The Doctrine of a God and Providence Vindicated

THE PREFACE.

THE unprejudic'd Reader (I presume) will most easily excuse me, if I make no Apology for the Publication of these Papers; the undisguis'd and insolent Appearance of Atheism now amongst us, and the unhappy over-flowings of Profaneness and Infidelity still rendering Discourses of this nature (to the great Concern and Amazement of all truly Pious and Thinking Persons) absolutely necessary. I shall therefore only entreat the Reader, with all due seriousness and attention, to consider the weight and importance of the Subject now before us. That we are not driving on the trifling, insignificant interest of a Party, nor unaccountably wasting our precious time in the idle prosecution of airy, useless, and empty Speculations; but endeavoring the Extirpation of such Doctrines and Principles, as put the Foundations of the Earth entirely out of course, involve all Mankind in Anarchy and Confusion, and over-shade the intellectual World with Eternal Night and Darkness; ungratefully interposing their malignant Blackness, and eclipsing (as much as they can) the refreshing Splendors and Brightness of the King of Glory. That therefore it highly concerns him, where-ever he shall in this, or in any other more excellent Treatise find anything really destructive of such monstrous Doctrines, there resolutely and courageously to fix and bottom; and not to be led away with the sophistical Harangues and delusive Impertinences of Thoughtless Men, nor (to the dishonor of his Maker, the Grief of all Good Men, and the utter Ruin of his Present as well as Future Happiness) most shamefully and inexcusably to fall from his own stedfastness. This (I say) is all I think necessary to advise the Reader. Which if he vouchsafes to accept with the same ingenuity as 'tis offered, he will (I hope) have no Reason to repent his perusal of these Papers. If not; However I have done my duty, and therefore shall humbly leave the Event to Him; whose is the Greatness, and the Power, and the Glory, and the Victory, and the Majesty forever.

THough the voice of Nature and Reason loudly proclaims this Truth, and all our senses are encountered with the clearest evidences and highest demonstrations of a Providence; though our Fathers have told us what Works he hath done in their times of old, and our own eyes (if we do not willfully shut them) daily see his Glory: Yet (I speak it to our shame) there are not wanting some, even in this our day, who through their corrupt practices, and abominable impure conversations have so debauched their Understandings, extinguished the light of Reason, and so deeply sunk the rational Soul into Flesh and Sensuality, that that noble Creature, which was designed for the conversation of Angels, and the everlasting Fruition of the prime Beauty itself, is shamefully become like the Beasts that perish. As though God had left himself entirely without Witness, and we could trace no Footsteps of his Providence in the World, they boldly open their Mouths in Blasphemy against him that made them; and their talking is altogether against the most High. Like the rebellious Israelites, they still distrust his presence; and though they daily and hourly enjoy the sweet effects of it, yet they murmuringly ask, whether he be indeed amongst them, or not? Wherefore to obviate in some measure that torrent of impiety, which from the malignant influence of these unreasonable Men, may unhappily arise upon the World, and disturb the Peace of our Zion; I shall endeavor through the gracious assistance of my blessed Maker to show, that (notwithstanding all the cavils and disputes of Men of corrupt Minds) God doth in very deed Reign over all the World.

In order to this, it may perhaps be thought necessary, that the ground-work of my Discourse should be the irrefragable proof of the Deity itself. But I shall wave the direct and immediate handling of that subject at this time, not so much, either because there may be many, who (like Epicurus ) deny his Providence, yet allow his Being: Or because it has been copiously done by many excellent hands already; as chiefly, because the arguments, whereby I shall endeavor to prove his Providence, do not suppose, but necessarily and unavoidably conclude too for his Being. To premise then no farther; All that can be said, why God should not take care of the World, must necessarily be resolved into this disjunctive Proposition, that either he cannot, or that he will not. The former destroys his Omnipotence, Omniscience, Omnipresence; The latter his Wisdom, Justice, and Goodness; both by consequence his very Being or Existence. So that to proceed with the greater clearness and perspicuity, I see it necessary, before I take upon me the direct proof of a Providence, to show in the first place, that (if I may have leave for the present to suppose there is a God) all these Attributes do inseparably belong to the Divine Nature, and consequently that God is both able, and also willing to preside over us, that so these rubs and impediments being thrown out of the way, we may be the more easily carried from his ability and willingness to show, that he actually does preside over us.

1. Then, God is Omnipotent, and so is able to preside over us. Some things indeed there are, which cannot be effected by the power of God himself. Whatever involves a contradiction, or is repugnant to his Essential Perfections, falls not within the Sphere of the Divine activity. Thus God cannot cause a thing to be, and not to be, at the same time in the same respect, nor make that not to have been, which hath already been. He cannot want who is All-sufficient; nor die, who is essentially and necessarily existent. Now, whatever some of the later Heathens have thought, these things are so far from derogating from the power of God, as that they are rather demonstrations of his Omnipotence, than arguments of Imbecillity. For every kind of faculty is necessarily determined to its own proper objects, as the Eye to things visible, the Understanding to things intelligible, and the Ear to things audible, none of which can be ever charged with deficiency, provided it duly exerciseth its operations about its own proper objects. Now the object of power you know, is that only which is possible, or in other terms, that only which implies no repugnancy or contradiction. As then that Understanding is truly said to be infinite, which fully comprehends all things, that are intelligible, or that can be understood, though it cannot make excursions beyond its own bounds, or understand the things that are not intelligible, or to be understood; so that power is as truly and properly said to be infinite, which extends itself to all things simply and absolutely possible, and which can act or produce, whatsoever can be acted or produced, without any possibility of impediment or resistance, though' it cannot launch out into the depth of impossibilities, or do those things, which belong not to any power to be done. Being then those things, that either immediately or consequentially imply a contradiction, do not belong to any power to be done, they no more diminish the rays of God's Glory, though' he cannot do them, nor cause any greater derogation to his infinite power, than things audible or visible detract from the excellency of the Understanding, which dilates itself through the utmost regions of things intelligible, or that can be understood. So then if it can be shewn, that God is able to effect everything, which is the proper object of power, or that can be done; that not all the powers in Earth or Heaven are able to make any resistance to his will, but that when he hath purposed, none can disannul it, when his hand is stretched out, none can turn it back: If, I say, it can be shewn, that his power is thus exalted above all opposition whatsoever, we must acknowledge it to be absolute and infinite. And now what great Criticism is there requisite to find out, that his power is thus absolute and infinite? It belongs to the natural notion of him, and 'tis impossible for a Man rightly to attend to the Divine Nature, and not to cry out with Jehoshaphat, In thine hand, O God, is there not power and might, so that none is able to withstand thee? For if we have any true conception of him, he must of necessity appear to be the first of Beings, who exists independently and of himself, i.e. borrows his original from no other; but how can such a Being be limited or circumscribed? Or who can set him his bounds, which he shall not pass? Nothing surely can be limited, but by something which is before it. But was anything before him, who is the first as well as the last? Any thing coaeval with him, who only hath immortality? Again, all other things in the World beside God were either made, or not made: If not made, then they are self-subsistent; and if self-subsistent, then since every Being naturally desires its utmost perfection, they would questionless have invested themselves with all imaginable perfections, and so would be independent and all-sufficient. But, as Aristotle well observes, and daily experience proves true, nothing beside God is thus independent and all-sufficient, and consequently nothing beside himself-subsistent. It remains then, that they were made. Made then they were either by themselves, or by some other. By themselves 'twas impossible, for so they must both have been, and not have been at the same time in the same respect. They must have been, because they acted, viz. made themselves, for nothing can act, but what is; they must not have been, because they were not yet made, and therefore they were in being, and not in being at the same time in the same respect. But this is a palpable contradiction. Made then they were by some other, and consequently by God alone, nothing (as 'tis observed before) being existent before all things but He. This is acknowledged by all, that allow the Creation of the World. To infer then; He, who alone made the Earth by his Power, established the World by his Wisdom, and stretched out the Heavens by his Discretion; He, who placed Man and Beast upon the face of the ground, and filled the spacious plains above with Myriads of his Holy ones: He, I say, who did all this only by the actual determination of his Will, must needs be irresistible in Power, as well as incomprehensible in Wisdom. For who can be equal to him in Power, to whom all Power originally belongs? Who can oppose, or make Head against him, who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of Kings and Lord of Lord's? Is it possible, that he should find any resistance from the Work of his own hands? Or that the clay should hinder the potter from moulding it into what shape he pleaseth? Who then hath not known, who hath not heard, that the everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the Earth, fainteth not, neither is weary? Lift up your eyes on high, and behold that Royal Host of Heaven. He bringeth them out by number, he calleth them all by their names; by the greatness of his might, for that he is strong in Power, not one faileth. When he commandeth, they fight from Heaven; The Stars in their courses sought against Sisera: Fire and Hail too, Snow and Vapour, Stormy-wind, all fulfill his word. Men do therefore stand up, and bless his glorious name, which is exalted above all Blessing and Praise. Angels and Powers, Cherubim and Seraphim, and all the company of Heaven cast their never-fading and immortal Crowns before the Throne, and worship him, who reigneth forever and ever. They cease not day nor night, saying, Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty, Heaven and Earth are full of thy Glory. Nay there is no Nation under Heaven, no time nor Country, wherein many have not continually given him this Honor: He is ordinarily stilled by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and by the Latins Jupiter Omnipotens, Pater Omnipotens, & Opt. Max. The Orators and Poets too in many places spake excellently to the same purpose: The sense of all which is, (to use the words of the royal Psalmist, and of the humbl'd Tyrant of Babylon ) The Lord is high above all the Earth, he is exalted far above all God's. He doth according to his will in the Armies of Heaven, and amongst the Inhabitants of the Earth, and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, what doest thou? Thus you see this one Eternal, Independent Being, God, is abundantly qualified for the Government of the World upon the account of his Power. He is so,

2. In respect of his Knowledge, for he is Omniscient, as well as Omnipotent, infinite in Knowledge, as well as infinite in Power. Many ways have been taken by learned Men for the proof of this Attribute; but being no Friend to fruitless, unnecessary disputes, I shall industriously wave all such arguments, as rather confound and perplex, than convince and resolve the judgment, and endeavor with all the perspicuity imaginable to lay before you this truth. Wherefore not to tell you, that God may therefore be said to be Omniscient, because comprehending within himself all the Ideas and Essences of things, together with all their possible references and respects; you need only remember, that Knowledge is a perfection, which therefore cannot be wanting to that Being, which (as it appears from what has been already discoursed) is absolutely perfect. It has often entitled Men to more than Human Veneration; for, if we run over the Catalogue of the Heathen Deities, though' some of them by trophies, victories, and assaults did, as it were, take Heaven itself, yet we shall find, that in the greatest number of them Knowledge was the ladder, by which they ascended to Divine honors. If then so great a measure of this perfection has been in the Creatures, how must all its lines necessarily Concentre in the Creator himself? He that made the eye, shall not he see? He that gives to Man understanding, shall not he know? Doubtless he seeth not as Man feeth, but his Knowledge is absolute, infinite, and unbounded. Hell is naked before him, and destruction hath no covering. The black obscure chambers of Death are as clear to him as the Light; and the gloomy Regions of everlasting darkness as bright as the noon-day: We indeed see through a glass darkly, but He comprehends every single object with a most perfect infallible view. We reason and infer, premise and conclude, and yet seldom arrive to the certainty of a demonstration; but He with one single act of intuition glanceth through the whole possibility of Being. The understandings of the most searching inquisitive Creatures, have been often puzzled and soil'd by some Phenomena in Nature, and the Angels themselves, (as we shall see at large in its proper place) though Creatures of noble faculties and exalted understandings, have not been able to see to the bottom of Divine determinations: But there is no creature, that is not manifest in his sight, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 but as the entrails of the sacrifice, and the other most secret parts were all laid open and discernible before the Priest, by cutting the Sacrifice down the neck or back-bone, so all things, even the thoughts of our hearts, and our most hidden contrivances are naked and open unto the eyes of him, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to whom we must give an account. This has been generally acknowledged by all Nations in the World, and Plato has therefore called God the Soul of the World, because he not only diffuseth himself through the whole mass, actuating or giving life and motion to all its parts, but chiefly because he apprehended him to be no less conscious to all our actions than our spirits themselves, as intimately acquainted with our greatest privacies, being a discerner of our very thoughts and intentions. But not to insist upon the testimony of particular Authors, That common custom amongst all Nations of swearing by him, and calling him to witness to the sincerity of their hearts, sufficiently declares an universal belief of this Attribute. I should now proceed,

3. To speak a word or two of his Omnipresence, an Attribute equally requisite to the great Governor of the World, as either his Omniscience, or Omnipotence. But though both the Ancients and Moderns have questioned this Attribute more than any other; yet the concessions on both sides prove enough for my purpose, and so save me the trouble of enlarging here upon it. For though I cannot believe, but that God is (as the Ancient Philosophers tell us, when they describe him to be a Circle, whose center is everywhere, and circumference nowhere) not only in Heaven, but everywhere else too substantially and essentially present; yet if to stop the mouths of Gain-sayers I should grant, that he is in this World only virtually and efficaciously, by his Wisdom and Power, I should give nothing, that would any ways invalidate the truth of our assertion, since one way or other they all acknowledge his Providence. Thus then 'tis plain, that the hand of the Lord is not shortened, that it cannot save: But that (if he please) he can without any the least interruption of his own essential happiness, extend his particular providence to every individual thing in the World. And that he will be pleased thus graciously to deal with us, we can have no reason to doubt, if we consider:

1. That Wisdom is essential to his nature, and that therefore he cannot do anything but for wise and great ends. Did he then by his all-creating voice call the beauteous Fabric of this World out of the Abyss of vanity, and nothing, only to stand by, and behold so goodly a Frame hurried about by the unstable methods of Chance and Fortune? What prudent Man, after he has built a stately Vessel, ever commits it without Pilate or Mariner to the mercy of the Winds and Seas? Surely at this rate Natures God would be less wise than herself, who, as the Philosopher truly observes, does nothing in vain. But,

2. God will take care of the World, because he is just. Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do right, was but a rational expostulation of the Patriarch with God; for injustice is so great a blemish, such a stain and disreputation, even to the Sons of Men, that many thereby have been exposed to shame, and Judges themselves been overthrown in stony places. What base unworthy thoughts then must he have of God, who can presume to rob him of this necessary, this inseparable Attribute? An Attribute so essential to the God-head, that we may as well say with the Fool there is no God, as deny this God to be infinitely just. Can he then, who is independent and all-sufficient, a circle of Excellency, and an endless orb of Perfection, either be inclined through partiality, or corrupted with gifts, or be any other ways tempted to neglect or violate the Laws of justice? Whatever they suppose, who are at ease in Zion, and therefore cannot endure to reflect upon the dismal appearances of the great day of accounts, yet certainly, as the Divine Philosopher in his Theatetus speaks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. e. God is not, cannot in any respect whatever be unjust, but must necessarily be just in the highest degree. Though therefore he is strong and patient, and doth not execute his anger every day; yet doubtless he is a righteous Judge, who will at length render to every Man according to his Works. The sober Heathens were always of this mind, and therefore though St. Paul found some at Athens, who mocked when they heard of the Resurrection of the dead, yet we hear of none, that replied against the Doctrine of a future Judgment. They rightly understood both the temper of their own Spirits, and also the nature of God's, and therefore had beforehand concluded, that there was a judgment to come. But now how can God judge the World in righteousness, if he will not vouchsafe to mind the things, that are in the World? How can he minister true judgment unto the People, if he sees not, if he knows not what Men do upon the Earth? Since then Justice is so essential to the God head, that he may as well cease to be, as to be just: Since therefore he will at length erect his Tribunal, when all the seeming Inequalities, which so much disquiet our minds in his present dispensation, shall be adjusted, and these jarring discords become one perfect Harmony and Proportion: Since according to the several degrees of merit and demerit in these, that stand to be judged, he shall impartially destribute the several degrees of Rewards and Punishments, so that the Heavens will be forced to declare his Righteousness, and Angels and Archangels to applaud his Justice: He must not, he cannot be a Stranger to things done here below. He must search us out, and know us, be about our Paths, and about our Beds, and spy out all our ways. There must not be a word in our tongue, but he must know it altogether. He must understand all our thoughts, and pierce into the depth of our most hidden counsels, for else it might unluckily fall out, that there might at last be no Reward for the Righteous, though there should be a God to judge those, that lived in the Earth. Wherefore by what means we are assured of his Justice, by the same we are secured of his Providence: But we are as sure of his Justice as of his very Being; and therefore must conclude, that as sure as God is, he will take care of the World. But

3. Who can reasonably doubt of the kind Providence of Heaven, that has in the least tasted that God is Good? This is the first, the clearest Notion we have of him, the brightest and loveliest emanation of him, who is Loveliness itself. He is so good, that a Man may as soon number the Stars of Heaven, the drops of Rain, or the days of Eternity, as fathom the depth of this immense, this unbounded Ocean. The Philosophers think no words high enough to express it. Plato stiles him 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , The Idea or very Essence of Goodness, and makes him under this Name the first Hypostasis in his celebrated Triad. Jamblichus to the same purpose calls him, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ; and Hierocles, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . Seneca assures us, that Goodness is not only the principal Attribute of the Deity, but also the very Foundation as I may so say, whereon all the others are built: Primus est Deorum cultus, says he, Deos credere; deinde reddere illis Majestatem suam, reddere Bonitatem, sine quâ nulla Majestas. The Doctors in the Talmud speak much after the same rate; and if they say true, St. Austin (as the learned Chaplain observes) needed not to have answered him so roughly, who asked him what God employed himself about before the World was made? He was not making Hell for such bold Inquisitors, but creating repentance, say they, or contriving all the ways how he might be merciful enough to the Man he is so mindful of, and to the Son of Man he so much regardeth. Nay, that this in very deed is his Favorite, his darling Excellence, in which his Soul takes most delight and complacency; The Holy Scriptures too do abundantly testify: God is, say they, what? Wisdom? or Justice? or Power? or Majesty? No, God is love. He is indeed a great and terrible God; infinite, as I have shewn, in Power, infinite in Wisdom, infinite in Justice: But they seem, as it were, to overlook all these Perfections, whilst they tell us in the abstract, that he is Love. This is his name, and this his memorial throughout all Generations; His I say, truly, properly, incommunicably His, as appears from our Savior's answer to the Man, who (looking upon him only as a mere Man) called him good Master; Why callest thou me good? says he, there is none good but one, that is God. Now then, if God be thus essentially good, who can imagine, but that he will take care of his Creatures? Goodness, you know, is of its own nature communicative; and like Fire, it naturally endeavors to dilate itself, by turning all it lays hold upon into its own nature. Does the Sun then rejoice to run his course, and to communicate his Light to this lower World? Doth the fond Mother take pleasure in cherishing her helpless Babe, and, though not without pains and trouble, preserve it continually in her arms from all such things as may hurt it; and can we suppose, that God, who, (as you have seen) is the Fountain, Perfection, and very Essence of Goodness, should expose his helpless Creatures to stand upon their own legs, and to provide for themselves? No, Thousand Thousands, says the Prophet Daniel, 7.10. minister unto him, and Ten Thousand times Ten Thousand stand before him, all ready to receive his great commands, and with swiftest wing to execute his good pleasure among the Children of Men. 'It is their highest repast indeed to lay themselves down at the Spring-head of Bliss, and incessantly to drink out of the pure River of Life, which proceedeth out of the Throne of God and of the Lamb; yet in obedience to their great Lord they joyfully come down from their celestial Mansions, singing and praising that infinite Goodness, which so wonderfully provides for the preservation of all his Creatures; so that, if the Lord would be pleased to open our eyes, as he did the young Man's at the Prayer of Elisha, we should behold a bright and glittering Host of auxiliary Spirits, not only watching over whole Kingdoms and Communities of Men, but likewise continually incamping round about every single, individual godly Man, and with the greatest care and concern delivering him night and day from the mischievous attempts of the Powers of darkness.

Thus I have done with the first thing I proposed, having abundantly shewn, that all these Attributes, Omnipotence, Omniscience, Omnipresence, Infinite Wisdom, Justice, and Goodness, do inseparably belong to the Divine Nature, and consequently that God is both able, and also willing to preside over us. I now proceed to consirm and establish the same Truth by some few Arguments, which (as I said before) do not suppose, but necessarily and unavoidably conclude too for his Being.

1. Then, that there is some Great, Invisible Being, who by his infinite Wisdom and Almighty Power presides over, and governs all things both in Heaven and Earth, will abundantly appear to any Man, who shall stand still a while, and contemplate the wide Theatre of the World, and impartially survey the several parts of the Creation. The Greatness and Beauty of the Creatures will render the Creator proportionably visible, and the operations of subordinate Agents lead us to a clear acknowledgment of the first supreme Mover. Ask the Heavens, and they will witness; the Celestial Bodies, and they will declare his Wisdom. How comes the Sun to move by an oblique Circle, when his Journey would be more easy and compendious through the Equator, if an overruling Providence has not so wisely ordered his motion, that he may in their due seasons dispense his benign and comfortable influence to all parts of the World, and yet not inflame the Earth by his too near approaches? Who commandeth the Morning, and causeth the Day-spring to know his place? Who hath so regularly distinguished the Vicissitudes of Light and Darkness, and so orderly constituted the different seasons of the Year? Who hath appointed the Moon for certain seasons, and brings her out with her glorious train to illuminate the Earth, least primitive Darkness entirely blot out the Light, and so regaining its lost Empire, sit brooding with all its attendant horrors upon the face of the whole Earth? Who hath given the Pole-star for a Guide to the Mariner, and so excellently qualified the different and unequal motions of the Stars and Planets, that though they never go together, yet they never interrupt or hinder one another in their courses, but constantly move each in its order and season? Can anything less, than an Almighty Arm, bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion? Or anything less, than infinite Wisdom, bring forth Mazaroth in his season, and guide Arcturus with his Sons? Epicurus his God indeed, as Maximus Tyrius well observes, was rather like a Sardanapalus, than a Deity; so delicate, tender, soft, and effeminate, that the least thought of business would disturb his brain, and mar all his Felicity; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , says he, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . The Immortal Being neither hath any business himself, nor creates any to others. And thus having discarded his God both from creating and minding the World, from Leucippus and Democritus (as they from the Phoenician Mochus ) he fondly conceited, that all this Beauty and Regularity in the motions of the Heavenly Bodies, and their immediate subserviency to the use of Mankind, could, without the contrivance of any Superior, Immaterial Agent, be the natural result of homogeneous matter fortuitously jumbled together. But how unworthy these sentiments are of the refined Spirit of a Philosopher, is sufficiently evident from the common Principles of natural Reason itself. For every part of this beauteous frame, bears the fairest and largest characters of the greatest Wisdom and Goodness as can be imagined, so that the Atheist himself does not think much to grant, that he cannot see, how things could have been better ordered, though God himself should indeed have contrived them. But could chance be the cause of this fair, this excellent effect, wherein we can discover no blot nor mistake, but all the various parts are so excellently adapted to their particular uses, and yet with so much order and regularity rendered subservient to one another, that the whole is nothing else, but a perfect pattern of beauty and proportion? Suppose the Brute matter being set in motion by the Eternal Mind, (as our Neotericks would have it) should at length, after infinite circumgyrations, applications, attritions, adhesions, and complications of itself in an immense space, amount to some more rude and imperfect delineations of nature; yet is it possible we should imagine, that the particles of it could ever fall into that exact form, order, motion, and service-ableness to the World, which the Heavenly Bodies are in, unless managed and disposed by Divine Wisdom and Counsel? As well may we conclude, that the Mausoleum, the Pyramids of Egypt, or any other stately structure we ever heard of in the World, were never contrived and erected by the mechanical wit of Man, but that the Iron, Stones, Timber, and all the other materials, playing and toying up and down without any care or thought, did upon a time very fortunately meet together, and after several trials and encounters on all sides, at last so happily hit upon one another's humors and dispositions, that of their own accord, without the counsel or contrivance of any Intelligent Being, they (combined together, and settled themselves in those Beautiful and Magnificent Structures so famous throughout the World. I am sure the greatest Speculatists of all Ages, whose enlarged Souls loved frequently to ascend into these outer Courts of Heaven, were always of this mind, amongst whom the judicious Roman Orator in particular was so deeply affected with the sense of these things, that he thought 'twas impossible for a Man seriously to contemplate the elegance and accurate order of them, and not plainly discern in them the Providence of God. Quid potest esse tàm apertum, says he, támque perspicuum, cùm coelum suspeximus, caelestiaque contemplati sumus, quàm esse aliquod numen proestantissimoe mentis, quo hoec regantur? And again as emphatically in the close of his second Book de Divinatione: Esse praestantem aliquam, Aeternámque Naturam, & eam suspiciendam admirandámque hominum generi, pulchritudo mundi, ordóque rerum Caelestium cogit confiteri: That there is some most Excellent and Eternal Nature, which ought to be honored and admired by Mankind, the Beauty of the World, and the order of the Heavenly Lights compel us to confess: Nay that great stickler for Epicurus, Lucretius himself, was so staggered at the contemplation of all this order and regularity in the motions of the Heavenly Bodies, that he was forced to lay aside the peremptory, dogmatical humor of his monopolizing sect, and to resolve all his search and enquiry into these matters into a puny, precarious may be, which too, and that very often scarce stands within the comprehensive bounds of possibility. And you know 'twas the same consideration, that induced not only the ignorant and vulgar, who generally judge of things by their senses, but also the most learned, ingenious, and contemplative Philosophers, the Zabii amongst the Chaldeans, the Hierogrammatists amongst the Egyptians, the Magi amongst the Persians, the Gymnosophists amongst the Indians, the Pythagoreans and Platonists amongst the Greeks, to worship them for God's.

But let us descend a while from these bright Mansions of day, and we shall find, that even this lower World does not lie in so much darkness and obscurity, but that here also we see such palpable evidences of his Being and Providence, that though Abraham be ignorant of us, and Israel acknowledge us not; yet surely He is, as Plato speaks, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , as well as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Father and Governor of all things, as well as the Maker of them; Our Deliverer, our Guardian, our Preserver, and that in Him we live, and move, and have our very Beings. Who can walk through the liquid and spacious Plains of the Air, seriously considering the admirable temperature of that Element, and not trace the Footsteps of Providence in each Particle of it? What, but an All-wise Agent, who takes care for the welfare of his Creatures, could so admirably adapt and accommodate it to the great ends of the Creation, making it the treasury of vital breath, without which we should immediately relapse into our original dust? Who bringeth the Winds out of his Treasures, to dissipate noisome and contagious Vapours, lest stagnating in the Air they should by their corrupt tabifick matter occasion many diseases in Animals, and also by their cool refreshing breezes, to temper and allay the scorching Beams of the Meridian Sun in such Regions, which otherwise through the extremity of heat would faint and languish near the Equator? Who by the same officious Ministers bringeth the Cloud over the Earth, to cause it to rain on the dry and parched ground? Or who with moderate and gentle show'rs impregnates the Womb of the Earth, and causeth the bud of the tender Herb to spring forth? Again, who hath laid up the Waters, as it were in a Treasure-house, not suffering their wet, liquid Particles to be mingled with the dry ones of the Earth, lest the whole should become one uninhabitable Quagmire? What but an Universal Principle of Wisdom and Counsel, has rendered this vast and wide Ocean, contrary to the nature of many other Waters, of so thick a consistency, that 'tis admirably fitted and disposed for the mutual commerce of one Nation with another? Or what, but such a Being causeth it constantly to observe its ebbs and flows, its Spring and Nepe-tides, and yet still to retain its saltness so convenient for the maintenance of its Inhabitants? What, but Omnipotence, could fetter and shackle this murmuring, restless, unruly Element; shut its fury in with Bars and Doors, and curb the insolence of its proud swelling waves only with reins of sand? Who, but He, silenceth the raging tempest, commands the fighting Winds to leave off their contentions, and snatcheth the Mariner, when at his wits end, from the devouring jaws of the Deep; after all gently wafting him to the Haven, where he would be? If those Men, who confined the Providence of God to the narrower limits of the Heavenly Spheres, had ever gone down to the Sea in Ships, and occupy'd their business in those great Waters, I doubt they would soon have been of another mind, and have confessed, that his Wonders were to be seen too in the Deep.

But we need neither contemplate the simple and uniform luster of the prime essential Glory, variously reflected in the dazzling splendors and brightness of the Heavenly Bodies, nor yet search the bottom of the Deep, if happily we may find him there: For do not even the Wilderness and the solitary places rejoice with joy and singing; and the beauty and usefulness, the variety and convenience of the Hills and Dales, of the Mountains and Valleys, of the Groves and Forests declare the Glory of the Lord, and the Excellency of our God? Who can silently consider, that the same cold insipid mass of Earth, which (as Mr. Ray discourseth) is grateful to no sense, and in all appearance destitute of any warmth or prolific virtue, should produce Trees and Plants, Herbs and Flowers, so various in their shape and color, so refreshing in their odors, so fragrant in their smell, so medicinal in their virtue, so beneficial in their uses, of so lovely and harmonious a beauty, and affecting all our senses with wonder and delight. That Springs and Fountains, Brooks and Rivers, Lakes and standing Pools of water should be scattered and dispersed all the Earth over, which otherwise in some parts, as in Egypt and India, would be utterly destitute and void of Inhabitants. That springs should break forth on the sides of Mountains most remote from the Sea; and hidden, undiscerned ways be made for Rivers, through Straits, and Rocks, and Subterraneous Vaults, as though nature had cut them on purpose to derive the Water, which else would overflow and drown whole Countries: That the Water thus passing through the veins of the Earth should be rendered fresh and potable, which yet we cannot effect by any percolations; the saline particles passing even through a ten-fold filtre. That in some places there should spring forth metallick and mineral Waters, and hot Baths, and these so constant and permanent for many Ages, and so convenient for divers Medicinal intentions and uses; the Causes of which things, or the means and methods, by which they are performed, have not been as yet certainly discovered. Who, I say, can seriously consider all this, and not gratefully acknowledge, that they are the gracious and miraculous effects of infinite Counsel and Understanding? Again, do not all the various kinds of Creatures, that move upon the face of the Earth, tell us that He is here, and direct us by their wonderful Operations to his Wisdom and Goodness? How naturally doth every Animal seek the preservation of its Species, and choose as fit and proper means for the attainment of its end, as it could do, if it had a rational intelligent Soul? How with no less various, than curious arts do the Birds interweave and plat their Nests to hatch their young ones in? And the Ant, (as all Naturalists agree) and the Squirrel (as is observed by the very Vulgar, who frequently pillage its hoards of nuts) providently lay up their treasure against the time of extremity? Nay, how do the first of these, though they bring but one morsel of meat at a time, and have not fewer perhaps than seven or eight young in the nest together, which at the return of their Dams do all at once with equal greediness hold up their heads, and gape for that morsel, as though they were really able judiciously to distinguish, and count their number, not omit or forget one of them, but feed them all? With what resolution as well as tenderness do the Creatures cherish and foster their Young, the very weakest and most timorous of them, such as Hens and Geese, showing in their defense so much bravery and courage, as even contrary to the motions of sense, and the instinct of self-preservation, to encounter all manner of dangers to preserve them from harm? 'Twould be no less pleasant than profitable, to run through the several Classes of Animals, and observe what wonderful methods they all at other times use for their own preservation. The Cretian Goats, as Tully observes are no sooner wounded with poisoned darts, but, as though their own counsel and experience directed them, they incontinently fly to the Herb Dictamnus, whose wonderful virtue immediately works the arrows out of their Bodies, and heals up the wound; and the Fish, called therefore Sepia, (says the same Author) as soon as pursued by the Fishermen, blackens the water with her Blood, and so makes her escape. The Lamb, as most Naturalists take it for granted, will immediately acknowledge the Wolf its Enemy, though it never saw one before; and we daily see, that Poultry, Partridges, and other Birds at the first sight know Birds of prey, and make sign of it by a peculiar note of their voice to their Young, who thereupon presently secure and hide themselves. Nay, natural Agents themselves act as constantly for wise and good ends, as these great Receptacles and Habitations of sense. They neglect their private Good and proper Ends, to maintain and promote the public Good of the Universe. Thus the Waters ascend upwards, the Fire downward against Nature, to prevent any Chasm in the compages of the Universe; and every natural Body will rend and burst in pieces, rather than the order of the World should be violated by a penetration of dimensions. But can all this be the production of blind chance or necessity, or rather the miraculous effects of infinite Goodness and Understanding? Ob Finem agere, says the learned Grotius, non est nisi intelligentis Naturae: To act for some end is the incommunicable property of an intelligent Being. Since then both natural and sensitive Agents act constantly for some end, and yet (as appears from their always repeating the same things exactly in the same method, without ever trying any new experiments, and their ineptitude to other concerns of no greater moment) cannot be directed in their operations by any counsel of their own; (This being a plain and evident token, that they cannot do otherwise, and consequently that they act, not from Reason, but purely from necessity) since, I say, they act with greater Reason, than what they are capable of learning by imitation or instruction, we must of necessity conclude, that there is some invisible, high and over-ruling Wisdom, who by his impression directs them as naturally to their proper ends, as the impression of the Archers hand drives the arrow towards the mark; so that, as the Orator speaks, he can by no means deserve the name of a Man (of a rational, thinking, intelligent Being) who after a due consideration of all these things, can still profess his ignorance of that All-wise Being, who so excellently ordereth and disposeth them.

But to come nearer home, whence has Man his Title of Sovereignty over his Fellow Creatures, or who hath given him this Charter of Universal, unlimited Empire? All the Creatures do obeisance to him, and in their several stations pay Him constant service. Some of them furnish his Table with food and delicacies, others kindly prevent or remove his Diseases by their medicinal Virtues. Some clothe and adorn his Body, others assist him in, and ease him of his labors. Nay there are some, which seem to have been created for no other end, than his sport and recreation; and if any turn Rebels, and disown his Authority, they as conscious of their guilt, immediately fly his Court, and betake themselves to the Wilderness. Nay, though some so far forget their allegiance, as to become cruel and noxious to him they should obey; yet others on the contrary bear him such good will and affection, that to save him the trouble of entering the lists himself, they bravely fight his Battels, breathing continual defiance against these Enemies of their Lord. Thus the Horse is a virulent enemy to the Bear, the Dolphin to the Crocodile, the Elephant to the Dragon, and the Lizard to the Serpent. Now did his own strength or policy thus bring Dominion to him, or his own right arm obtain him this victory? His might is vastly inferior to that of many Creatures, and 'tis impossible his Reason could ever implant so much awe, and dread of him upon such, as never experienced it. Doubtless then his Power is derived from some other Being, that is both stronger and wiser than himself and his Fellow Creatures, and that other being can be none but God.

Again, let a Man contemplate the structure of his own Body, and he will see so plain an inscription of Providence in each member of it, that he will be forced to say of it, what Heraclitus once did of his Stove; Etiam hic Dii sunt, Here also is that infinitely Wise and Powerful God, who ordereth all things in the World according to the counsel of his own will. For not to examine the infinite variety, delicate smallness, exquisite shape, position, and temper of the parts of this wondrous contrivance, and how they all unanimously serve their several ends: The admirable configuration of the parts of the Embryo in the dark recesses of the matrix without any care of the Parent, and the conveyance of its nourishment through the Vasa Umbilicalia: The natural closing up of those vessels upon the Birth of the Child, when it is to receive its nutriment another way, are full, pregnant, and uncontrollable demonstrations of a Providence. Such Knowledge indeed is too wonderful and excellent for the groveling Atomist, and has in all Ages miserably detected the weakness of the unthinking injudicious Epicurean; but to unprejudiced Men it has read continual Lectures of the Divine Wisdom and Goodness, and also from profane irreligious Persons extorted this confession; that God had fashioned them behind and before, and that therefore they were fearfully and wonderfully made. Thus Galen, who was no great Friend to Religion, observing that there was nothing in an Human Body, either superfluous or defective, nothing rude, unpolish'd, imperfect, or irregular; but that all, even its most minute, inconsiderable parts were so curiously adapted to their particular uses, and yet so wisely and regularly administered to the supply of the whole, that the whole frame was nothing else but perfect elegance and beauty, the most accurate order and exactest symmetry imaginable, was wound up to such an extatick admiration of the Wisdom, that contrived it, that after he had long racked and tortured his brains to find (if possible) some way or other to evade this confession, he at last entirely over-born with the presence of so evident and undeniable a truth, broke out into this rapturous expression: Compono hic prefecto Canticum in Creatoris nostri laudem, qui ultro res suas ornare voluit meliùs, quàm ullâ art possent. Here in truth do I compose an Hymn in praise of our Creator, who of his own free Goodness has been pleased to adorn and beautify his Creatures, beyond what either Art or Wit can imitate or imagine: And for the same reason some Philosophers have been induced to believe, that every particular part of a Man's Body, had a particular Genius or good Angel to superintend it.

Lastly, If from the Body we appeal unto the Soul, we shall find, that from premises granted by the Atheist himself, she will so clearly and undeniably conclude too for a Providence, that as Lactantius observes, he can by no means deserve the title of Rational, who is ignorant of God, the great Parent of his Soul. For why does not the Needle more naturally turn towards its beloved North, nor the Heliotrope more zealously affect the Kisses of the rising Sun, then the Soul of Man, especially when by often reflecting upon her own excellencies she has disdainfully shaken off those plummets, which sink her down into matter, dilating and spreading herself boundlesly beyond the utmost sphere of Finite Beings, points with her full bent and verticity to the Fruition of some Infinite Good, as to the only center, whereon she can finally rest? We find by experience, that these noble intelligent Creatures are too large for the Circle and Embraces of Nature; aspiring above the gratifications of sense and materiality, to the everlasting possession of a Spiritual and Immortal Blessedness. They can indeed refresh themselves with the excellency of the Creatures, and discover such variety of sweetness and beauty in their natures, as will plentifully entertain them with delightsome speculations. But for pure rest and peace, for plenary acquiescence and termination of desires, 'tis nowhere, I say, to be found within the whole Latitude of the Creation. The Depth saith, it is not in me; and the Sea saith it is not in me, so that though our perverse Wills should pursue their beloved Prey through all the vast Wilderness of the World, and force our enslav'd Understandings to follow the chase with them, yet after all their toil and labor they must at last sit down weary and dissatisfy'd, find themselves poor and indigent in the midst of all their Enjoyments, and weep with the insatiable Macedon, because they cannot find a World, some solid and substantial Happiness, which may fill the utmost capacity of their craving appetites, and refresh them with an inexhaustible spring of uninterrupted delights. But whence is it, I ask again, that our Souls have these capacious, these dilated desires; unless there is some Being of such ample, copious, and solid excellence, as may answer to the full extent of them? Some object within the Latitude of its Entity proportionable for them to fix and bottom upon? That is in other terms, unless there be a God and Providence? Again, whence is it, that the Dread of some great, invisible Power, and the anxious expectation of a judgment to come, are so twisted and interwoven with our very Beings, that (notwithstanding the triumphant Shoutings, Poetical Rants, and noisie Acclamations of the jolly and over-flush'd Champion of Epicurus to the contrary) the acutest Atheist with all his arts and reasonings could never totally erase them; but that, in spite of all his disputings to the contrary, they still revive and awake, as soon as the Clouds begin to thicken, and the Face of the Sky to grow black? We daily see, that neither Hope nor Fear, neither Love nor Hatred, nor any other Passion is in vain, so much as in Brutes; but that all their several instincts and affections have real Objects in nature corresponding to them. Can we then suppose, that the Object of Man's dread alone hath no real existence; but that he naturally trembles at an invisible Nothing; and is horribly afraid of the shadow of an Imagination? This would be to render him with all his Reason the most contemptible and ridiculous Creature upon the face of the Earth, and to set him in a Class, even below the Ape, that looks pale, and flies away from the sight of a Snail. Certainly then, as the Divine Moralist speaks, our Maker has imprinted these common notions upon us, that they may infallibly lead us to the knowledge of himself.

Some, I know, endeavor to evade the force of this argument, by telling us, that if these things were indeed Natural and Essential to the Soul, they would be Universal, and everywhere equally received. But some People, say they, have been discovered, which have neither any sense of a Deity, nor Forms of Religious Worship; such are the Cannibals in America, and the Inhabitants of Soldania in Africa. Nay more, even some of the Sons of Learning and Wisdom have been famous for the same Principles, utterly excluding the object of Religion out of the World.

Now to answer directly to this objection, be pleased to consider with me, that as for the first part of it, viz. That there are some People in America and Soldania, who profess no Religion at all, it is entirely false. The thoughts indeed of these People are low and groveling, and, like Frogs not yet perfected out of the mud of Nile, their better half sticks close to their Mother Earth. Their notions are poor, ignoble, and altogether unworthy of the exalted excellency of the Divine Nature; but yet we are assured by Vossius from a Polonian Gentleman, who was among them, that even in these decays and ruins of Human Reason, there still appear some sparks and glimmerings of Divine Truth, whilst the wildest and most barbarous amongst them are not destitute of Religious Rites and Ceremonies, but after the way, which they received from their Fathers, continue to worship their Idols or false God's. Etiamsi ignorent, as Tully speaks of some such People in his days, qualem habere Deum deceant, tamen habendum sciunt, so that Epicurus his 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or Notion of a Deity antecedent to all Arts and Sciences, and consequently Natural and Essential to the Soul, shines even upon the minds of these Men in the glorious displays of its native Luster and Brightness.

But if we should grant, that (as our Adversaries will have it) this part of the Objection is indeed true, i.e. that these Americans and Soldanians have really no apprehensions of anything above themselves, but live securely without any thought either of a God or Providence in the World; yet (whatever they think on it) 'tis most evident at first sight, that neither this so indulgent a concession will, though they make the most of it, do us any prejudice at all. For how can it possibly shake or undermine the foundation of our Argument, which is raised upon the natural constitution of Mankind, when there has not been so much force and violence done to the natural Faculties, as to put them entirely out of course, when 'tis related by the very same Historians they quote, that these Cannibals and Soldanians are so wild and savage, so barbarous, stupid, and sottishly ignorant, that they seem to retain nothing of Men besides the external shape, being as to their Intellectuals almost wholly degenerated into the Nature of Brutes? If a Man may lawfully take his measures from such a company of People as these, and upon the bare Authority of such profound Theorists run counter to the inquisitive, learned, and judicious Personages of all Ages, (which we shall show by and by to have all concur'd in their acknowledgment of a God and Providence.) He may for the same reason be allowed to conclude, that there is no such thing as Reason, because Mad-men and Idiots have little or no share of it, and that Light and Colours are pure Figments and Chimaera's, because some with Democritus have put out their eyes, and cannot see them. He may fairly and reasonably deny, that Honey is sweet, because a sick palate cannot relish and taste it, and that the members of Beasts are ever regular and uniform, because the womb of nature is sometimes distorted through monstrous Productions. But the Wiser Heathen has taught us long since, Quod specimen Naturae cujuslibet à naturâ optimâ sumendum est, that the Essay of any kind is not to be taken from By-blows and such like, but always from the best and most usual part of it; so that if (indulging, I say, our Adversaries this first part of their objection) we can but show, that this Doctrine of a God and Providence, has been constantly maintained by the unanimous suffrage of the Learn'd and Thinking of all Ages, we may safely conclude, that either the Idea of such an over-ruling Being is indelibly written and engraven upon the Soul, and so congenial or con-natural to it, or (which is all one) that upon a due exercise of her natural Faculties, she is necessarily and unavoidably lead to the acknowledgment of such a Being.

And now that it has been thus generally acknowledged, I think we have little or no reason to doubt; For to speak freely on my own part, I must needs confess, that I could never yet prevail with myself to believe, that there was ever any such thing, as a speculative Atheist in the World. Such a one I mean, who after a fair hearing of his Reason, and a long, serious, and impartial study in the Book of Nature, could retain his infidelity, and at last seriously write Atheist. And this I therefore say, because, as the School-men judiciously determine, 'tis equally impossible, that our Intellect should be invincibly ignorant of this Truth, which is written in such fair and large characters, if not upon the tables of our hearts, yet certainly upon every leaf of the Book of Nature, that 'tis to our understanding, what the light of the Sun is to our eyes, the first, and the plainest, and the most glorious object of it, as 'tis that our Touch should not perceive the Fire to be hot, when we put our hand into it. And also because I could never yet meet with any instance in History, that could convince me, that I am here in an error. For as for those instances of Learned Men, such as Diagoras, Theodorus, Protagoras, and a few others, who (as our Adversaries object) were anciently looked upon as rank, Profess'd Atheists, I cannot conceive, why they should be branded with so ignominious a Character. Their generous, unprejudic'd way of Philosophizing deserves a better name; and I am apt to believe, were their Cause fairly heard, the impartial Judges of Reason and Learning would acquit them rather with appaluse and acclamations, than prosecute them (as some blind and ignorant Zealots have done) with hard censures and uncharitable surmises. For that they were really far enough removed from the confines of Atheism, properly so called, will appear more than probable, if we never so little reflect upon the unhappy constitution of the times they lived in. 'Twas, you know, when all, that was truly sacred and Religious, had almost bid a final adieu to the Habitations of Men, and fled back with sorrowful wings to its primitive and uncorrupted Mansions above. Men, and those too of no ordinary Parts and Improvements, took up with low, unmanly Opinions, some of them (as you have seen) Deifying the inanimate Host of Heaven, and others out of a fond and obstinate partiality to their lusts and affections, making the Deity strike sail to their corrupted Humors. The Poets by their lewd and scandalous Fables, had rendered the Vulgar Deities vain, loose, and contemptible, and by ascribing human passions and exorbitancies to their God's, and so filling Heaven itself with all the enormities of the vilest Debauchery, had infinitely scandalized the minds of thinking Men. Upon this the Stoics and other dogmatical Writers (not only after Christianity came into the World, when they were pressed with these villainous and shameful Stories of their God's, as Eusebius, and before him Origen would have it; but also, as Tully demonstrates from the examples of Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus, long before the time of its appearance) took great pains for the credit of the Divine Nature to mysticize these loose and extravagant Writers; and others both by sober and serious Arguments, and likewise by jeers and scoffs, cutting satyr, and biting sarcasms, endeavor'd all they could, to explode and whip these Poetical Deities out of the World. What wonder therefore, if not only by the unthinking, superstitious Multitude, but also by those learned Men themselves, who really thought them to be God's, such Persons were ordinarily looked upon as Profane, Irreligious, and Atheistical? This, we are sure, was the case of Anaxagoras, who is accused by Plato himself for debauching the minds of the young Gentlemen of Athens with Atheistical Principles, only because he denied the Sun and Moon to be God's: And 'twas no otherwise with Socrates, who, as he tells us himself in Plato 's Euthyphro, was arraigned and condemned to death for no other reason, but because he theologiz'd freely and boldly, not fearing publicly to declare his dislike of those vile, unworthy stories, which Poets and Painters commonly imputed to the God's. And for all our Objectors can allege to the contrary, this too was the very case of all our other reputed Atheists: So that upon the whole you see, that we have no reason at all to condemn these Learned Men for Atheists, and consequently that neither this second part of the Objection, does anything enervate the force of our Argument.

But suppose we should likewise indulge our Adversaries this part of their Objection, and allow, that some Learned Men did really and in good earnest profess an entire disbelief of a God and Providence in general; yet neither will this concession do us any disservice at all. For can it be thought a greater prejudice to the standing Laws of Nature, that there should be Monsters amongst us in respect of our Minds, than 'tis, that there are such in respect of their Bodies? Monsters, I say, and that not without reason; for that they must really have been such, Men of distorted thoughts and unnatural imaginations, may be sufficiently evinced in that the Opinions of the fore-cited Learned Men, being looked upon as purely Atheistical, were no sooner broach'd, and sent abroad, but that they were universally rejected and detested by all, and the Authors of them persecuted and devoted unto death, as the noisome and pestilential corruption of Human Reason. For certainly that opinion, which is universally rejected, can never be the Off-spring of right Reason, which is common to all, but must needs owe its Birth either to a depraved, corrupted intellect, or at least to an unaccountable affectation of singularity, such as He was famous for, who contrary to the evidence of sense taught snow to be black.

Having thus cleared the way by showing the weakness and invalidity of each part of this objection, I now proceed in the

Second place more explicitly to confirm and establish this Truth, by the unanimous suffrage and concurrent Testimony of all Nations in the World. And indeed if we consult the Records of the first and best Ages of the World, when Men together with the purest air imbib'd also the purest Principles, we shall not find so much as one distorted member, one prodigious Birth, one single, individual Person amongst all the ancient Nations, who doubted either of the Being of God, or called his Providence in question. Though the God of this World had so blinded their understandings, that the true and genuine Light of uncorrupted Truth could not break in upon them; yet even in this dismal night of Ignorance and Darkness, this Labyrinth of errors and misery, they were naturally carried by the clew of their Meditations to the knowledge of some Supreme Governor, some first mover, as Aristotle speaks, which gave Life, Breath, and Motion to all things in the World. We read indeed of some rude and savage People, who, as though they had the mark of Cain stamped upon them, lived like Vagabonds and Fugitives, without Cities, Houses, or anything of Literature or Civil Polity among them: But yet we never hear of any, who did not desire, as the Jews love to speak, to be gathered under the Wings of the Divine Majesty, and to enjoy the happy Privilege of his immediate Protection. Rather than seem debar'd of this inestimable Blessing, they would carry their Idols about with them in Carts, and that they might not be entic'd away by the enchantments of their Enemies, bind their very God's in Chains, and their Deities in links of Iron. In short, they were not more divided from one another by Seas, Mountains, and Desarts, than united and made one by this unanimous testimony. For the Author of the Book de Mundo, (who, for all I yet see, was no other, than the forecited Philosopher himself) assures us, that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and so on. 'It is a very ancient Tradition, conveyed down to all sorts of Men from their Progenitors or Fore-fathers, that all things are from God, and that by Him they all subsist, and that no nature is of itself sufficient to preserve itself, if left alone and destitute of the Divine Influence and Assistance. Which assertion is likewise confirmed by the concurrent testimony of Max. Tyrius, who declares, that though in other things Men very much differed from one another, yet all throughout the whole World, Learn'd and Unlearn'd, Wise and Unwise, agreed in this, unanimously acknowledging one Supreme God, the King and Father of all things in the World. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . But in all this contention, strife, and discord, says he, you may find everywhere throughout the whole World one consentient or agreeing Law and Assertion, That there is one God, the King and Father of All. And Proclus upon Plato's Timaeus; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , says he, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . All Religions and Sects acknowledge that one Highest Principle of all, and all Men call upon God for their Helper. Now that these Learned Men did not over-hastily and imprudently take up things upon trust, but were certain and well assured of the truth of what they thus deliver, not only their great Abilities and known Characters in the World may incline us to believe, but likewise the best and most Authentic Historians, and also the Rites and known Customs of these Nations themselves put beyond all manner of distrust. For to begin with the Chaldeans: Diodorus Siculus assures us, that, though' they asserted the Eternity of the World, yet they were far enough from being Atheists, believing 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that the order and disposition of the whole World is by a Divine Providence. And however their Idolatry hinted at by Job, in adoring the Sun in his Strength, and the Moon, when she walked in her Brightness: Their impious mode of Divination by their Talismans, Figures not unlike the Jewish Teraphim, the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and the Popish Agnus Dei: Their 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or Hearths, where they preserved their Eternal Fire, the Symbol of the Sun, with many other things of the same nature, show their formal compliance with the Vulgar Polytheists: We find them in an Oracle, quoted by Eusebius out of Porphyry, join'd with the Hebrews, as worshipping with them in an holy manner one self-existent Deity:

And then for the Egyptians: 'It is the Doctrine of the Father and Founder of all their Theology, Trismegistus, (if Cedrenus quotes him right) that there is one Infinite, Supreme, Eternal Being, who as he created all things, so he still continues to preserve, support, and uphold them all. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , says he, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. e. Neither good nor bad Angels, nor any other Essence is without him, for He is Lord of All, the God and Father of All, and by him, and in him do all things subsist. Now though Cedrenus possibly gathered this from some other Ancient Historian, rather than from Hermes himself, yet we are sure, that 'tis really 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 an Hermaical Opinion, or the Egyptian Doctrine: For notwithstanding the outward compliance likewise of these Men, with the multifarious Polytheism and Idolatry of the profane and ignorant Vulgar, we are certify'd by Origen, Porphyry, and Jamblichus, (the last of which especially was most intimately acquainted with their mysterious Rites) that in their Arcane and Recondite Theology, which was communicated only to their Kings and Priests; they did acknowledge one Supreme, Independent, Self-subsisting Being, who created all the Powers of Heaven, whom he employs as his Deputies and Vice-gerents to preside over, and take care of the several parts of the Universe. And accordingly in their Hieroglyphics, or sacred Symbols they represented him by a Scepter with an Eye in it, signifying thereby, says Plutarch, that he both sees and governs all things. Nay this Philosopher is so far from endeavoring to prove this Fundamental truth, that throughout that whole Book de Iside & Osiride, he takes it for a thing granted and acknowledged on all hands. Thus in the beginning of it: The end of all Religious Rites and Mysteries of that Egyptian Goddess Isis, says he, was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Knowledge of that first Being, who is the Lord of all things, and intelligible only by the Mind: And then afterwards he tells us, that they therefore worshipped him symbolically in the Crocodile, because that Animal alone being without a Tongue, was looked upon as a very apt Resemblance and Imitation of him, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . For the Divine Reason having no need of Speech, and walking silently and without noise throughout the World, governs and disposeth all human Affairs according unto Right. Orpheus, who certainly (for here I must beg leave with all due respects to dissent from some eminent Philologers of later times, who look upon the whole History of him only as a mere Romantic Allegory, utterly devoid of all truth and reality) first brought the Rites of Religion into Greece, exactly treads in their steps, for in his Hymn to Musoeus (which some erroneously think him to have compil'd in opposition to his other supposed Polytheistical Writings) having first asserted the Unity of the God-head, he shows at large the extent of his Dominion and Sovereignty; telling us, that he is the cause of all the Miseries and Calamities Men suffer in the World, and that there is no evil (of Punishment, I suppose, he means) in the City, which the Lord has not done. That he both made, and also preserveth all things by his great Power and out-stretched Arm. That his Dominion is also in the Sea, and his Right-hand in the Floods. That though he dwelleth in the thick darkness, which no mortal Eye can approach, yet he invisibly walketh round the World, and observeth everything that is done under the Sun. And lastly, that the glorious and invincible Legions of Angels, which stand about his Throne, are commissioned and sent out by him to take care of his Creatures here below. But if this Poem must be allowed to be supposititious, (though I see no reason, why the whole of it should) made and fathered upon Orpheus; either, as Vossius thinks, by Jews; or by Christians, as others; yet that this in very deed was the Doctrine of this Great and Ancient Man, is probable from the Pythagorick and Platonic Theology, which (as Porphyrius, Jamblichus, Syrianus, and Proclus unanimously inform us) was derived in a very great measure from his Principles and Traditions, and also certain and indubitable from some Fragments of his acknowledged and cited by Pagan Writers themselves. For as I can hardly believe all that to be genuine or truly Orphical, that is, to have been written either by Orpheus himself, or some other ancient Heathen according to the Oral Cabala, or Tradition from him, which now goes under his name, so neither on the other hand, can I with any reason, upon Herodotus 's single Authority, reject all that as spurious and supposititious, which in his own confession was by all the Learned and Ancient Pagans before his time, and we are sure by all since ( Aristotle only excepted, who therefore embraced his solitary opinion, because contradictory to the Pythagoraeans and Platonists ) constantly acknowledged to be his. Thus then in some Verses of his quoted by Proclus upon the Timaeus: The most High God, says he, is the First and the Last. All things were produced by him out of nothing, and he is above, and through them all. If you climb up into Heaven, He is there; if you go down into the profundity either of the Earth or Sea, He is there also. He giveth Life and Breath to all things, and from him they derive all their power and efficacy. The Sun, Moon, and Stars are in, and by Him; and he is that one Great King and Potentate, who Made and Governs all things both in Heaven and Earth. This Doctrine was afterwards embraced by all the succeeding Greek Poets, who are of any repute either for their Antiquity or Learning, out of everyone of which might be cited several remarkable passages to this purpose, had not the skillful collections of many excellent Pens rendered it altogether superfluous. From them therefore pass we on to the Ancient Philosophers, amongst whom I know not so much as one Sect, but what either generously declared, or one way or other betrayed their Belief of it. Epicurus, I know, with his Followers is generally thought to have denied it, and truly, I think, 'twould have been no great wonder if they had. For since there is no vice, as an ingenious and learned Author of our own observes, to which we are more universally obnoxious, than that of excessive fondness and partiality to ourselves, which makes us too often dote upon the deformities, and even to idolize the vices of our own temper, how should we think it strange, if so soft and voluptuous a Sect, who delighted in nothing so much as the delicious entertainments of their debauched Senses, and the sinful Retirements of solitary Groves, and silent Gardens, should fancy their God to be altogether such a one as themselves, a Being wholly sequestered from action, and confined to an Extramundane Paradise, where he sat surrounded with all imaginable Pleasures, and lusciously entertained with a constant succession of Maiden delights? What wonder, I say, was it for Men thus to think of their God, who really judged this to be the very top of happiness, and who therefore would have lived no otherwise, had they been God's themselves? Their Lusts and Affections induced them thus to corrupt and sophisticate their notions of God, and, like the Ethiopians, being black themselves, to represent the Deity too in the color of their own complexions. But though' 'twould have been no great Wonder, if Epicurus had really thus thought of the Deity, yet the case, I conceive, was quite otherwise with him. Whatever his Doctrine and pretences were, His actions sufficiently proclaimed his Providence. We may justly invert that of Tully, and say of him, verbis sustulit, re posuit Deos, he weakly denied him in Words, whilst his actions and behavior strongly asserted him. Whence else those fears and torments, those anxious and jealous thoughts, for which he was so remarkable? Nec quenquam vidi, says the fore cited Author of him, qui magis ea, quae timenda negaret, timeret, mortem dico, & Deos. But if he had a full and abiding conviction upon his mind (as certainly were there no God, the most prejudiced Person in the World might at length acquire) against the reality of a Providence, why did he so much dread it above all other Men? Mentiuntur igitur, as Seneca speaks, qui dicunt se non sentire esse Deum. They do but lie, and deal treacherously, who say they believe there is no God. 'It is their desire, but not their thoughts, and though they speak never so great swelling words against him, yet their actions will some time or other betray them, and either by running under the Bed, when it Thunders, as Caligula; or by dreading, as Hobbes, to walk alone in the dark; or by some other evidence of a slavish, unmanly Fear of him, God will extort from them an acknowledgment of his Providence. But we shall let these Men pass, having greater witnesses than they. The Pythagoraean, Cynic, Academic, Peripatetic, and Stoic go hand in hand, and though Light and Darkness will as soon meet, and kindly embrace each other, as some of these Philosophers be ever united and reconciled in their other differences, yet here they lovingly come together, and concentre in the same point. Witness Plotin, Porphyry, and Plutarch, who have written large Tracts upon this Subject, wherein they abundantly vindicate the Divine Wisdom and Justice from those malicious aspersions wicked Men cast upon it; proving beyond all contradiction that the Affairs of this World are managed and disposed by an All-wise Being, who superintends and takes care of every particular thing in the World; and though the Glowworm of Human Reason cannot penetrate into the depth of his Counsels, yet that 'tis highly unreasonable Men should cavil or repine at the seeming inequalities of his Dispensation, who cannot but steer all his actions by the unerring compass of Infinite Wisdom. Witness the Stagyrite himself, who, though (according to the Genius of the natural Philosopher) he sometimes seems to be no doter on a Deity, yet in his Book de Mundo, (which in Just in Martyr 's judgment is a most excellent compendium of all his Philosophy) he no less elegantly than truly tells us, that God is both the Father and Preserver of all things, and though the Heaven of Heavens be the peculiar habitation of his glorious Majesty, yet that his Paternal care and Providence extends itself to the utmost bounds of nature; moving, upholding, and disposing all things in the Earth, and Sea, and in all other places. In short, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 says he, What a Pilot is to a Ship, a Charioteer to a Chariot, the Praecentor to a Choir, Law to a City, and a General to an Army, the same is God to the World. But, not to insist altogether upon the Authority of this excellent and (I think) Genuine, though by some suspected Book; 'tis undeniably evident from other Writings, which all allow to be his, that Laertius has done this Philosopher great injustice, in telling us, that he confined the Providence of God to the Heavenly Regions, for in the 12th. of his Metap. cap. 10. he expressly declares, that the Divine Providence extends itself, even to everything that creepeth upon the face of the Earth, to the Fowls of the Air, to the Fish of the Sea, and to whatsoever walketh through the paths of the Sea. Nay so self-evident and undeniable does this Philosopher think this Assertion, that he believes a Man must deny all his Senses, abjure his Reason and Understanding, and be degraded into the very lowest class of unthinking, unintelligent Beings, before he can be induced to call it into question; and therefore if any one should be so stupidly ignorant, as to profess his distrust of it, let him be urged to confess it, says he, Argumento potiùs bacillino, quàm Philosophico, rather with that of a good cudgel, than any other dispute. Witness lastly Thales, Pythagoras, Antisthenes, Plato, Theophrastus, Zeno, Epictetus, Hierocles, Damascius, and all those other great and learned Men, who either before, or after the appearance of Christianity, flourished in Greece, of all which 'tis unquestionably evident, that they constantly acknowledged a God and Providence. Advance we therefore farther from these Men, to see what entertainment this Doctrine found amongst the Latins. Seneca has written whole Tracts about it, and hath (as I told you some of the Greeks had done before him) from the clearest Principles of unbiass'd Reason sufficiently shewn, that the unequal dispensations of Good and Evil in the World, do indeed no ways prejudice the Wise Government of Providence. He assures us withal, that the Hetrurians, to whom the Romans ow'd most of their Religious Rites and Ceremonies, were of the same Opinion. That they acknowledged the same Supreme Deity, who was the Maker, Preserver, and Governor of all things in the Universe; whom therefore, as the Arcadians and Greeks called him Pan, because he both framed the World harmoniously, and also by his All-wise Providence still keeps the same in tune, so the Romans stilled him Stator, not because at the Prayers of Romulus (as the Historians pretend) he made the Roman Armies when flying from their Enemies, to stand; sed quod stant beneficio ejus omnia, but because by his means all things stand, and are upheld in their being. Tully for the same reason calls him Providentem, Cogitantem, & Animadvertentem, & omnia ad se pertinere putantem. And in another place, sit persuasum civibus, says he, and so on. Let all the Citizens assuredly know, that God takes particular notice what kind of Persons we are, with what mind and devotion we perform the acts of religious Worship, and that he will deal with us according to our Works, whether they be good or bad. And (not to mention other Books, out of which quotations would be endless) in his second de Naturâ Deorum he has so fully and convincingly proved the Providence of God from the wonderful Phoenomena in nature, that that unparalleled Treatise seems to be nothing else, but a continued Comment upon that of the Royal Psalmist: O Lord, how manifold are thy Works, in Wisdom hast thou made them all, the Earth is full of thy goodness. To these subscribe the whole class of Latin Authors, neither Lawyer nor Physician, neither Orator nor Poet, nor any other of what profession soever warping from this Truth. Add we to these the Persian Magi, whom Soudas calls 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . And Apollonius Tyanaeus, who, as Philostratus tells us in his Travels into India, made some stay in Persia, and conversed with them twice every day, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ministers of the God's. Add we likewise the Indian Brachmans, who, though they neither worshipped Images as others, nor ate what was Animate; though they never allowed themselves the liberty of drinking either Wine or Beer, but were contented with the easy Provision of a cool running Stream, yet were therefore, says Bardisanus Syrus, far removed from the confines of malignity, because they attended wholly upon God, agreeing with the Groecians, as Strabo tells us, in this, that God is the Creator and Governor of the World. Add we lastly the Thracians, the British and French Druids, and the Ethiopic Gymnosophists, who as it appears from Authors of unquestionable Authority, do all bear witness to this truth. In short, there is no Nation under Heaven so fierce and cruel, so wild and barbarous, so stupid and brutish, but what has its Altars and Sacrifices, its Vows, and Prayers, and Invocations; so that upon the whole we may safely conclude, that this Doctrine of a Providence is confirmed by the constant and universal suffrage of all Mankind, Non enim, as Seneca truly speaks, in hunc furorem omnes mortals consensissent alloquendi surda Numina & inefficaces Deos; For though the Divine Nature be really in itself as Great and Excellent as Epicurus would have it, yet unless Men had been fully persuaded, that it did not abstract itself from the concernment of this World; all its Greatness and Excellency would only have administr'd to its own satisfaction, whilst 'twould have been impossible, that all Mankind should by consent have been so extravagantly fond and ridiculous, as to have worshipped a Being, who would neither hear them, nor help them. Let then this great Antipronoiist, but stand to his own Argument, viz. that that must needs be true, which all Men allow, and he will see, that for the same reason he believes a God, he must of necessity embrace likewise, that Anum Fatidicam Stoicorum, as he scoffingly terms Providence.

But because there were never wanting some Persons in the World, so excessively fond and partial to themselves, as to imagine, that they alone enjoy the happy Goshen, the Dwellings of Light, the Regions of Wisdom and Knowledge, whilst all the other part of Mankind lie in Ignorance and Darkness, and the shadow of Death, so that neither the concurrent and harmonious Testimony of the Creatures, nor yet the consentient acknowledgment of all Mankind in general can work their wiser Souls into a just Belief of this Doctrine of a Providence, I now proceed in the third place to show, that God has in all Ages given such signal Evidences, and unquestionable Proofs of his Presidence over us, that we may as well doubt of our own Existence, or of anything else we converse with in the World, as of the Divine Presence amongst us. And this I shall do,

• 1. By showing, that such extraordinary Punishments have over-taken some wicked Persons in this Life, that they could be nothing less than the effects of Divine Vengeance.
• 2. From Prophecies,
• And lastly from Miracles.

1. Such extraordinary Punishments have overtaken some wicked Persons in this Life, that they could be nothing less than the effects of Divine Vengeance. The Wicked indeed are generally the Men, who of all others, if we look only upon things before us, are the most Happy. Though they never so much grind the face of the Poor, and insult over their Neighbors, who are more righteous than themselves; Nay, though' they stretch out their mouth to Heaven, and their blasphemous discourses go to the ends of the Earth, yet as though God did indeed turn away his face, and would never see it: These are the Men, that prosper in the World, that spend their days in Wealth, and then in a moment (without anymore trouble) go down into the Grave. This, I confess, has in all Ages raised no small scruples in the minds even of Thinking Men. 'Twas not only the great knot of the Ancient Morality, and the most gravelling Problem of all the Heathen Philosophy, but that likewise, which chiefly exercised the Faith of some of those, who lived in the Sun-shine of Divine Revelation. By reason of the prosperous and flourishing condition of the Ungodly, and the frequent calamities and oppressions of the Righteous, they were apt to question the ways of Providence, and almost induced to conclude, that they had cleansed their hearts in vain; and washed their hands in innocence. This the Royal Psalmist tells us was his case, Ps. 73. v. 2, 3. My feet, says he, were almost gone, my treadings had well nigh slipped, I saw the wicked in such prosperity; And the Prophet Jeremy, cap. 12. v. 1. though not daring to distrust the Righteousness of God, yet complainingly pours out his troubled thoughts in this anxious Expostulation: Righteous art thou, O Lord, when I plead with thee; yet let me talk with thee of thy judgments, wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper?

Now to remove the Doubts, and satisfy the scruples of such discontented Spirits, we need not extend our hopes beyond the ruins of the Grave, nor entertain ourselves with the Contemplation of those Rewards and Punishments, which attend the different sorts of Men in another World. Let us but go with David into the Sanctuary of God, and weigh them in the Balance of that place, and we shall soon learn the unhappy condition of these Men. Though their triumphing is but short, and they shall perish forever like their own dung; though they shall flee away as a Dream, and shall not be found; and be chas'd away as a vision of the Night: In short, though they shall be turned into Hell, and the Sins of their Youth shall lie down with them in the dust; yet we shall be satisfied, that the hand of God frequently finds them out here, and that they have sometimes their portion of misery too in this Life. How oft is their Candle put out? and how oft cometh sudden destruction upon them? Their Excellency may mount up to the Heavens, and their Head reach unto the Clouds, yet because they have oppressed and forsaken the Poor, they do but suck the poison of Asps, and the Viper's tongue shall slay them: And this is no new observation, for 'twas known, says Zophar, in the days of old, and found true ever since Man was placed upon the Earth; so that God is known by the judgment, which he executeth, whilst the wicked is trapt in the works of his own hands. Tho he suffers his own People to be evil entreated through Tyrants, and many of those Tyrants to go down to their Graves in peace, yet when the Sins of Men are grown loud and clamorous, and with outrageous cries perpetually alarm his Throne, that the Inhabitants of the World may learn Righteousness, and the mouth of all wickedness be stopped; that Men and Angels may admire his Justice, and be forced to confess, that though Clouds and Darkness are sometimes round about him, yet Righteousness and Judgment are always the Habitation of his seat; He often (as some sober Heathens themselves have observed) by the dreadful Messengers of his wrath loudly proclaims his Providence to the World, assuring us by his remarkable severities to the greatest of Men, that neither the Multitude of their Associates, nor the Depth of their designs, nor the Unaccountableness of their actions to the Sons of Men, can any way secure them from the Omnipotent arm of Divine Justice, when their Sins have provoked him to visit their transgressions with Rods, and their iniquities with Scourges.

The sad untimely Ends of the Persecutors of Christ and his Servants do abundantly illustrate this Truth; for did they die the common death of all Men? Or were they visited after the visitation of all Men? No, The hand of Divine Justice seized them terribly at last, and by the greatness of their Punishment made abundant recompense for the deferring its Execution. Herod the Tetrarch, who to gratify the revengeful Spirit of a naughty Woman, murdered John the Baptist, and also with his Men of War set our Savior himself at naught, was not long after deprived of his Tetrarchy, spoiled of all his substance, and banished with his beloved Herodias to Lions in France, where he lived and died ingloriously; And the dancing Damsel, who caused the good Man to be beheaded, walking over a frozen River, fell in, and had her Head cut off by the Ice. Pilate, after great disgraces received in Jury from those very Persons, whom to oblige he had done so much violence to his Conscience, as even against its full convictions to deliver up the innocent and faultless Jesus to be crucified at their will, and many disfavours likewise shewn him from his Master, the Emperor at Rome, who stripped him of all his Honors, and banished him to Vienna, where he lived in ignominy and contempt, impatient at length of his calamity, killed himself with his own hands; And the two Herod's, Ascalonita, or the Great, who forced the Child Jesus to fly into Egypt, and then slew all the innocent Babes in Bethlehem, not so much as sparing his own Son for his sake; and his Grandson Agrippa, who murdered St. James, and, only because he saw it pleased the Jews, intended to do the same to St. Peter also, were both at last for their Pride, and Cruelty, and outrageous Wickedness requited with shame and contempt, being after unspeakable anguish and torture both of Body and Mind eaten up alive with Vermin. Nero, whom for his brutish and extravagant manners his own Writers scruple not to call a Beast in Human Shape, and the very Monster of Mankind, a few Months after he had put to death the two great Pillars of the Church, St. Peter, and St. Paul, fell most ignominiously by his own hands; Domitian, Maximin the Thracian, Decius, and Valerian most infamously and barbarously by the hands of their Subjects and Enemies. Dioclesian, who in compliance with the importunities of his Caesar and Son-in-law, Galerius Maximianus, raised a most fierce and universal Persecution against the Christians, was soon after by the very same Person forced to put off the Imperial Purple, and to retire into a Private Life, where surviving all his Honors, (his Images and Statues being broken down while he was yet alive) he at last, no longer able to bear up under the heavy pressures of so calamitous a condition, with his own hands, put a final period to his miserable life; And that Execrable and Bloody Tyrant, that deposed and succeeded him, Galerius Maximianus, who commanded all the Poor in his Dominions to be gathered together, and then to be Shipp'd off, and drowned in the Sea, only because they could not pay him tribute, made it his particular delight and daily recreation to revel in the Blood and Slaughter of his own Subjects, and also in a most provoking manner exalted his voice, and lifted up his eyes on high even against the Holy One of Israel; causing by Royal Edict the very Boys in their daily exercises at School to blaspheme the Holy Jesus, and destroying his Servants by all the exquisite Methods of the most ingenious cruelty and torture, was likewise for his exorbitant Villainies and outrageous Wickedness (as his own broken heart to the Glory of God, was at length forced to confess) repaid in his own coin, and made a standing Monument and everlasting Trophy of the Divine Justice, being with infinite horrors, and agonies, and pains, and convulsions of Body and Mind long prey'd upon, and at last eaten up alive with Vermin. The Caesar likewise and Successor of this Savage and Barbarous Tyrant, Maximinus, who, envy'd his Predecessor (notwithstanding the heavy Judgment of God upon him) the glory of his unparalleled Wickedness; and therefore (not to mention his other outrageous Villainies) when about to engage his Colleage Licinius, most solemnly vowed to Jupiter, that, if he should come off crowned with Victory, he would not only suppress, and hinder the farther growth and progress of Christianity, but utterly extinguish and root it out altogether, that it might be no more in remembrance, quickly reap'd the Wages of his impiety, being soon after seized with such violent pains and torments in his Body, together with inconceivable horrors and agonies of mind, that he roar'd out for the anguish and bitterness of his Soul, became frantic and like a Mad-man, rolling up and down upon the ground, going upon his Belly, and eating dirt like a Serpent, beating his Head against the Wall with such violence, that both his eyes burst out, leaving his Body a fit habitation for the darker Soul, 'till at last confessing, that his spiteful, unjust, and virulent proceedings against Christ and his Religion, had brought all this upon him, and mournfully imploring the Mercies and Forgiveness of the offended Jesus, he entered upon his portion in the Regions of Eternity. Julian, Uncle to Julian the Apostate, who even against the Emperors will, raised a Bloody Persecution against the Christians, rifled the Church at Antioch of all its rich and sacred Furniture, and not content therewith, defiled the Holy Table in a most reproachful manner, spoiled it of all its precious Vessels, throwing them upon the ground, insulting, ridiculing, and blaspheming the Holy Jesus, was immediately seized by the hand of Divine Justice, his Bowels rotting within him, his Excrements coming out at his very Mouth, and Worms, notwithstanding the constant and most skillful applications of able and industrious Physicians, not ceasing to feed and prey upon his entrails, 'till (at that very time too, when the Answers of the Heathen Oracles, which had been consulted about his Life, were, all of them with one mouth pronouncing that he should recover, reading to him) they ended his miserable Life. And yet his Apostate Nephew, the Infamous Julian, though he had every day, even after his vile, inexcusable revolt, miraculous proofs and uncontrollable demonstrations from Heaven of the Divinity of Christ, dared notwithstanding to rally and recollect the scattered, defeated Forces of the Prince of Darkness, and professedly to wage War against the Son of God. Nothing could cool or allay the rage and madness of this bigotted Apostate. Not all the Glories, and Victories, and Triumphs of the Cross, which daily exposed him and his impotent Daemons to shame and contempt. Not the confessed Excellency of the Christian Institution, whose unparalleled Rules and Customs he adopted into the Heathen Religion, that, since it would not upon its own, it might upon those Pillars stand safe and immovable. Not the late example of the Renowned Constantine, whom the imperial Standard of the Cross rendered Invincible and Glorious. Not the lamentable and tragical Ends of all the preceding Tyrants and Persecutors. Out of mere Spight and Malice, after full conviction of his Errors, he endeavor'd by all the Arts and Methods of Malice and Sophistry, of Policy and Cruelty, to lay wast the Habitation of Zion, and to make Jerusalem the unhappy Seat of Ruin and Desolation. But behold the Justice of the Divine Providence, which soon likewise overtook this impious, incorrigible Wretch. Before he had reigned two full years, which he spent in blaspheming Christ, and catching at all advantages of deriding whatever had any Relation to him, he fell ignominiously, as he confessed himself in his blasphemous Vicisti, Galilaee, by the immediate hand of the offended Jesus. And indeed such extraordinary passages, backed with the most authentic and unquestionable testimony, happened about his Death, that he must needs be of a very perverse and obstinate Disposition, who can imagine it to have been the effect either of Chance or Nature. Sozomen tells us, that an intimate Acquaintance of this Tyrant, hastening after him into Persia, and forced, for want of the convenience of an Inn, to take up his lodging in a Church, saw there a Vision, which assured him, that he was slain; and that an Ecclesiastical Philosopher at Alexandria, named Didymus, who had long mourned and fasted for the Afflictions and Calamities he had brought upon the Church, with strong cryings and tears, beseeching God for her deliverance, was the very same day informed by Horsemen in the air of the same thing, and commanded to signify it to Athanasius the Bishop. Julian the Monk likewise the very same day this Tyrant received his deaths wound, whilst he was praying and earnestly interceding with God for the preservation of his Church, from that Bloody Persecution he had threatened to bring upon her upon his Victorious Return from Persia, had the same revealed unto him. On a sudden, says Theodoret, he dry'd his Eyes, and was filled with joy, which displayed itself in the cheerfulness and serenity of his countenance. When his Friends, that were about him, beholding this sudden change, asked him the Reason of it, he answered, That the Wild Boar, which had wasted the Lord's Vineyard, had now paid for all the damages he had done to it; that he lay dead upon the ground, incapable of ensnaring or harming it anymore. And we are told by Zonaras, that a certain Gentile Judge of Antioch, watching all night at the Praetorium, saw a strange Constellation in the Heavens, the Stars forming themselves into these words: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 This day is Julian slain in Persia.

But of all the Miseries or Calamities, which have happened either to any particular Person or Nation since the Creation of the World, none ever bore more manifest Characters of the Divine Vengeance, than the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or utter Devastation of the Jewish Nation. Here I see such a cloud of sorrows, so thick and black drawn before us, that none but He, who inhabiteth the thick Darkness, could thus blacken and condense it. How dreadfully hath God covered the Daughter of Zion with a Cloud, and cast down from Heaven to Earth the Beauty of Israel, and remembered not his Footstool in the day of his anger? She, that was once the Beloved City, the Perfection of Beauty, and the Joy of the whole Earth; how suddenly was she forsaken of all her Lovers, and became a derision to her Enemies, and their Song all the day long? To pass by, as less considerable, those great oppressions and indignities, which from the Ascension of Christ to the beginning of the Siege this miserable People underwent, from the several outrageous Governors sent them from Rome: After a long, close Siege, wherein through the innumerable multitudes of the People, who were all now assembled at Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover, they were reduced to such extremity, that the dung of Beasts was thought delicious Fare; Nay, that the softer Sex threw off the tenderness of Nature, Women feeding even upon the Fruit of their own Wombs. After the Red Horse had marched furiously before them, all bloody with the effects of a Civil War, and the Pale Horse had followed after him with Death upon his back, and the Grave at his heels. After the inconceivable outrages and barbarities of three Factions within, who slaughtered and butcher'd one another, even in their most Holy Places: And a Famine had so mercilessly rag'd amongst them, that it filled their Houses with dead Women and Infants, and the Streets with the carcasses of Elder Men; that the young Men pale and wan, like the cold ghastly Shades of Night, walked silently about the Market-place, fainting and dropping down as they walked, and yielding up the Ghost; and others, envying the happy state of those, whom Death had kindly conveyed to Rest before them, went down alive into their Graves, and there quietly resigned themselves up to the friendly embraces of the King of Terrors: In short, that, as their impartial Historian relates, a hundred and fifteen thousand eight hundred and fourscore dead Bodies were in less than three Months carried out of one Gate: Those lastly came, out of whose mouth issu'd Fire and Smoak, and Destruction. The Roman Army, like a mighty Torrent, broke in upon them, which with the sagacity of an Eagle pursued them whithersoever they fled, and sparing neither young nor old, Priest nor People, put infinite numbers of all sorts to the Sword, that none could pass the narrow Streets for heaps of dead Bodies. They ras'd the Wall of the City, set fire to its stately Buildings, nay, spared not the Temple itself, whose Flames, though spreading with that Horror, and raging with that fury, that the Hill whereon this stately Fabric was situate, seemed to have been burnt up by the Roots, were yet wonderfully allayed, and abated by those continual streams of Blood, which flowed from the Bodies of the slain. The Cross, which forty Years before, against all the Laws of God and Man, they so outrageously demanded, became their own most just and equal portion, when the Crucifiers of the Lord of Life were themselves in such vast multitudes crucified by their insulting Enemies, that there was left no space for the Crosses, nor indeed Crosses for their Bodies to be crucified upon. The flower of their Youth was led to Rome in triumph, all under seventeen Years of Age sold into Bondage, and the rest sent bound, some to Egypt to groan and faint again under the heavy pressures of intolerable slavery, others into divers Provinces to fight with Beasts in the Theatres; so that, though', as my Author attesteth, even in the midst of all their miseries they would not return to him, that smote them, but for all this sinned yet more, and provoked the Holy One of Israel, being as proud and arrogant as if all things were well with them; yet, as he confesseth, 'twas their wickedness and impiety, which exceeded the provocations even of Sodom and Gomorrah, that led their Young Men into Captivity, and delivered up their whole Nation into the Enemies hand. Those merciless Flames, which devoured their Houses and Temple, did in a lively manner represent unto all others the Burning of God's Wrath against them; And the Brave, Victorious Roman General ascribed all the Glory of his success to God, confessing that his Arms and Engines would have prevailed nothing at all, unless He in a most extraordinary manner had assisted him in the War, and overthrown their Walls and Bulwarks. Nay, Eleazar himself (the Captain of those Sicarians or Cut-throats, who first revolted from, and also last held out in the Castle Massada against the Romans ) exciting his desponding Followers, to the glorious exploit of dispatching with their own hands all their Wives and Children, and then bravely to do the same Execution upon themselves, (which accordingly they did) to enforce his exhortation tells them plainly, that 'twas absolutely impossible for them ever to dream of Victory, God manifestly fighting against them, having for all their unparalleled Villainies irreversibly destined their Nation to utter Ruin and Destruction. And indeed what else spake those many Signs and Presages of their approaching Destruction? 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 as Eusebius calls them, those Sermons, as it were, of God himself, whereby he declared his irreversible Decree against them? The Comet, which in form of a fiery Sword hung over the City for a whole Year together, shedding its destructive and pestilential influence upon the Inhabitants? That strange Light, which before the first Revolt, and the beginning of the War, the People being gathered together to the Feast of unleavened Bread, saw at nine of the Night for half an hour together, so gloriously shining about the Altar and the Temple, that it seemed to have recalled the Brightness of Noon-day? That wonderful Apparition, which before the Sun-rising was seen in the Air all over the Country of Chariots and Armed Men in Battle Array, passing along in the Clouds, and encompassing the City round about? The Inner-Gate of the Temple, which though' all of massy Brass, and that at Night had always twenty Men at least to shut it, and was fastened with locks and bars of Iron, was seen at the first hour of the Night to open of its own accord? 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Voice, as it were of a great Multitude, which on the Feast-day called Pentecost, the Priests heard in the Inner-Temple, when the Guardian-Angels took their leave of it, and called upon one another to depart thence? That dreadful woe, which for seven Years and five Months, one Jesus with a mournful Voice continued to denounce against the City, Temple, and People, 'till at length beholding the Beginning of those Sorrows, he had so long foretold should come to pass, to assure the People of their final completion, he cried woe to himself also, and was immediately struck dead with a Stone shot out of an Engine? Nay, to look forward, how came Turnus Rufus with a Plough-share to tear up the very Foundations of the Temple, not so much as leaving one Stone upon another? Or what meant that dreadful Eruption of Fire, which (as with unquestionable Authority those two Ecclesiastical Historians, Socrates & Sozomen relate) hindered this unhappy People, when Julian the Apostate, in hopes to have proved Christ a false Prophet, gave them encouragement, from laying the Foundations of the Temple; and not only consumed and calcined the instruments and materials they had prepared, but also by a terrible Earthquake shook down the Houses and Buildings, that stood about the place, and killed them upon the spot, that attempted the Work? What, I say, spake all these, but that God had quite thrown off this treacherous, perverse, and stiff-necked People, and given a final divorce to his Spouse for her abominable Fornications? She had killed the Prophets, and ston'd them, that were sent unto her with Letters of Peace and everlasting Mercy. She would not be reclaimed either by Mercies or Judgments, but the Arms of Divine Goodness were stretched out all the day long to a dis-obedient and gain-saying People. Though they had evident and uncontrollable demonstrations, that Jesus was the Messiah; all their Descriptions and Prophesies exactly concentring in his Person, and not only they themselves, but even the very Heathen Nations just then, when he came, instantly and every moment expecting his coming; though the Heavens bowed themselves to let down the Heavenly Host to celebrate his coming, and one of them clothed with the Brightness and Similitude of a Star, called the Levantine Princes to assure them, that their King was come; yet, as though they resolved to frustrate the Decrees of Heaven, and to break the very Golden Chain of Predestination, they would not that he should reign over them; but because he appeared not with that glorious Retinue and Majestick Grandeur, which they expected, and in which he shall appear at his Second Coming, instead of Echoing forth their Hosanna's to the Son of David, reproached and vilified him as but the despicable Son of a poor, indigent Carpenter. Though he spake as never Man yet spake, did such Works as no Man could have done, unless the Holy Spirit of God had in a most extraordinary manner been with him; Though his Conversation, personal Perfections, and the whole tenor and circumstances of his life did all, as Josephus himself confesseth, exceed all measures of Human Greatness or Wisdom, yet they slighted his Doctrine, as the talk only of an idle, illiterate Person, and traduced his Miracles as a trick of imposture, and the effects of a black Confederacy with the Infernal Powers, and could afford him no better titles, than those infamous ones of Glutton, Drunkard, Traitor, and Friend in the worst sense of Publicans and Sinners. Nay, as though all this, and infinitely more had been too little for afflicted Innocence to suffer, they violently laid hands upon his Sacred Person, treated him as the vilest Miscreant, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 as the Filth of the World, and the Off-scouring of all things, haling him through all the stages of contumely and disgrace, and at last by their tumultuous out-cries, and malicious suggestions prevailing with the Governor to put him to death. And now one would expect, that their Rage and Madness against him should terminate in his death, and lie buried and extinct in the Sepulcher, where they had laid him. But, alas! Malice is restless as motion, insatiable as the Grave, and implacable as the Powers of Darkness. To fill up the measure of their iniquities, they persecuted him in his Apostles, scourging some of them in their Synagogues, and putting others to death, only because they attested what their Adversaries themselves knew to be true, viz. that they had seen him alive after his Resurrection. And thus the wrath of God came upon them to the uttermost, drove them out of their own Land, dispersed and scattered them over the face of the whole Earth, making them the scorn and derision of all, that are round about them, and yet (which is singularly to be observed) never suffering them by their mixture, with other Nations to loose themselves, as the ten Tribes of Israel have done, as though he intended them for a standing Memorial and everlasting Example of his Power and Vengeance. And all this according to the punctual Predictions of Him they had rejected, even of the Ever-Blessed and Immortal Jesus. Which brings me to my second particular, which is to show, that God hath likewise by Predictions or Prophesies given indubitable Evidence of his Being and Providence in the World.

2. Tho' the observations of the Star-gazing Chaldeans and Egyptians, and the several kinds of Predictions used by the South-sayers among the Romans, (as Tully in his second Book de Divinatione, and that other of his de Fato has shewn at large) and the Effata likewise of the Heathen Oracles themselves (as, besides this Author, Plato, Aeschylus, Tacitus, Plutarch, and many other Pagans of great Antiquity and Learning have jointly observed were generally so vain, ridiculous, and uncertain, that the Stoics would scarce allow a wise Man so much as to honor them with his presence; yet that there have really been some Predictions or Prophesies concerning future things, which in their various circumstances were purely contingent, is so universally attested by the unanimous suffrage of all Mankind in general, ( Epicurus himself not denying it) that 'tis impossible any Man can be ignorant of it, who is never so little conversant either with Sacred or Profane Writers. For to say nothing of those many strange and wonderful Oracles, whereby (as Grotius collects from Incha, Acosta, Petrus Cieza, and others) the wild uncivilized Americans, in the Kingdoms both of Mexico and Peru, were foretold of the coming of the Spaniards many Ages before their arrival, and of the oppressions and calamities, which would thence ensue: Those ten Prophetesses so famous throughout the World, called from their knowledge of Divine Counsels Sibyllae, whether divinely inspired, (as with some great and learned Authors I am very apt to think) or (as others) acted only by the Devil, who from the Writings of the Prophets learned those truths they pronounced, foretold (as vou shall see by and by) such things, as could originally flow only from such a Being, whose understanding is infinite.

But, alas! we need not borrow light from the faint, and cold glimmerings of these twinkling Stars, having the glorious and uncorrected Rays of the Sun itself to guide us in our search. I mean the Sun of Righteousness, our Blessed Savior, who by his Divine Spirit did in all Ages of his Church, not only fore-show the transcendent Mysteries of his own Incarnation; but reveal likewise to his Servants the Prophets, other things, which in the fullness of time should also come to pass. Such was the promise given to Abraham of his Posterity's returning out of the Land of Egypt after four hundred Years slavery there, and inheriting the Land of Canaan. Such was the Prophecy concerning Josiah, which, as Josephus witnesseth, was given three hundred sixty and one years before he was born. Such was the calling of Cyrus by name in Isaiah a hundred years likewise before his Birth. Such, lastly, were Daniel 's Prophesies concerning the Kings both of Greece and Rome, with many others. Now there is no Man, though' never so Atheistically inclined, who can in reason call in question the truth of these Prophesies. The very Infidels will rise up, and stop the mouths of such daring Men, and the Wisest and most Considerate of the Heathens themselves pronounce them unreasonable. For no sooner did Moses vouchsafe to take off his veil, and to make himself known to the Sages of Greece: No sooner did the Prophets leave their more private Retirements in their own Land, and show themselves publicly in the Schools of the Philosophers; but Men of the greatest Authority and Learning rose up, and did them Reverence. They were unwilling indeed to give them the Chair, or to dethrone their irrefragable Masters for their sakes; yet for their great antiquity, known abilities, and special integrity, All except Porphyry (who to evade the Authority of Daniel 's Prophesies, does not blush to affirm, that they were written in the times of Antiochus after the things were done, and imposed upon the World under that Prophet's name, though' 'tis apparent from Josephus, that they were showed to Alexander the Great in his advance towards Jerusalem, above one hundred and fifty years before Antiochus ) allowed them the credit of Venerable, Faithful, and Divine Writers. Since therefore 'tis granted on all hands, that these things were by such and such Men thus punctually foretold; since being foretold they as punctually came to pass; we must either ascribe them to some other cause, or resolve them wholly into the Providence of God. But now what cause in nature can be found sufficient for the production of such great, such wondrous Effects? To pass by the Dreams of Philo Judoeus, Plutarch, Maimonides, and others, concerning I know not what prognostic Virtue in Human Souls, as not worth a confutation: Of all Created Beings, the Angelic Nature partakes most of the Divine. They are Creatures of noble Faculties and enlarged capacities; and amongst all those glorious Endowments God has been pleased to bestow on them, their Knowledge certainly cannot be the least, from which the Philosophers have given them their names. Can then these Doemons, these Intelligences produce their cause? or bring forth their strong Reasons? Can they bring them forth, and show us what shall happen? or declare to us things for to come, that we may know them? No. Their understanding indeed is great and wonderful; but the Divine alone is infinite and infallible. They can penetrate far into the depth of natural causes, and from circumstances and signs, shrewdly conjecture at future Events. But because the things are in themselves contingent, and may be or not be, either as the Will of Man, or the Causes in Nature, on which they depend, vary or not vary, their Predictions can never be certain or infallible; it being the incommunicable Prerogative of such a Being, who searcheth the hearts and trieth the reins, and spieth out all our ways; who knoweth all the foldings of our hearts, all the turnings and windings of our unsettled Resolutions; who ruleth all things, and directeth all their Operations to their several Ends, and upon whose will the actions of all depend, to foresee the certain Effects depending purely upon those Causes. Hence arose that known Ambiguity in the Heathen Oracles; the Devil (as the wiser Pagans (you have seen) themselves have observed) not daring to answer plainly and directly to the Question proposed, least the Event should at last discover his ignorance, and manifest him to be (what he really was) an Impostor and the Father of lies; and upon this account, says Servius, Jupiter Ammon was pictured with Rams Horns, because his answers had as many turnings and windings as they.

But now if the Knowledge of these abstracted Spirits was thus miserably foiled (as that greatest Patron of Paganism, Porphyry himself is forced to confess) in things only contingent; then how much less can they attain to the knowledge of those things, which belong only to God? Those things I mean, which depend neither upon any natural cause, nor upon the will of Man, but wholly and entirely, as the Apostle speaks, upon the will of God. Those things, which he determined in himself before the World began, and which are the pure Emanations of his free Goodness and Mercy: Such as the Incarnation, Passion, and bitter Death of the Son of God for the sins of Mankind. His Resurrection and Ascension into Heaven. His Rejection of, and exemplary Vengeance upon his Crucifiers the Jews, and the calling of the Gentiles; all which were not only foretold by the Holy Prophets; but some of them likewise (as Opsopaeus himself confesseth; and the whole Class of the primitive Fathers, but especially Constantine the Great, in an Oration written by him in Latin to a Synod of Prelates in his days, has learnedly asserted; and the reasons alleged by Gallaeus, Vossius, and other Learned Men to the contrary do not impugn) particularly presignify'd by the ten fore-mentioned Prophetesses of the Heathen World. Which of all the abstracted Spirits, I say, hath known this Will of the Lord, or who hath been here his Counselor? Now indeed, the Apostle tells us, Ephes. 3.10. unto Principalities and Powers in Heavenly Places, i. e. to the Heavenly Princes and Potentates, Angels and Archangels, is made known by his dispensations in the Church the manifold Wisdom of God. But, alas! before his actual descent into the lower parts of the Earth, They were at so wide a distance from the knowledge of these secrets of the Lord, that though he had in some measure revealed and communicated them to his Church, their understandings were nevertheless confounded, and they could only gather some general, dark, and obscure notices of them from the Shadows and Praefigurations they then lay under. They knew, it must be confessed, that Mankind was to be redeemed, the Messiah cut off, and the Gentiles called. But what Death he should die, and how the Gentiles should be called, they were not able to apprehend. They study'd and seriously meditated upon these things, desiring, as St. Peter tells us, to look narrowly into them, and clearly and distinctly to discern all the particular methods and contrivances of Providence: But, after all their search and study, their puny, finite understandings were lost in the intricate Maeanders of Divine Counsels, and entirely swallowed up in the unfathomable Profundity of Eternal Determinations. And for this reason St. Paul, I conceive, may be understood, Col. 1.26. to call the Gospel a Mystery, because 'twas hidden, as he there says, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . Not from Ages perhaps, as we render it, but from Angels, which amongst those Heretics the Apostle there makes it his business to confute, were, (as Irenaeus discourseth at large in his discovery of the Valentinians ) commonly known by that name. Now then, since 'tis most evident, that there have been certain and infallible Predictions both of such things, which considered in their own causes were purely contingent, and also of some others, which were farther advanced above the Sphere of Created Understandings; borrowing their whole entity from the free determinations of the Divine Will; since it is as evident, that such certain and infallible Predictions could proceed from nothing less, than Infinite Wisdom and Goodness; we can have no possible pretence to distrust any longer the good Providence of God, who has in all Ages vouchsafed to make such gracious Revelations of his Will, and by the most convincing, undeniable Proofs, perpetually to attest his presidence over the Sons of Men. But though the case be thus, plain, and to all thinking, intelligent Persons, put beyond all possibility of distrust; yet Miracles being generally looked upon to be the most effectual means not only for the conversion of Infidels, but also for the satisfaction of doubting Souls; Being they are the most immediate Credentials of Heaven, those which do nearliest affect our senses, and consequently have the strongest influence upon our minds, I proceed lastly to show, that God has not been wanting in his part even in this thing; but that by many undoubted Miracles, also he has to all the World attested this great truth.

3. Many false Prophets indeed have ever been in the World, who by signs and lying wonders have miserably beguiled the Souls of the over-credulous and incogitant. Simon Magus, you know, by his jugglings and impostures so bewitched the unthinking People of Samaria, that they all gave heed to him from the least to the greatest, acknowledging him to be the mighty Power of God. And when he afterwards came to Rome, by his Diabolical Sorceries he worked himself into so good an Opinion with the Emperor, that he erected a Statue to him with this Inscription: Simony Sancto Deo, to Simon the Holy God. After him Cerinthus, Menander, Basilides, and others came upon the Stage; and Barchochebas, David el David, and others are memorable for their miserable delusion of the Jews. But chiefly such great and glorious things are spoken by some Heathens of that Fanatick, Lying, and Pedantick Pythagorean, Apollonius Tyanaeus, that Hierocles has the impudence and malice to parallel him with our Savior himself, and his Apostles. He has the impudence and malice, I say, to do this; for that it could be nothing else, not only Eusebius of old, and two modern Authors of our own have clearly evinced from Philostratus's own account of his life, but even the Pagans themselves have likewise demonstrated: for during his life time, they generally looked upon him only as a 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or infamous enchanter, accusing him for this very Crime before the Emperor Domitian, who, having heard the cause, slighted and despised both him and his accusers, and dismissed him the Court for an idle, vain, fantastic Fellow.

These things, I confess, have done inconceivable prejudice to the Authority of true and real Miracles, and laid grievous stumbling-blocks in the ways even of considering Men. For some have hence too rashly concluded, that not only God, but the Prince of Darkness likewise, whensoever he pleaseth, may be the Author of a true and real Miracle, and consequently that the working of them do no ways infer a God and Providence in the World; and others as hastily, that there was never any such thing as a real Miracle in the World, but that all we hear of, were pure cheats, sophisms, and delusions. These latter might as well have infer'd, That there are no Jewels, because there are Counterfeits; and that legitimate demonstrations are but Figments and Chimaera's, because there are also Sophisms and Paralogisms. But I hasten to the First.

1. Then, Neither the Devil, nor any other Created Being whatsoever can be the Author of a true and real Miracle, and consequently if there have ever been any in the World, (as you shall see by and by there have) they clearly and undeniably infer a God and Providence. By a Miracle we understand no more, than a supernatural effect evident to Sense. Or (to use the Description of a great Divine of our own) every true Miracle is a production of something out of nothing; and that either in the thing itself, or in the manner of producing it. In the thing itself, when it is of that nature, that it cannot be produced by any second causes; as the raising of the dead. In the manner of producing it, when, though the thing lies within the possibility of second causes, yet it is performed without the help of any of them; as in the cure of Diseases without any use of means, by a word speaking, by the touch of a garment, and the like. Now the Devil being a finite Agent, which cannot exceed the bounds of Nature, can by no means be the cause of such miraculous Effects. His Power indeed is great, and his Faculties are exalted, and therefore from hidden, undiscerned Causes he may, as Porphyry truly observes, and indeed has produced such strange, prodigious Effects, as (if it had been possible) might have seduced even the very Elect. But yet we know, that, as a Creature, he has his bounds and limits prescribed him, and that hitherto he may come, but no farther, and here of pure necessity his Operations must be staid. For how can the narrow, scanty Womb of Nature fully and adequately comprehend the infinite Dimensions of a supernatural Conception? Or a Being be summoned to appear out of the unsearchable depths of emptiness and nothing by anything less, than the voice of irresistible Omnipotence? Who can alter the fixed, immutable Laws of Nature? turn things out of that course and order, wherein they were placed at the World's first Production, and wherein they have constantly, regularly, and necessarily moved ever since? Surely none but He, who is the great Spring of all the motions of this great Machine of the World; who sets every wheel and cause a going, and is therefore glorious in Power, fearful in Praises, because alone doing wonders. Hence then we may safely conclude, that all those Works, which the Magicians did of old, how great and wonderful soever, never arrived to the height of a true and proper Miracle; but that they were only the productions of natural causes, which together with the manner of their production being altogether unknown, caused wonder and astonishment in the Spectators. Having therefore thus proved, that an Infinite Being alone can be the Author of a true and real Miracle, I proceed in the next place to show, that there have been such things as true and real Miracles in the World, and consequently, since an Infinite Being alone can be the Author of them, they clearly and undeniably infer a God and Providence.

2. Now I shall not here tell you from Tacitus and Suetonius, how Vespasian opened the Eyes of a Blind Man in Egypt by his Spittle, or from Spartianus, how a Woman was likewise cured of her Blindness only by kissing the Knees of the Emperor Adrian: the various artifices, which were then used to assert the Divinity of the Emperors rendering these things very liable to suspicion. Neither shall I endeavor to confirm this truth by any argument drawn from the pretended Miracles amongst the Romanists at this day, since I doubt not, but that upon a severe, impartial scrutiny they would appear to be as false and counterfeit, as those above-mentioned; the end of them all being in truth the very same, viz. to draw Men's minds off from the simplicity of the Gospel, and to render the whole Creation again subject to vanity. I shall only then appeal to the unexceptionable Writings (for so, you have seen, the Heathens themselves acknowledge them) of Moses and the Prophets, and to the as indisputable Histories (as will appear in its proper place) of Christ and his Apostles, which seem to be nothing else than one continued testimony of this great truth. See then that great Law-giver and Prophet entered the lists with the Wise Men and Sorcerers of Egypt, whilst Pharaoh and his People, as a Cloud of Witnesses, stand by, and behold this great contest. They seem to stand a while upon the same level; neither side having any visible preeminence from the three first attempts. The Magicians Rods, as well as his, are (to all appearance) turned equally into Serpents: The Rivers too at their command flow on in streams of Blood; and the Frogs hear their call, and from their watery Beds obediently come up upon the Land. But, see, the mighty Rod now animates the dust, and the old hungry Serpent complains for want of Food. Where now are the Wise Men, the Sorcerers, and Magicians? Or how do his powerful Antagonists keep their ground? Surely, as the Prophet speaks, the Princes of Zoan are Fools, the Counsel of the Wise Counselors of Pharaoh is become brutish. Their assistant Spirits are non-plus'd and confounded, and therefore they are forced to acknowledge, that this in very deed is the Finger of God. March we hence with the same Moses to the Banks of the Red-Sea, and there behold the wonders he does too in the deep. No sooner does he lift up his Rod, and stretch out his hand over the Sea; but the deep Waters acknowledge his commission, and obediently retire. He triumphantly conducts the Redeemed of the Lord, through the midst of the Sea upon dry ground, and the Waters are a Wall to them on their Right Hand, and on their Lest. Again, he gives the Signal, and the Sea returns to its strength, and overwhelms the Egyptians with their Chariots and their Horse-men. I might farther recount to you the Miracles he shown after this in the Wilderness. How he brought Waters out of the hard Rock, so that the streams ran withal in dry places: How he fed his murmuring Host with Manna and Quails; and by his Prayer caused the Earth to open her Mouth, and to swallow up the factious and rebellious Company of Korah. I might remind you likewise of the continued series of Miracles under the Mosaical Economy: Of the wonderful effects of the Waters of jealousy; of the extraordinary plenty of the sixth year; of Urim and Thummim, and of the special security of the Coasts of Israel every third year, though their Enemies very well knew, that all their Males at that time went up to Worship at Jerusalem. I might, enlarge, I say, upon these, and many other instances of the same kind, which occur in the Writings of the Old Testament; but I shall therefore forbear mentioning anymore, because all these scattered Rays did at last concenter into one point, and with united Glories shine together, when the Sun of Righteousness arose upon the World. Then especially did the Divine Providence give uncontrollable demonstration of itself to Mankind, when (as Mahomet in his Alcoran, and the Rabbins themselves in their Talmud confess) the Man Christ Jesus did such Works, as no Man could have done, unless God had been with him. The God's of the Heathen, as Arnobius remarks, could never cure any Disease without some Prescriptions; and Aesculapius himself, though celebrated for his Physic throughout the World, was really no better than a Mountebank or ordinary Emperick. Nay their great Jupiter Capitolinus, though armed with thunder, and so frighting the World with his pretended Omnipotence, was to far from being able to raise the Dead, cure the Blind, or heal the Lame, that he could not so much as cure a Wart, a Pimple, or any other the most trivial thing, without prescribing something or other for its removal. But now our Savior never used any such means, having no need of any adjacent matter, of the virtue of Herbs, or any other Medicine. His Commission was large and unbounded; His Power Divine, Infinite, and uncontrollable. He made the Lame Man to leap as an Hart, and the Tongue of the Dumb to sing. By his word he silenced the Winds, and walked upon the furious Sea, as the Sibyll speaks, with his feet of Peace. He opened the Eyes of him, that was born Blind; healed all manner of Diseases; raised the Dead to life after four days Burial, and all this only with a word of his Mouth, or a touch of his Hand. He cured them that were far off, as well as those, that were nigh; and that with a bare Fiat, without sending any other Medicine, than health itself to his Patients. He saw into the very breasts of Men, discovered their most secret thoughts and intentions, and accordingly either reproved or commended them. Neither did these refreshing Waters break out only in the Wilderness, or these wholesome streams flow only in the desert; for he did not (as some now-a-days do) huddle up his actions in the dark, or lay the scene of his Miracles in an obscure, unknown corner amongst his Friends only and Followers; but when his time was come, he showed himself openly to all the People, had his conversation amongst his sworn Enemies, the Scribes and Pharisees, to whom he proved his Commission beyond all contradiction. Nay, even in the midst of his greatest weakness, when he lay to tured and bleeding upon the Cross, he was still so mighty, so irresistible in power, that he opened the Graves, split the hard Rocks asunder, rent the Temples veil, and (as not only the Evangelists, but Phlegon likewise, Gentleman to the Emperor Adrian, in his general History of the Olympiads; and Thallus, another Heathen cited by that accurate Chronologer, Africanus; and, as we are assured by Tertullian, the public Records of the Roman Empire witness) darkened the Sun, and put Nature into such close mourning, that 'tis reported of Dionysius the Areopagite, who was afterwards St. Paul 's Convert, that being then at Egypt, and observing this unnatural Eclipse, (the Moon then being in a direct opposition to the Sun) he cried out that either the God of Nature was suffering, or that Nature herself would be suddenly dissolved; so that Celsus betrayed either intolerable ignorance or malice, when he scoffingly asked Origen, what mighty Work our Savior did at his Crucifixion. Lastly, He was not (as Mahomet and other Impostors are) long holden by the bands of death; but according to his own prediction he gloriously triumphed over Death and Hell; raised that Temple, which his Enemies thought they had destroyed, on the third day; vouchsafed to wear a Veil over his glorified Body for forty days conversation with his Disciples, and then before them all (Angels and Arch-angels singing all the way the unparalleled triumphs of this King of Glory) ascended into the highest Heavens, whence not many days after he made good his promise to his Disciples, sending down upon them the Holy Ghost, whereby they were fully commissioned and impowered to propagate the Gospel throughout all the World.

Now then, Courteous Reader, if all these things are true, how can we any longer distrust the good Providence of God? And that they are all true no Rational Man can deny. That Christ thus lived, and thus died; that he wrought many Miracles, and at last under-went the no less ignominious, than painful death of the Cross, is granted on all hands. 'Twas not only written by St. Matthew for the use of the Jews in Hebrew eight years after his Ascension, (as, not to mention Justin M. Athenagoras, Irenaeus, and the other Writers of the Age next after the Apostles) is sufficiently evident from Clemens Romanus, a Familiar of St. Paul; and from Ignatius, Polycarp, and Papias, Disciples of St. John, who all quote this Gospel) when if it had been liable to suspicion, it might easily have been disproved, since there were many then alive, on whom his Miracles were said to have been wrought: Many, who had been Eye-witnesses of the same; but also recorded by those Heathen Writers, Tacitus and Suetonius, and never so much as questioned either by Julian, Celsus, Trypho, Hierocles, Porphyry, or any other the most avow'd Enemies to Christianity. That he was not devoured by these wild Beasts, though his Garments were died and dipped in Blood, the Soldiers, that kept the Watch, confessed upon examination to Pilate, who thereupon wrote the whole History to his Lord Tiberius, which so much affected him, that, when the Senate refused to receive Jesus into the number of their God's, he set up his Image in his own private Lararium; gave liberty to any to believe on him that would; and prohibited the Officers to molest them under pain of Death. But we have yet a greater Witness than all these. For that Jesus our Savior is now alive, and not only Governor over all the Land of Egypt, but Lord and King too of all the Nations in the World: That he did actually fulfill his promise to his Disciples, and continually watcheth over his Spouse, the Church, with the wakeful Eyes of his especial Providence, is plain beyond all contradiction.

1. From the sudden and miraculous downfall of the Kingdom of Satan; and secondly from the no less sudden and miraculous propagation of the Christian Faith, notwithstanding all the opposition, that it met with in the World.

1. I say, This is plain from the sudden and miraculous Downfall of the Kingdom of Satan. For tell me, O Man, whosoever thou art, who art apt to distrust the good Providence of God, how that almost unlimited and universal Dominion of Satan had been so suddenly overturned, if an Almighty Arm had not taken away the Pillars, which had so long supported it, and so caused it to fall into ruin and devastation? How had the powerful and innumerable Legions of the Prince of Darkness been beaten out of the strong holds, which they had so long possessed, if the Lord of Hosts himself had not broke in upon them, and overcame them, and rifled them of all the armor, wherein they trusted, and so divided the Spoil? When the Son of God was pleased to bow the Heavens, and to come down, and dwell among Men, he scarce found a place, where to lay his head. The true God indeed was well known in Jury, and his name was great in Israel: But the Worship of false Deities, like an universal deluge, had, as it were, overwhelmed the face of the whole Earth. Devils and Idols had usurped his Dominions, and imperiously swayed most of the Nations of the World. And yet how are the Mighty fallen? and the God's, which made not the Heavens and the Earth perished? These great Lord's, which seemed to have raised to themselves an everlasting Empire over the Sons of Men, were almost in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye dispossessed of their Lodgings, thrown out of their Fortresses, and forced to leave the Temples, wherein they had so long dwelt. No sooner was the joyful News of the Messiah 's Coming ushered in by the Doxologies of the glorious Inhabitants of the Courts above; but that as the Heavens rejoiced, and the Earth was glad, so the gloomy Regions of Everlasting Darkness, were on the contrary filled with nothing, but Lamentations and Mournings, and Woe. Those weak and feeble Rays, which the Sun of Righteousness, even through the Cloud of Infancy darted upon the World, so affrighted and amazed them, that these Beasts of Prey immediately gat them away, and hid themselves close in their Dens. The most famous Oracles in the World, which began to lisp and stammer, as his coming drew near, now at his Appearance are generally doomed to silence: the Devil either not replying at all to the humble interrogations of his admiring Votaries, or whining out his answer in lamentations and complaints, that his voice was to be no more recovered, but that the bright Glory of his Oracles was utterly gone from him. Nay to prevent all Cavils and Disputes, and that the greatest Sceptic might have no reason to doubt, that this was God's doing; but that all the House of Israel might assuredly know, that 'twas his Arm, his Arm alone, that thus miraculously brought Salvation to them, by rescuing them from the miserable thralldom of these proud, usurping Tyrants, the Impostor at last entirely dismantled himself of his accustomed disguises, and plainly confessed to the Emperor Augustus, that 'twas not the deficiency of Prophetical Vapours, nor the general incredulity of Mankind, nor yet the Mortality of his own nature; but purely the Hebrew Child, which constrained him to hold his Peace,

i.e. There is an Hebrew Child, who, though in the appearance of weak flesh, is King of the Blessed God's, that commands me to leave this House, and to return to Hell. And upon this account that Emperor built an Altar in honor of Christ with this Inscription: Ara Primogeniti Dei, The Altar of the First Begotten of God.

But as the beginning of the Declension of Satan's Kingdom was thus confessedly from the Son of God, the Prince of Darkness keeping his Possessions safe and secure, 'till this stronger warrior took away his arms, and plundered him: So that he did not content himself with these less considerable Ovations, but still pursued his conquests, and by those very sufferings, whereby his Enemy thought to have quelled him, gloriously triumphed over the Grave, Death, and Hell. That by raising himself to life, he utterly devested him of all his Power, and dragged him with all his Legions shackled and unarmed at the Wheels of his Triumphant Chariot, the Primitive Heroes and first Champions of the Faith made publicly discernible to all the World. How gloriously did the Father display the triumphant Banners of his exalted Savior, when he challenged the Persecutors of Christianity upon the pawn of his own Blood for a Sacrifice to their Vengeance, should he be baffled in the encounter, to let him make public trial before their Tribunals of his Power, in controlling those disarmed and impotent Spirits, which the deluded Romans and other Gentiles adored and magnified as God's? Nay, how victoriously did the Glory of Christ then shine forth, when not only the Learned and Experienced, but (as Origen tells Celsus ) the meanest also of the People, the very Babes in Christ triumphed and insulted over these Hell-hounds, where-ever they met them? In the name of Christ they forced them out of their Lodgings, and compelled them even in the presence of their Worshippers and greatest Adorers to confess plainly what they were. O si audire eos velles, & videre, says St. Cyprian to Demetrian, the stubborn and prejudiced Proconsul of Africa. And Min. Felix appeals to the Heathens themselves for the truth of these things. He tells them, that their own eyes had seen their greatest God's cast out of the Bodies they had possessed, by the ordinary Christians; that their own ears had heard the same God's confess, that they were no God's, no not so much as good Spirits; but Devils, wicked, Apostate Angels, who made it their business to abuse the World, and to ensnare as great a part of Mankind, as they could, into Ruin and Perdition. In a word, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Arnobius, Lactantius, and all the other Primitive Defenders of the Faith most justly, as well as triumphantly enlarge upon this point; which is acknowledged, even by Porphyry himself, who, discoursing of that plague, which furiously raged at Messina in Sicily, where he dwelt, expressly asserts, that therefore Aesculapius could afford them no assistance, because Jesus was worshipped in the World. So that, you see, 'tis plain from the Downfal of Satan's Kingdom, that Jesus our Savior, though once persecuted and slain, is yet alive; and that as he always did, so he still continues to take care of the World.

2. This is no less apparent from the as sudden and miraculous Propagation of the Christian Faith, notwithstanding all the opposition, that it met with in the World. For how soon did the sound of the Gospel go out into all Lands, and its words even to the ends of the Earth? How swift, I say, upon the Mountains were the Feet of them, that carried these glad Tidings, this Gospel of Peace? Had they rode upon the nimblest Morning Ray, or gone flying upon the Wings of the Wind, they could scarce have sooner visited all Quarters of the World. Egypt, Africa, Libya, Mauritania; yea, the wandering, barbarous Scythians; the rude, naked, stupid Indians within the compass of forty years were turned unto the Lord, and the remotest corners of the West too (where, as Tertullian observes, the Roman Eagle, how triumphant so ever, could never penetrate) stretched forth their hands unto God. But could the Arm of flesh thus break through whole troops of Evil Angels, that stood with drawn Swords in their hands to stop them in their way? or mere Man grapple and contend with all the Powers of Earth and Hell? Could a few obscure, unknown Fishermen, who had neither Riches, nor Honor, nor Learning, nor Kindred to recommend them to the World, by their own insinuations so wonderfully engross the judgment and affections of all People, as to cause them for their sakes to bid a final adieu to the Traditions of their Fathers, and to throw off all the Rites and Ceremonies of that Religion, which for so many Ages had prevailed amongst them? Whence was it then, that where-ever they came, they so gloriously triumphed over the prejudices of Men's minds, grappled so successfully with the stubbornness of the Jew, and baffled the fine notions and speculations of the Greek? That, though they pretended to know nothing among them, but Christ, and him Crucified; Preached no other Doctrine, but such as called Men off from the advantages and pleasures of this World to tread in the steps of a poor, crucified Savior, which too (though thus harsh to Flesh and Blood) was backed at present with little other encouragement, than the invisible Rewards of another World; yet the Word of God so mightily grew and prevailed, that Men of all sorts and professions, Greeks as well as Barbarians gave up their names to Christ, and manfully listed themselves under the Captain of our Salvation? Whence was it, I say, that though among the Jews and Corinthians in the first setting out of the Gospel, not many Wise, not many Mighty, not many Noble were called; yet suddenly after in all Nations under the whole Heaven, Men of acute Parts, piercing Understandings, and raised Abilities became Proselytes? That Orators, Critics, Lawyers, Physicians, and Philosophers of all Sects daily came over, and proved valiant Soldiers in the cause of God, and of the Lamb? What induced the proud, haughty Stoic, who thought himself never a whit inferior, neither in Happiness nor Virtue to the Deity himself, gratesully to accept the mercies and guidance of a Crucified Savior, and humbly to submit his Almighty Reason to the great, mysterious Truths of the Gospel? What enticed the fost, luxurious Epicurean to divorce his darling Lusts for the embraces of the Holy and Immaculate Jesus? or the refined Academic so willingly to renounce his former sentiments; and, though not without out the loss of many of his fine notions, to embrace the Faith? Surely none but He, with whom those things are possible, which are impossible with Men; and in whose hands are the hearts of the Sons of Men, as the Rivers of Water, which therefore he turneth whithersoever he will.

Again, if this Doctrine had not been in very deed from God, and continually supported by the Hand of Providence, how could it possibly have out-weathered those many Storms and Tempests, those Thunderings and Lightnings, whereby its Professors were so grievously torn and shattered, even in its infancy and first delivery into the World? They no sooner appeared with it abroad, but they were looked upon as common Enemies, and therefore were everywhere opposed, and everywhere spoken against. Like their great Master, they were despised and rejected of Men; the Subjects of continual Sorrows, and most intimately acquainted with Griess. They had neither Kings for their Nursing Fathers, nor Queens for their Nursing Mothers; but on the contrary all the greatest Powers and Potentates of the World combined together for many Ages, to extirpate and banish them from off the Face of the Earth. Since then they were thus naked and destitute, stripped of all outward advantages, and exposed to the fury of so many wild Beasts, unless the Lord himself had been on their side, how could they have born up against all this opposition, and in spite of all the united Forces of their visible and invisible Enemies so gloriously have lifted up their Heads in triumph; looking down with a brave and generous disdain upon the weak attempts of their Adversaries? How could they with so much gallantry, with so invincible a patience and magnanimity have undergone the most exquisite torments, which the ingenious cruelty of Men or Devils could invent; looking upon their Chains as their Ornaments, and accounting the Instruments of their Tortures the Ensigns of their Honor and Happiness? In short, How could they, not as the Stoics and Epicureans thrasonically speak of their Wise Man, but really and truly (as the Apostle remarks) have taken pleasure in Bonds, in Imprisonments, in Chains, in Reproaches, in Persecutions, in Distresses for Christ's sake; professing to glory in nothing, but the Cross of Christ?

Many, I confess, from a hardy, robust constitution have been enabled to undergo very fiery Trials, and we read of some, especially among the Stoics, who have in the midst of their Pains derided their Tormentors, and resolutely and courageously born up their Spirits under the heaviest oppressions. But, alas! what's all this to the incomparable bravery of our primitive Heroes, when (as the Christian in Min. Felix triumphantly tells his Adversary) the very Women and Children were of so invincible a courage, so unshaken a resolution, that they infinitely exceeded the very bravest Deeds, even of the most celebrated Greeks or Romans? But now was it possible, that they should so far have forgotten the weakness of their Sex or Age, as thus gallantly to have encountered all sorts of dangers, boldly to have defended naked Truth in the face of Death itself, and to have laughed at Crosses, Swords, Fire, Racks, and all other dreadful Instruments of Torture, if Christ himself had not stood by them, charming them with the sweetness of his Love, and the hopes of Immortality? Nature, you know, recoils and starts back at the first sight of these things; and how efficacious soever the Principles of Philosophy may seem to some Men, sure I am they could not inspire their greatest and boldest Professors with courage enough for such formidable Encounters. The Egyptians, (who among the Heathens bear the title of the eldest Sons of Wisdom, and are also particularly taken notice of for their eminent Learning, by the unerring Records of Divine Revelation) to avoid the fury of the Vulgar, locked up the whole Body of their Divinity, under Mystical Hieroglyphics. And the untimely Death of Socrates so chill'd and pall'd the Spirits of his Divine Pupil, that to be in good Terms with the Public, and to dispossess the People of the Opinion, that he was addicted to the sentiments of his Master, he prudently turned Pythagorean; wrapped up his notions in Aenigmatical, Cabbalistical Allusions; and, as he acknowledgeth himself in one of his Epistles to Dionysius, published none of his Maxims, but under the name of Secrates, that he might not be accountable for his own Doctrine in a time, when the nicety of the People of Athens was offended at everything. Nay Aristotle himself, to escape that storm, which threatened him from Areopagus for some of his (as they were esteemed) unorthodox Opinions, in a panic fear hastily packed up, and got him from Athens; and that otherwise great and excellent Philosopher, Jamblichus unworthily took Sanctuary at a mysterious secrecy, sealing up his dogmata, because not favored as formerly by the Royal Authority, under a profound and perpetual silence. In a word, Josephus in his second Book against Appion, universally chargeth the wisest Men of Greece with cowardice in this matter. They hold, says he, the very same things concerning God as the Jews do, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 but had not the courage to teach their Doctrine to the Vulgar, because they were prepossessed with contrary Opinions. Whence, I say, abundantly appears the insufficiency of these weak and beggarly Elements, and that nothing less than an almighty Arm could have supported the sinking state of the Church in these primitive times. Else how came it to pass, that she did not expire upon the Rack, or breath her last in the Sea? That she was not devoured by wild Beasts, or utterly consumed in the Fire? that, though' she was so miserably harassed and torn by her Enemies, that some of them erected Trophies and triumphal Arches in memory of their absolute Conquests and Victories over her, yet all this noise and out-cry was as empty as the Monuments they had raised for her, whilst, Phoenix like, she sprang more youthful and vigorous from her own Ashe, and that Ocean of Blood, which was thought to have choked or drowned her, served only, as the Father observes, to render her Soil more fertile? That, lastly, when she was weak, then especially she was strong; so strong, that at length she put to flight all the Armies of Satan, wrested the worldly Power and Empire out of his hand, and then victoriously employed it against himself?

Mahomet 's imposture, I confess, diffused itself in a very little time over a great part of the East. But to say nothing, how 'twas originally designed for the gratification of Men's Lusts, and by an industrious compliance with the dissolute manners of those Orientals prepared and qualified for their more easy Reception: It was carried, you know, upon the point of the Sword, and forced its way into the World by Rapine and Violence. But the Christian Church was of another nature. 'Twas her peculiar honor and privilege to grow victorious by sufferings, and to triumph in Persecutions; so that every Eye may see, that 'twas not her own Arm, that upheld and protected her; but that God alone, because he had a favor unto her, would not suffer those, that believed not, to exalt themselves against her. For surely none but He, whom the Winds and Seas obey, could by his voice allay the Rage and Fury of these Storms and Tempests. None but He, who casteth out the Counsels of Princes and maketh the devices of the People to be of none effect, could thus defeat the Machinations, evacuate the Designs, and control the Power of the greatest Potentates of the Earth. Lastly, none but He, who by things, which are not, brings to naught things, that are, could by such weak and foolish things both non-plus the Wise, and confound the things, that were Mighty. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . 'Twas the word of God, continually led on by the conduct of Providence, and therefore could not be withstood by the force or power of any created Beings; but maugre all the opposition of Men and Devils, uncontroulably enlarged its Conquests to the ends of all the Earth.

And thus I have dispatched my several Meditations upon this Subject; having, I hope, to the full satisfaction of unprejudiced Persons evinced the Reality of a God and Providence in the World. I shall only now briefly deduce some practical inferences from some considerations upon the Attributes of the Divine Nature, and conclude.

1. Then, You have seen, that God is Omnipotent. Hence let us learn to adore his Majesty, to revere his Power, and never to provoke him to anger by our Sins, who is able in the most dreadful manner to revenge himself upon us. If we fear to incur the displeasure of an Earthly Prince, because as in the Light of his Countenance is Life, and his Favor is as a Cloud of the Latter Rain, so on the contrary the Fear of him is like the roaring of a Lion, and his Wrath as the Messengers of Death; then surely we should much more beware of provoking the heavy Wrath of the King of Kings, whose voice is like the dreadful thunder, and whose indignation causeth everlasting Destruction. For is it not absurd to fear to offend them, that kill the Body, and after that have no more, that they can do; and not to tremble and quake to commit those Sins, whereby he is incensed, who is able to destroy both Body and Soul in Hell?

But let the Contemplation of this Attribute, not only deter us from sinning against God; but teach us likewise to fly unto him, and after we have faithfully discharged our duty, considently to rely upon him in all our dangers. For thus we shall find a stay and support in all our weaknesses, and a sure and ready help in time of need. The wicked indeed, and such as put not their trust in God, shall flee, even when no Man pursueth; but we shall be courageous and bold as a Lion. We shall be raised above both the Love and Fear of this present World, and (what St. Chrysostom most truly reports of that primitive Martyr, St. Ignatius ) with as much ease and freedom lay down our lives, as other Men can put off their Cloaths; being fully assured, that the same Almighty Goodness, which leads us through this Valley of tears, can and will also safely conduct us through the black and gloomy Regions of Death into the bright and glorious Mansions of Bliss and Immortality.

2. You have seen, that God is also Omniscient and Omnipresent; that he is with us in our most private retirements, and, as the fore-mentioned Martyr adds in his Epistle to the Ephesians, knows all the turnings and windings of our very thoughts and intentions. Let us then never flatter ourselves, that we shall huddle up our wickednesses in darkness and obscurity, but always remember, that, though no mortal Man can behold us, yet the eye of Heaven is upon all our actions. 'Twas the advice, I remember, of a Learned Heathen to his Friend, that where-ever he was, or whatever he was doing, he should still suppose himself in the presence of some reverend and worthy Person; for this, he thought, would be a very effectual way to restrain him from doing anything either unseemly or unlawful. And how happy he was in his observation, we daily experience, when the boldest Sinner of us all scarce ever presumes to lay open his corruptions before such as he respects. Thus the Morning is to the adulterer, even as the shadow of Death, and therefore his eye, though impatiently, waiteth for the twilight, and then too he disguiseth his Face, that no eye may see him. And having committed, he is ashamed to own it; and if accused, he stiffly denies it; he wipeth his mouth, saith Solomon, and saith, I have not committed iniquity. But do we thus honor and revere our Fellow Creatures, and yet dare behave ourselves wantonly in the presence of Him, before whom the Holy Angels reverently veil their Faces? Do we think ourselves secure, if we can hide our impieties from such, who are Malefactors like unto ourselves; when yet God, who is to be our Judge, our own Consciences, which must be produced as witnesses against us, and Satan our accuser, are all privy to them? Do we, I say, thus dread the knowledge of mortal Men, who, should they know our faults, would perhaps either conceal, or at least not be able to punish them: And are we not afraid to act our Villainies before Him, who will one day bring to light all these hidden things of darkness, and to our eternal reproach and confusion of face display them in their own most black and frightful colors, before the general assembly of his Saints and Angels? My Brother, I am persuaded you very well know, that these things ought not so to be. Since then we live in the presence of such a God, who is of purer eyes, than to behold iniquity with the least approbation; let us with all care and diligence reform our lives, and by our pious conversation demonstrate to all the World, that we do with the good Ante-diluvian Patriarch in very deed walk with God. Let us make us clean hands, and pure hearts, and become holy before the Lord. Let us no longer delight in vanities, sow the Wind, and reap the Whirlwind, but (what the Persians are said to do once a year against their venomous Vipers) let us march out against our sins, beat down their strong holds, and bring into subjection every proud thought and imagination. Thus we shall approve ourselves to Men and Angels, to Christ and his Father, who, when we have thus prepared their Lodging, will come unto us, and dwell with us, and rejoice over us to do us good. Thus being at last disburdened of the disadvantages and encumbrances of mortality, we shall be translated pure and undefiled into the glorious Habitations of holy and unpolluted Spirits there no longer 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , obscurely, as it were in a riddle, but clearly, distinctly, even face to face to contemplate the interior beauties of the Lord.

Again, you have seen, that God is All-wise, and that therefore he cannot do anything, but for the best and greatest ends. Let this support and bear up our Spirits in all our Afflictions, since, as Job, (who had no small share of them) speaks, they do not spring out of the dust, but come purely from that Being, who wisely ordereth all things for our good. If we would seriously lay these things to our hearts, and not content ourselves with a bare habitual knowledge of them, but in all our troubles and distresses actually apply them to our considerations, neither the calumnies or reproaches of our adversaries, nor yet the unkind returns of our Friends; neither the frowns of Monarchs, nor the menaces of Fortune would be able to ruffle and interrupt our happiness, but the consideration that it is the Lord, who suffereth all these things, would happily prevent and stifle all murmurings and repinings, all reluctancies and disputings, and enable us, like the good Old High Priest, to say with perfect resignation to the Divine Will: Let him do what seemeth him good. Talis esset animus noster, as the Philosopher expresses it, qualis mundi status super lunam. Though all things without should seem cloudy and tempestuous, yet our minds, like the superlunary Regions, would be full of peace and tranquility. With the bravery and gallantry of the Prophet we should everyone of us triumphantly cry out, even at our lowest ebb: Although the Fig-tree should not blossom, neither should Fruit be in the Vines; the labor of the Olive should fail, and the Fields should yield no meat; the Flocks should be cut off from the Fold, and there should be no Herds in the Stalls; i. e. though all the ordinary supplies of Human Life should sail: Yet will I rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my Salvation.

4. You have seen, that God is All-just, and that he will at length render to every Man according to his Deeds. Let this remind us to be just in all our Actions, that when 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , as Chrysostom speaks, i. e. This just Judge, who is no respecter of Persons, no receiver of Bribes, shall call us to an account, we may do it with joy and not with grief. Sure I am, if we would once consider to purpose, that God will one day most certainly come against Sinners, armed with all the weapons of the hottest indignation and fury, the hardiest and stoutest of the Sons of Men would shake and tremble with Felix, and hasten to flee from the wrath which is to come. We should not take up only with the form of godliness, but show the power and efficacy of it in our lives and conversations; we should sift and search our Souls to the bottom, and prepare to meet our God with hearty repentance and humiliation. We should never venture to over-reach our Brethren, to make a prey of the helpless Orphan, or with the Pharisee, to devour Widows Houses; but square all our actions according to the exactest rules of equity and justice. For who is he amongst us, that can grapple with Hell? Who can dwell with everlasting Burnings? If the Righteous, Just, and Holy shall scarcely be saved, where shall the Wicked, the Unjust, the Extortioner appear, when God shall come in the Clouds of Heaven to deal fury to his Adversaries, and recompense to his Enemies? When Heaven and Earth shall fly away from the face of the Judge, whose Throne the Prophet tells us is a Flame of Fire, and whose Chariot-wheels burning Fire? When the Sun being turned into Darkness, and the Moon into Blood; the Stars falling from Heaven, and that too passing away with a great noise, and the Firmament melting with servant heat; In a word, when the Devils and other reprobate Spirits lamentably howling, and Hell dreadfully dilating herself to receive them all, the sight shall be so terrible, that the Heavenly Attendants themselves shall tremble; Cherubims, as the Father tells us, shall quake, Seraphims be astonished, Angels be seized with horror, Arch-Angels with amazement, and all the created Powers of Earth and Heaven shake and tremble. Again then, since all these things will certainly come to pass, let us take care to live in all Holy Conversation and Godliness, that whensoever our Lord shall come, whether in the Evening, or at Midnight, or at Cock-crowing, he may not find us unjustly harrassing our Fellow Servants, and so cut us asunder, and give us our portion with the Hypocrites; but indefatigably employed in that blessed Work of doing Justice, and loving Mercy, that so being found covered with the robes of Righteousness, we may also be clothed with the garments of Salvation.

Lastly, You have seen, that God is Good; so Good, that, as the very Heathen confesseth, he cannot do anything, but what tends to the Happiness and Welfare of his Creatures. Let us then never be so ungrateful, so disingenuous, as to affront or offend our Friend and Benefactor. Him, who both at first in his mercy brought us forth out of the abyss of emptiness and nothing, and also still graciously upholds us with his hand from falling into the same original nothing again. Him, who, when we had made ourselves Slaves to Sin, Children of Wrath, and Heirs of Eternal Damnation, humbly disrobed himself of all his Glories, and for our sakes submitted to the most ignominious, as well as painful Death of the Cross. Him, who pursues us with the daily offers of his Grace, and even lays stratagems of mercy for our reformation. But to speak more particularly; all we, who style ourselves Christians, have especially tasted, and seen how gracious the Lord is. We have long sat under his shadow with great delight, whilst his Banner over us has been continually Love. We have plighted our Faith, and in our Baptism given him our Hearts, and said with the enamored and passionate Spouse in the Canticles: I am my Beloveds, and my Beloved is mine. Shall any one of us then, after all these charms and endearments, after so many ties and obligations to Love and Obedience, go backward, and walk no longer with our God? God forbid, that this should ever be laid to our charge. For, alas! This is (then which, as that glorious Martyr, St. Polycarp generously confessed to the Proconful, nothing can be more base) even to betray our Lord and Master, after the obligations of Intimacy and Discipleship; and to break the Tables of his Law, after we have been with him on the Mount, and seen the Back-parts of his Glory. This is to provoke God after he hath been most gracious, and to despise his goodness merely because he is merciful. This is to multiply iniquities, because he is ready to multiply Pardons, to kick against the Bowels of his Compassion, and to rebel against the Scepter of his Grace held forth in the tenders of it. And can we think, that the Men, that do these things, shall die the common death of all Men, or be visited after the visitation of all Men? No: However we may flatter ourselves, God will undoubtedly make a new thing, and punish them in a far greater measure, than any other Sinners, that all may understand, that these Men especially have provoked the Lord. They shall have the deepest share in the horrors of that dreadful day, when God shall plead with them from Heaven in the thunder of his Judgments, because they despised, and neglected, and turned their backs upon the still voice of his Mercy. They shall be irrevocably condemned to the lowest place of Torments, and be made the wonder and astonishment of Men and Angels to all Eternity. O then, consider this ye that fearlessly offend your good God, lest his abused Mercy thus turn into fury, and he pluck you away, and there be none to deliver you. Consider, I say, all this, and quit yourselves like Men. Rouze up the drowsy, sleeping faculties of your unthinking, unreflecting Souls, and then I can easily promise myself, that you will out of mere gratitude, mere ingenuity take care so to behave yourselves towards your unwearied, your eternal Benefactor in this World, that, when your Bodies shall lie down in their Beds of Darkness, he will receive your enlarged Souls into those serene and peaceful Mansions, where with all the company of blessed Spirits, they shall joyfully expect the glorious dawning of that Thrice-happy day, when Bodies and Souls shall be re-united, and with Joy and Singing enter into the Glory of the Lord.

• Fables of Aesop and other eminent Mythologists, with Morals and Reflections by Sir Roger L'Estrange, Folio.
• THE Genuine Epistles of St. Barnabas, St. Ignatius, St. Clement, St. Polycarp the Shepherd, of Hermas, and the Martyrdom of St. Ignatius, and St. Polycarp, translated from the Greek by W. Wake D.D. 8vo.
• Seneca's Morals by way of Abstract, 8vo.
• Erasmus Colloquies, 8vo.
• Tully's Offices in Eng. Twelves.
• Bona's Guide to Eternity. The four last, by Sir Roger L'Estrange.
• Complete Sets, consisting of Eight Volumes of Letters, writ by a Turkish Spye, who lived Forty Five Years undiscovered at Paris; giving an impartial account to the Divan at Constantinople of the most remarkable Transactions of Europe, during the said time. Twelves.
• Human Prudence, or the Art by which a Man may raise himself and fortune to grandeur, the sixth Ed. 12 ^o.
• Moral Maxims and Reflections in four parts, Written in French by the Duke of Rochefoucault, now made English. Twelves.
• Epictetus's Morals with Simplicius's Comment. made English from the Greek, by George Stanhope late Fell. of King's College in Cambridge.
• The Parson's Counselor, or the Law of Tythes, the Fifth Edit. very much enlarg. by Sir Sim. Degge, 8vo.
• The History, Choice and Method of Studies, by Mr. Fleury, sometime Praeceptor to the Princess of Conti, Mr. de Vermandois, and to the Dukes of Burgoign and Anjou, 8vo.
• Of the Art both of Writing and Judging of History, with Reflections upon Ancient as well as Modern Historians, by the Learned and Ingenious Father Le Mogue.
• An Essay on Reason, by Sir Geor. Mackenzie, in Twelves.
• The Moral History of Frugality, by Sir Geor. Mackenzie, in Twelves.