: and lastly when there is no hope of amendment, he inflicts everlasting death and destruction.

The ende of God's patience is twofold: one that the Elect of God may be gathered and called: the other, that all excuse might be taken from the ungodly.

The patience of God is either universal, or particular. Universal, which pertains to all men. The decree of divine justice was set down to Adam, & in him to all mankind, When thou shalt eat of the forbidden fruit in dying thou shalt DIE, that is, presently die the first and second death. Dathan and Abiram presently upon their rebelliō, went down into the earth quick. The captains with their fifties were presently upon their coming to Elias, destroyed with fire from heaven. And so oft as any man sins, he deserves present destruction: and so many sins as we have committed, so many damnations have we deserved. Here it may be demanded, why God doth not execute his decree accordingly. I answer, God in justice remembers mercy, yea his justice gives place to mercy. For there is another decree of mercy, which he will have as well to be accomplished as the decree of justice, and that is, The seed of the woman shall bruise the serpents head. Again, Ask of me and I will give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the ends of the earth for thy possession. That mercy then may be shown upon mankind, justice is exequuted in great patience by certain decrees. And this patience pertains to all men without exception, that come of Adam by generation.

Special patience is that which concerns particular men or cuntries. Thus God spared the old world 120 years before he sent the flood: he spared the Amorites till their iniquities were full: he spared the Egyptians 400 years. He deferred the punishment of the idolatry of Israel 390 years, and then he punished it with 70 years captivity. He winked at the ignorance of the Gentiles 4000 years. Antichrist shall not •• terly be destroyed till the coming of Christ. Whē men blaspheme God and Christ, swearing wounds, blood, heart, sides, nails, life; if they had their desert, they should descend to hell quick and that presently: but God forbears them, and sundry such persons are vouchsafed the grace of true repentance. The very least offender upon earth is partaker of the great patience of God. For he sustains the members of our bodies, the powers and motions of the soul in such actions in which we offend him. And no creature can sufficiently consider the greatness of this longsuffering.

The use to be made of the patience of God follows. First, it serves to teach all men to turn to God by true repentance. Rom. 2.4. Despisest thou the patience and longsuffering of God, knowing that the goodness of God leads thee to repentance. 2. Pet. 3.9. God is patient towards us, and would have no man to perish, but would all men to come to repentance. To come more near to our selves and this English nation. Now is the day of our visitation, and hath been for the space of this forty years and more, in which God in great patience hath continually called upon us, knocked at the door of our hearts, and stretched out the arms of his mercy unto us. Wherefore the common duty of all English people is, to turn unto God with all their hearts according to all the law of God, as it is said of Josiah. And that this duty may indeed be practiced, I will use certain reasons, that may serve to stir up our dead minds. First, the time of the continuance of the patience of God is hid̄ & unknown unto us. And hereupon, when men abusing the patience of God shall say, peace, peace, then, then shall come sudden destruction, as travail upon a woman. And therefore the time is to be redeemed, and as S. Peter saith, we must watch and make hast for the coming of the Lord. Secondly, the greater the patience of God is and hath been, the greater shall his anger be. A blow, the longer it is in coming, the greater it is. Yea the very wrath of God in it self is most horrible. The wrath of a lyon, of a Prince, yea the wrath of all creatures to the wrath of God, is but a drop of water to the whole sea. At his indignation the very mountains melt; the heavens & the elements shall melt at his coming: much more should our rocky & stony hearts melt. Thirdly God hath his treasury & storehouses for judgment: and they which go on in their sins from day today fill this treasury of God, with wrath and judgments against the day of wrath. And whē men turn heartily frō their evil ways, this treasury is emptied, as appears by the example of the Ninevites. Wherefore let us all frō the highest to the lowest bethink our selves what evil we have done, and how we have abused the merciful patience of God, & make speed to turn to God and Christ our merciful Savior. Some will say, we abuse not God's patience; we have repented long ago. I answer, the number of them that truly turn unto God in their hearts is but small in comparison, even as the gleaning is to the whole harvest. It will be said again, we are not as the Jews that denied Jesus Christ to be the Messias. I answer: we confess Christ in word, but there is a great multitude among us, that deny him in their deeds and naughty lives. For to omit the sins of the second table, there be five notorious sins that are common among us. Wilfull ignorance; in that men have little or no care to know God and to know the way of life. The second is, the profane contempt of the gospel. For now the obedience to this blessed doctrine of life, yea the very show of it is in common reputation Precisenes. And now a days under this name, the profession of the gospel comes otherwhiles upon the stage to help to make up the play, & to minister matter of mirth. Upon this we may justly fear the gospel is going frō us. The third sin is worldliness, which reigns and bears sway in all places as though there were no other world, and as though heaven were upon earth. The fourth sin of our days is Lewk-warmness. For commonly men are not lost in themselves that they might be found of Christ, they feel not their own poverty, they know not in what need they stand of the blood of Christ: and therefore they make profession of the faith formally, not seriously, only because they are forced so to do by the good laws of a good prince. The last sin is Hypocrisy, for all among us come to the Lord's table, and thereby enter into the highest degree of Christianity that can be upon earth. For thereby they make profession that they are united to Christ, and have fellowship with him and grow up therein. And yet the most being departed from this holy sacrament, take liberty to live as they list, despising all others that will not say and do as they do. These and many others, are the common fruits of our English vineyard. It stands us all in hand to pray unto God, that he would blow upon his vineyard, that we may bring forth better fruit and prevent the judgments that otherwise are like to fall.

Secondly, in that God is so patient towards us we are taught to exercise our selves in patience in respect of God when we are afflicted and corrected by him. For when he lays his hand upon us, we may not be angry, fret, chafe, and rage, but quiet our hearts in his will, though the cross be grievous for measure, and long for continuance. This patience to Godward is termed in scripture by an excellent name, The Silence of the heart, whereby the heart without repining subjects it self to the will of God in all things. Psal. 4.4. Examine your hearts upon your bed & be still. And 37.7. be silent to Jehovah.

Thirdly, if God be thus patient towards men, we again must be patient one towards another: as Paul saith, forbear one another, and forgive one another, as God for Christ's sake forgave you. The faith of the merciful patience of God cannot but breed and bring forth in us patience and long suffering in regard of anger and revenge.

Lastly, in that God calls us to salvation with great patience, we must suffer our selves to be called, and run the race of our salvation with like patience. We must hear the word and bring forth fruit with patience. We must pray without fainting and without taking repulse as the woman of Canaan did: and therefore with patience. Our hope must be by patience and the comfort of the scriptures. In a word, we cannot obtain the promises without patience.

The fifth and last point to be considered is, what is meant by the children of Jerusalem. I answer it thus. Children in scripture are taken 4. ways. First, some are children by generation: of them read Luke the 3. chapter, where a long genealogy is set down from Adam to Christ. Secondly, some are called children by adoption without generation. Michal, that never bare child to her death, is said to bear five to Adriel: because she did adopt his children, and bring them up as her own. Thirdly, some are called children in regard of legal succession in title to this or that thing. Thus Zedekiah who indeed was uncle to Iehoakim, is said be the son of Iehoakim: because he did succeed Iehoakim, (as being the next of the blood) in the kingdom. Ieconias or Conias was childless: and yet he is said to beget Salathiel: because Salathiel, was to succeed him in the kingdom of Judah, in that he was the next of David's house. Lastly, men, in that they appertain to anything or place, as children do to their parents, are called children thereof. Thus men are called children of light, of darkness, of sin, of wrath. Thus Jerusalem is called the daughter of Zion. And in this text citizens, the inhabitants of Jerusalem, are called the children thereof.

Thus much of the Rebellion of Jerusalem: now follows the punishment in these words: Behold your habitation shall be left unto you desolate: or thus, your house, that is, both city and temple (as it is in the next chapter) shall be left unto you as a wilderness.

Here we must first observe that the punishment of Jerusalem's rebellion is a decreed desolation both of city & Tēple. And the right consideration of it is of great use. For this desolation is as it were a looking glass to this our English nation, in which we may see our future condition; except we repent of our unthankfulness to God for his mercies, and show better fruits of the gospel, then commonly we do. The old world little regarded the ministry of Nohe the preacher of righteousness, and was destroyed by an universal flood. It is a general decree of God, The Gentiles and kingdoms that will not serve thee shall perish, and be utterly destroyed. If God spare not the natural branches, he will much less spare us that are but wild branches, if we neglect & lightly esteem the gospel of life, as men everywhere commonly do.

Secondly the desolation of Jerusalem may be a glass to everyone among us, who in these days of God's merciful visitation, sets the ministry of the gospel at naught, or lightly respects it; for unless such persons amend and that betime, utter desolation will befall both them and their families. God hath passed his sentence, they that withdraw themselves from God shall perish. Now they withdraw themselves from God, that cannot abide to have fellowship with him in his word, and to bring themselves in subjection thereto. Thirdly, it appears hence by the contrary, that the stability of all kingdoms stands in the obedience of the gospel of Christ: for God's kingdom is most sure and stable, against which nothing can prevail. And whē the Gospel is obeyed in any kingdom, it is (as it were) founded in the kingdom of God.

Moreover this desolation is both perpetual and terrible: it is perpetual, that is, to the last judgment. For Jerusalem must be trode under foot, till the time of the Gentiles be fulfilled, and that is, till there be signs in the sun and moon, and the powers of heaven be shaken, and that is immediately before the last judgment. Hence I gather that there is no city of Jerusalem nor Temple now standing. It will be said, that since the destruction thereof they might have been reedified. I answer, by reason of this curse of God, it cannot so be. Three 100. and 30. years after the death of Christ, the Jews by the leave and help of Julian the Emperor, went about to build again their temple and city, but their work was overthrown, and they hindered by thunder & lightening, & earthquakes, and many of them slain thereby. Again it may be said, that there is a city now standing that is called Hierusalē. I answer, it is either Jerusalem in his ruins, or the city Bethara, fenced and walled by Elius Adrianus. Secondly by this it appears, that the wars that were made heretofore for the recovery of the Holy land, and of Jerusalem, were in vain. This enterprize was the policy of the Pope that he might the better seat himself in Europe. And there was little good to be looked for in the place that God had accursed with perpetual desolation. Thirdly by this it appears, that pilgrimages made to the Holy land are superstitious. And lastly I gather hence, that Antichrist shall not reign in the Temple at Jerusalem. This is but a popish fiction. For how is it possible for him to sit in a Temple, that is utterly destroyed, in such sort, that stone doth not lie upon stone. It is objected, that Antichrist shall destroy the two prophets of God in the City in which Christ was crucified. I answer, Christ is as well crucified in his members as in his own person: & thus he was & is still crucified in Rome: and in respect of his members more crucified in Rome then in Jerusalem.

Again, this desolation was most terrible, and the tribulation thereof so great, that the like was never since the beginning of the world. Histories written thereof declare as much. For the city was at the first besieged by the army of Titus Vespasianus, called the Abomination of desolation, and it was withal compassed with a wall that had 13. castles in it to command the whole city. In the time of the siege, the Jews were oppressed with a grievous famine: in which their food was old shoes, old leather, old hay, & the dung of beasts. There died partly of the sword, & partly of the famine an eleuē hundred thousand of the poorer sort: two thousand in one night were imbowelled alive: six thousand were burned in a porch of the Temple: the whole city was sacked and burnt, and laid level to the ground: and nintie seven thousand taken captives, and to be applied to base and miserable service. This horrible desolation, must teach us to dread and fear God, and to yield unfeigned subjection to Christ. And as the psalmist saith, to kiss the son least he be angry, and we perish in the way, when his wrath shall suddenly burn.

Touching this desolation there be three things done by Christ. First he determines it, saying, Your house shall be left unto you desolate. Hence I gather that there is a providence of God, touching things that come to pass. That is one point. The second is, that the disposition of kingdoms for the beginning, continuance, and ende, is of God. The God of heaven (saith Cyrus) hath given me all the kingdoms of the world. And Daniel to Nebuchadnezzar, The God of heaven hath given thee kingdom, power, and glory. And the handwriting upon the wall in the sight of Baltasher was to this effect, Thy kingdom is numbered, for continuance of years: it is weighed and found light in respect of the sins of the people: and it is divided to the Medes & Persians. This must teach all good subjects in England, to lift up their hearts to God, for the continuance of peace and protection to this Church and land.

Secondly, Christ reveals the desolation of Jerusalem and that certainly: yea, he determines the very particular time. This generation (saith he) shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled: And according to this revelation & prediction of Christ, all things came to pass. For within the compass of 40. years after it was destroyed. Hence I gather that this gospel of Matthew and the rest are the very word of God, on this manner. That which foretells particular things to come certainly & truly, is of God: but the gospels foretell particular things to come certainly and truly, as in this place we see: therefore it is of God.

Thirdly and lastly, Christ labors to bring the Jews to a serious consideration of their punishment, whē he saith, Behold. For he doth as it were take thē by the hand, and bring them to a present view of their misery. And thus he hath always dealt with his people frō the beginning. Yea thus he dealt with Adam before his fall, when he said, If thou eat the forbidden fruit in dying thou shalt die. This serious consideration of deserved punishments, is of great use. It is an occasion of repentance to many. It is a means, if not of repentance, yet of restraint of open vices. Again, the consideration of everlasting punishments, is a means to make us patiently bear lesser crosses that befall us in this life. And therefore it were to be wished, that mē now a days would seriously think and speak of hell, and of the pains thereof. For then there would be more amend̄t then there is. But this good is hindered partly by blindness of mind, and partly by false imaginations, that the judgments and punishments of God may easily be escaped.