Rulers Must be Just in Ruling

APPLICATION.

I would improve this Doctrine in a Word of Exhortation . And that particularly directed,

1. TO our Honoured Rulers with all Humility. Give Glory to the Son of God by submitting to his Government, and by employing all your Power for the Advancement of his Kingdom. GOD speaks to Rulers whether Supreme, or Subordinate, in their limited Dominions; Psal. 2.12. Kiss the Son lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way— . You must bow down and adore this glorious King, and Submit to his Government. This you are obliged to as much as the meanest under your Government; and the rather because in his Governing Providence he hath set you over his People. You must yield an hearty Obedience to the Laws of CHRIST's Kingdom in the Exercise of Faith, Repentance and New Obedience; and by a professed Subjection to the Government & Ordinances he hath appointed in his Church. Particularly, you should look to it, that when the People of God are called to sit with the King at his Table, your Seat be not empty.

INDEED it doth not pertain to you to Administer the Ordinances of Christ's House; however it is your Province to be as Guardian Angels round the Church and People of GOD, to defend them in their Religious as well as Civil Privileges, that they may lead quiet and peaceable Lives in all godliness and honesty. Furthermore, It ought to be your Care and Endeavor to Enlarge the Kingdom of the Great GOD our Savior, by taking proper Methods to Gospelize the dark Corners of this Land ; and to spread the Savour of the Knowlege of CHRIST among the Aboriginal Natives , that they who dwell in the Wilderness may bow before him. If you do thus fall in with GOD's great design of Glorifying his Son JESUS CHRIST, he will Honor you; for in so doing you Honor GOD himself, and the Lord saith, — Them that Honor me, I will Honor —, 1 Sam 2.30.

2. I would beseech my Reverend Fathers & Brethren in the Ministry to suffer the Word of Exhortatation. Use your best Endeavors to Promote the Interests of CHRIST's Kingdom. You are by your Office in an especial manner obliged to seek the Prosperity of Christ's Kingdom upon Earth. Permit me then, though' most unworthy, to suggest a few things very briefly. CHRIST's Kingdom is not of this World, and consequently, our Work is Spiritual, and lies principally with the Souls of Men, about their Eternal State. The great and important Errand upon which the Son of GOD sends you, is to turn Sinners from Darkness to Light, and from the power of Satan unto God, that they may receive forgiveness of Sins, and Inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith in him , Acts 26.18. As also to build up his obedient Subjects and followers on their most holy Faith. Now for this End, we must. Preach the Word of the Kingdom , and not shun to declare the whole Counsel of God. We must Preach not ourselves, but CHRIST JESUS the Lord. The great Scope and Design of our Preaching must be to Glorify GOD, by winning Souls unto CHRIST, and advancing his Kingdom more & more in the hearts of his People. We must therefore determine, as the Apostle Paul did, I Cor. 2.2. Not to know anything save Jesus Christ, and him crucified. Jesus Christ in his Natures, Divine & Human, in the Mysterious & wonderful Constitution of his Person, in his Offices, and in the inestimable benefits of his Kingdom; especially in that Great & Comprehensive One, the sending his Holy Spirit ; must be the great subject of our Preaching. Yea, whatever subject we insist upon, as we ought to Explain & Enforce the great duties of the Moral Law, we must speak the Truth as it is in JESUS; for, as a Learned Divine Observes,

. We must declare unto Men the absolute Necessity of their being United to Christ, by his Spirit dwelling in them, and by a living Faith, that so they may be justified through his perfect Righteousness imputed to them; of their being Created in Christ Jesus unto good Works, and of their living by the faith of the Son of God, if they would serve God acceptably in this World, and Prepare for his heavenly Kingdom.

AND then, if we would approve ourselves loyal and faithful to Jesus Christ, we must take Care to Teach his People to Observe whatsoever He hath Commanded ; doing our utmost in our Places that his Worship & Ordinances may be kept Pure & Entire according to Scripture-pattern; for indeed all Unscriptural additions to the Worship of God, are Corruptions of it; agreeably we have that threatening, Isai. 29.13, 14.— Their fear towards me is taught by the precepts of Men: Therefore behold, I will proceed to do a marvelous work among this people: — for the wisdom of their wise men shall perish —. The Word of GOD must be our Rule & Directory respecting Doctrine, Discipline & Worship. We must take Care to maintain a godly Discipline in the Churches of Christ, observing that Word, Jer. 15.9. — If thou take forth the precious from the vile, thou shall be as my mouth: let them return unto thee, but return not thou unto them . In a word, We must be Ensamples to the Flock over which the Holy Ghost hath made us Overseers, going before God's People, in an holy, humble, blameless, fruitful Conversation, being ourselves Conformed to the Image and Example of our glorious Lord. 1 Tim. 4.12. — Be thou en Example of the Believers, in word, in conversation, in charity, in spirit, in faith, in purity . We are in an especial manner obliged to take heed we be not conformed to this World in its evil Customs and corrupt Practices; but that we be transformed by the Renewing of our Minds, that we may prove what is that good, and acceptable & perfect Will of God. That word of our Lord is seasonable for us, Rev. 16.15. Behold, I come as a Thief, Blessed is he that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame .

I would here ask leave further to mention a few things by way of humble Inquiry.

IS it not needful that the Word of Christ , which is the Rod of his Strength whereby he subdues those that were Enemies, and then Rules them as his willing People, Should be Publicly Read in our Churches? I suppose it will be readily granted that Reading the Scriptures is a part of Religious Worship ; and doth not GOD require that we should own Him as our Law-giver, by making this a part of Public Worship? Is not this an Ordinance by which, together with Preaching , this glorious Light of the Gospel should be held up & held out in the Churches which are compared to golden Candlesticks? The Teachers Endeavouring, as there may be need of it, to Cause the People to Understand the Reading, Deut. 31.11. Act. 15.21. Col. 4.16.

Again, ARE these Churches sufficiently furnis'd with Officers to attend the weighty Services of feeding, Ruling and Watching over the Flocks? When as there is but One Elder in by far the greatest part of them. Is not the Work too heavy for One Man? And are there not some Cases in which it will be very difficult if not impracticable for the Church to act according to our Constitution, as when the Pastor is personally Engag'd in a Controversy with any of the Brethren? It was the declared judgment of these Churches, as appears by the Platform , that there are Officers belonging to the Eldership , who are to attend the Work of Spiritual Rule in the Church, together with the Pastors; Tho' they do not Labor in the Word & Doctrine . Now our Fore-Fathers were holy Men, and gave themselves very much to the Study of these Things. However there is room for an Appeal. Neverthless, What saith the Scripture? Rom. 12 7, 8 9. 1 Tim. 5.17. 1 Cor. 12.28.

Again, OUGHT there not to be some further Care taken of the Children of the Covenant, in the Exercise of the holy Watch & Discipline of these Churches? We have been seeking to GOD to pour out His Spirit upon the Rising Generation. What is further to be done? Might not a general Agreement for Pastoral Visits , by the Blessing of God, serve this, and other good Purposes in a Day of Temptation and Degeneracy.

Again, DOTH not the Institution of the Office of a Deacon , as a standing Office in the Church, necessarily suppose that the Head of the Church, who said, the Poor ye have always with you, requires his Churches to declare their professed Subjection to his Gospel, by this particular Expression of Love , the Charitable best wing Alms on his poor Members? And is it not required that the Deacons should be solemnly separated to their Work by Prayer with the laying on of Hands? Acts 6. Phil. 1.1.

DOTH not GOD in his Word and by his Providence call aloud to these Churches to be Zealous and Repent, and do their First Works? Is it not high time for us to Inquire into the ground of the Controversy between GOD and us, in that his Spirit is so far withdrawn from us; and to consider what is incumbent upon us in a way of Duty, that GOD may draw nigh to us in a way of Grace and Favor, and Revive his Work among us—. That the Son of GOD may continue to walk in the midst of the Golden Candlesticks, and to hold the Stars in his Right Hand .

I speak these things in weakness and fear, under the sense of my great Defects in the Work of the Ministry, upon the account of which I am unworthy to be called a Minister of CHRIST.

3. LET this Word of Exhortation be directed to the Body of this People, Be persuaded to submit to Christ's Righteous & Equal Scepter, and to approve yourselves his dutiful Subjects and obedient People . We are highly favor'd in that we have the Means of Grace and Salvation. CHRIST's visible Kingdom set up among us: Psal. 144.15.— Happy is that People whose God is the Lord . The flourishing of Religion among us ought therefore to lie nearest our hearts, and to be our great Aim and Endeavor in our several Capacities and Stations. In a particular manner, Heads of Families should give Glory to GOD in CHRIST, by Worshipping him in their Houses, and by Commanding their Children and Household after them that they keep the way of the Lord, to do Justice & Judgment: And take Care that the Laws of GOD be not accounted as a strange thing in their Houses. Then do we take the best Methods to Promote the true Prosperity of our Zion , when we zealously Endeavor as far as our influence reacheth, that the Gospel of CHRIST, which is the Word of the Kingdom, may be rightly understood, professed, & practiced. And we are under the strongest Obligations to this, because the great Errand upon which our Fore-Fathers came into this Land, when an howling Wilderness, was that they might set up Christ's Kingdom in the power and purity of it , where Satan the god of this World ruled from time immemorial; and leave their Children in the Possession of the Spiritual Blessings of it . Hear the Excellent Mr. Mitchel upon this Head,

To which I may add the late Testimony of that aged Servant of God, the Memorable Dr. Increase Mather , This was the great End for which our Ancestors followed the Lord JESUS CHRIST into this part of the New World, that they might keep themselves Chast and Loyal to Him in the Profession and Practice of undefiled Religion. And God wonderfully owned, succeeded and blessd them in this vast Undertaking. But there is now reason to take up that Lamentation, Lam 4.1. How is the gold become dim! how is the most fine gold changed! Alas! There is much of a Lukewarm Spirit in matters of Religion, much of a Worldly, selfish, carnal Spirit prevailing among us. We are a degenerate and backsliding People, and there are many provoking Sins against the Lord found among us. This hath been long since declared in a Public and Solemn manner, by the Synod for Reformation , Convened 1679, 80. In Answer to that Question; What are the Evils that have provoked the Lord to bring his Judgments on New-England? Answer ,

SUCH Sins as these those Worthies judged were the procuring Causes of GOD's Judgments in that Day. And certainly, if we duly consider what we now are, we shall be obliged to acknowledge that these Sins are not generally Reform'd; but rather that we are grown worse & worse, and have Revolted more and more; notwithstanding the many Mercies we have received since that time, which should have led us to Repentance, and the many Judgments whereby GOD hath testified against us. And now GOD is pleading the Quarrel of his Covenant with us by the Sword of the Wilderness, and other wasting Calamities Yea, threatens to take away the Hedge, and pull down the Wall, by which this his Vineyard hath been Enclos'd and defended. And his Voice to us is, Prepare to meet thy God , O Israel . Let us then Consider the necessity of making our peace with GOD, and so of Engaging him on our side; for when He giveth quietness, who then can make Trouble? and when he hideth his face, who can behold him? The Son of GOD will over-come when He Judgeth, and therefore we must either submit to him, or be broken in pieces. To cry the Temple of the Lord — while we go on in our Sins, is to boast in lying words . Gospel-Privileges can be no Sanctuary to such as go on obstinately in their Sin. Amo. 3.2. You only have I known of all the Families of the Earth: therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities . Let us then be Convinced of the necessity of Repentance & Reformation. And now while GOD waits to be gracious, let us lay hold of his Strength, and make Peace with him. Now that GOD says unto us, O Israel, Return unto the Lord your God; for thou hast fallen by thine iniquity . Let us as we are directed, Take with us Words, and turn to the Lord, saying unto him, Take away all iniquity, & receive us graciously —, Ashur shall not save us—, for with thee the fatherless findeth mercy . O that there were such a Spirit in us! O that we could once at length put away our provoking Sins, which are our worst Enemies, the accuresd Achan's that trouble us. Then we might Rejoice in our Redeemer and say, Isa. 33.22. The Lord is our Judge, the Lord is our Lawgiver, the Lord is our King, be will save us .

TO Conclude, Let us be sensible that no man can come to the Son, except the Father which hath sent him, draw him ; and accordingly seek to God to open our hearts by his Holy Spirit. Behold! The Son of GOD stands at the door and knocks ; and his Voice to us is, Open to me: Lift up your heads, O ye Gates, and be ye lift up, ye Everlasting doors, and the King of Glory shall come in .

Again, LET the Obedient Subjects of Christ Rejoice in this, that their Lord Reigns . Let this Comfort you under all dark Providences, when there is a Wheel within a Wheel, that the Lord Jesus Christ is the Man above upon the Throne , who governs all the Wheels of Providence in unerring Wisdom, and will make all things work together for good to them that Love him.

AND let us now Wish Prosperity to the Son of David, who is the Son of GOD, Gird thy Sword upon thy thigh, O most Mighty: with thy Glory and thy Majesty. And in thy Majesty ride prosperously—.

MAY the Kingdoms of this World become the Kingdoms of our Lord, and of his Christ! May our glorious Lord take to himself his great Power and Reign! Come Lord Jesus .

I proceed to consider the Words as they may contain a Declaration of the Duty of Civil Rulers, and a Description of the happy Influence of their Government, when they answer the Character here given.

DOCT. III. THEy that Rule over Men must be Just, Ruling in the Fear of GOD.

HERE I may by the way observe something implied in the Words, viz. That Civil Government is of Divine Appointment. The GOD of Israel said, he that Ruleth, &c. Now this supposeth that there is a Rule over Men which GOD hath constituted. Accordingly we have that Command, Rom. 13. 1, Let every soul be Subject to the higher Powers. For there is no Power but of God, the Powers that be, are ordained of God . v. 2. Whosoever therefore resisteth the Power, resisteth the Ordinance of God —. Indeed this or that particular Form of Government may be of human determination; but not Government itself: The Most High hath declared his Will, that there shall be a Rule over Men. Here we also see, That the management of Civil Government is not left to the Arbitrary will & pleasure of men . No! Rulers, must walk by Rule in their Administrations, taking care that the Ruled enjoy their Rights and Properties. This they must do in the fear of GOD, who clothes them with Authority, and will call them to an account whether they have improved their Power agreeable to his declared Will, and for his Glory. The principal End of Government next to the Glory of GOD, the last End of all things, is the Good of Civil Societies & Communities of Men.

.

PROP. I. THEY that Rule ever Men must be Just. The Word here used sometimes comprehends the whole of our Duty. It may here include their Discharge of all the duties of the Second Table according to the Place & Relations they sustain. They must take care to maintain & promote Justice among Men, especially among those over whom GOD hath set them.

1. THEY that Rule over Men must be Examples of Justice and Righteousness in their whole behavior. Rulers are in the Providence of GOD set upon an hill, and they must take care that their light shine before Others. Particularly, they must be Patterns and Examples to their People in a conscientious attendance on the Duties of the Second Table. Tho' they Rule over Men, yet they are under the Law of GOD as well as others, and must teach others Obedience by their ready and cheerful Subjection to it. There's a great force in Example, especially in the Examples of Rulers: 2 Chron. 12.1. Rehoboam forsook the law of the Lord, and all Israel with him It is a Proverbial saying, All men will conform to the King's Example . When such as are in Authority do therefore set a fair Copy by their honest and good Behaviour, there will be ground to hope that their People will imitate them. Rulers then must be just to their own Character , and show forth the Image of God in them , if they would have others duly regard the Image of God which is upon them , in their high Station of Dignity and Power. They must do their Duty towards themselves, or they will not be capable of attending their Duty aright towards their People. They must by the Grace of God govern their own Appetites and Passions, and Exercise a Rule over their own Spirits. Thus, they must be temperate in the use of Meats and Drinks, or they will pervert Judgment, and Expose themselves to Contempt. Prov. 31. 4, 5. It is not for Kings, O Lemuel, it is not for Kings to drink wine, nor for Princes strong drink: Left they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted. If this Vice be indulged it will in a peculiar manner unfit Rulers to discern and execute Judgment; it will make them vile, and lay their honor in the dust; for it will bereave them of that Wisdom which causeth the face to shine, and which in an especial manner commands Respect and Reverence in Persons of a superior Character. Again, They must know how to possess their vessels in sanctification & honor, and not in the lust of uncleanness , for this is one of those Sins which especially corrupts and infatuates the Mind. Hos. 4.11. Whoredom , and Wine— take away the heart . Accordingly we have that Dehortation given to Lemuel , that is to Solomon as Interpreters generally agree; Prov. 31.3. Give not thy strength unto women, nor thy ways to that which destroyeth Kings . How pernicious were the fruits of this Sin in David 's and Solomon 's Reigns; how great a Blot to those famous Kings! Again, They must Rule their own Spirits , and regulate their Anger according to the Rule of GOD's Word. Such as have the Sword of Justice put into their hands, had need be Men of a meek, sedate, & calm Spirit; for the wrath of Man works not the Righteousness of God. It is true, They must be Zealous in GOD's Cause, and for their Country's Safety; but should be patient and forbearing in their own. Moses 's Meekness was one eminent Qualification that fitted him to bear the burden of his Government over a froward People. We read, Prov. 17.27.— A man of understanding is of an excellent Spirit .

In a Word, They that Rule over Men must be Just & Fair in their Dealings , consider them in their private Capacities and Employments. And this is called Commutative Justice , in which there is a mutual giving and receiving of that which is each one's due, as Men are Nei'bours and Brethren. And in this respect Rulers must observe that Rule, Rom. 13.7. Render to all their dues . Ver. 8. Owe no man anything, but to love one another . These Commands reach Men in an high Station as well as others. They must do to others, as they would have them do unto them; they must not seek their own only, but also another's Wealth; and take heed they take no Advantage from the higher ground they stand upon, to over-reach or oppress their Brethren of low Degree. They should not endeavor to engross all Advantages to themselves; but declare by their Practice that they are desirous that their Nei'bours should thrive and grow in their Estates also, in some Equitable Proportion. Yea, they should be Examples of Charity & Beneficence , being ready to give a portion to fix & to seven, as their Neighbor's necessity and their ability require; yea, they should be ready to deny themselves, if they may thereby eminently serve their poor Brethren, and put them in a way of getting an honest livelihood. Thus such as are in public Place should go before others in a Conspicuous Example of Righteousness, that they may Call upon their People to follow them, & stir them up to attend their Duty in these respects. Thus they should do their Endeavor to bring the Duties of the Second Table into Repute among their People. O there might, by the Blessing of GOD, be a great deal of Good done this way, if such as are called gods would be imitators of GOD the Just One, and followers of that which is Good. Such Examples would be likely to attract the Eyes and Hearts of Men, and would have an Excellent tendency to promote Justice among a People; and the setting them is a Debt which Civil Rulers owe to GOD and their Country.

2. THEY they that Rule over Men, must take Care that Righteous Laws be Enacted for the Maintaining of Justice between Rulers and Ruled, and among their People . I am sensible that all in Authority have not the Power of making Laws betrusted with them; but then such as have the Legislative Power committed to them must use it lawfully, by taking Care that such Laws be made as are Conformable to the Law of GOD, Just and Good. Such as may be a just and equal Boundary between the Prerogative of the Ruler, and the Privilege of the Ruled. Such as are suitable and sufficient to maintain that which is Right among their People, and to discountenance & Punish all Injustice. As, open Disobedience to and Contempt of Parents, Murders, Adulteries, Thefts, Robberies, FalseWitness bearing, Drunkenness, &c . [I shall not here particularly mention those Laws which immediately relate to the First Table, though' Justice to Men, as well as Piety towards GOD, require that the Civil Magistrate be in this respect the Keeper of both Tables.] Due Testimony must be born against such Sins, and Provision must in this way be made, that everyone may enjoy his own Right and Property without molestation from the injurious Sons of Violence. As was said of Judah and Israel under Solomon 's peaceable and happy Government; 1 Kings 4.24. Judah and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his Vine, and under his Fig-tree . If Civil Rulers would approve themselves Just to their People, they must exert their Authority that the Wicked may not devour the Man that is more Righteous than he. And that Men may not be as the Fishes of the Sea which have no Ruler over them: And for this End they must take Care that Good Laws be made to Restrain and Curb in the impetuous Lusts of those Men who are as the Horse , or as the Mule, which have no Understanding ;—; that such as have not the Fear of GOD before their Eyes, and are not awed by the Judgment to come, may be terrified by the Fear of present Punishment from the Magistrate, and so be deter'd from executing their wicked Purposes. Distributive Justice , which consists in the Equal distribution of Rewards & Punishments, by the Civil Magistrate to the People under his Government, cannot be duly exercised, unless just Laws be Enacted as the Rule and Measure of it; for where there is no Law, there is no Transgression. It is an Eminent Act of Justice therefore in Rules to make righteous Statutes and Judgments, in which the Sanction of the Law, or the Penalty annexed to enforce it, shall bear a due proportion to the Nature, Aggravation, and Degree of the Sin forbidden: That Men may not be emboldened to gratify their vile Lusts, because the Punishment to be inslicted is some small Fine or light Punishment, which they can bear almost without feeling it. No! Rulers must be a Terror to Evil Works , Rom. 13.3. and must make Sinners afraid of the Power, by adjusting the Punishment to the Crime, that when others hear of the Judgment Executed according to Law, they may Fear, and not do so wickedly . But after all, due Care must be taken that the Laws be put in Execution when Enacted, otherwise the Proclaiming them will be but an empty Sound, that will rather Expose a Government to Contempt, than render it terrible to hold Transgressors. And this brings me to the third particular:

3. THEY that Rule ever Men, must take Care that the Just Laws made, he duly Executed, and look to it that they be Righteous in all their Administrations. It is not enough that good Laws be made, they must also be faithfully and vigorously Executed by those to whom the Executive Power belongs, or the Law will be made void, and of none Effect. The Seat of Judgment must be the Habitation of Righteousness. Rulers must look to it that the dreadful Evil spoken of, Eccl. 3.16. be not found in their Government,— I saw under the Sun, the place of Judgment, that wickedness was there —. For this is an abomination to the Lord. Prov. 17.15. He that justiseth the wicked, and be that condemneth the just, even they both are abomination to the Lord . The justifying here spoken of signifies,

They must not bear the Sword in vain; but should stir up themselves against the Evil-doer, and Execute Judgment in the Gates with Courage and Impartiality, not being afraid of the Faces of Men: Job 29.14. I put on righteousness, and it clothed me: my Judgment was as a Robe, and a Diadem . . But above all, Rulers must labor to imitate the Glorious GOD according to their measure The Charge given to the Judges in Judah by Jeboshaphat , is enforced after this manner; 2 Chron. 19.7. — There is no iniquity with the Lord our God, nor respect of persons, nor taking of gifts. Here is their great and perfect Exemplar, and they must endeavor that their Rule may be a fair Copy and Transcript of the Justice and Equity of the divine Government. And here several particulars may be briefly spoken to, which are implied in this third Head, and so may fitly be considered under it.

(1) RULERS must take Care that such be Entrusted, with the Executive Power under them, as are best qualified, and spirited to Execute Justice. There are various orders and degrees in Civil Government, and accordingly some are entrusted with Authority to Commission others for the Administration of Justice in this or the other Post of Civil Trust. Now if such would approve themselves just, they must diligently endeavor to find out and improve such persons as are most capable and best inclined to give to every Man his Right, and protect him in it. The Rule of proceeding in this matter must not be, Who will give most for an Office, or who hath the most powerful and wealthy friends to commend him to it; but, Let it be given to the most Worthy . For if Men are obliged to Purchase and Maintain themselves in their Places by Money, they will be under a sore temptation to Sell Justice , to the great damage of the Public. Such then as are any ways concerned in appointing or choosing Persons to Places of Trust & Profit in the Government, must do their part that the Officers of their People may be Peace , and their Exacters Righteousness , by observing that excellent Rule, which was given to Moses by Jethro , Exod. 18. 21. and approved by GOD, Numb. II.I6.— Thou shalt provide out of all the people, able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covertousness; and place such over them —. Rulers must do their utmost, according to the trust repos'd in them, that such may be set over the People as are Men of Piety, Men of known Ability, Men of Integrity & Valiant for the Truth, Men that hate Coveteousness; for where the love of Money prevails, it will be the root of many pernicious Evils, and will incline Men to pervert Judgment for Reward.

(2) THEY that are in Place of Power must take Care to Understand the Law, and then to keep to it in Administring Justice. The Legislative and Executive Power are many times put into the same Hands. Now such as have Power of Executing the Laws are then Just when they lay out themselves to Maintain and Uphold the good Laws which are made, in their full force & vigor: for these are the Rule of their Government, and of the Subjects Obedience; yea very much the foundation of the Common-Wealth, and the Pillars upon which it stands. Now in order to this, Civil Rulers must study the Law, and endeavor to furnish themselves with a sufficient Knowledge of it for the right discharge of their particular Trust. For unless they understand & observe the Law, they will neither be able to attend their own Duty, nor yet to bear due Testimony against the Transgressions of others. This is a matter of so great moment, that in the Jewish State, The King himself was commanded by God to write him a Copy of the Law, and Read therein all the days of his life , — Deut. 17.18, 19. Now this Law comprehends in it, the Judicial Laws , which were then immediately appointed by GOD, and must forever be conformed to the Moral Law which is an eternal Rule of Righteousness

And indeed unless Rulers know the Laws by which they are to govern, and then take heed to observe them in administering Justice, they will not be able to say with Job 29 15. I was eyes to the blind, and seat was I to the lame . It may be of very hurtful'consequence, if such as sit in Judgment have not a spirit of discerning as to the Rule they must go by in passing Sentence; but must depend on them who plead before them. They must in this respect know what Israel ought to do, and be able well to distinguish between Right & Wrong; and then must act with a strict regard to the Law.

(3) THEY must shake their hands from Bribes; Administer Justice freely & without respect of persons. Covetousness, which consists in an immoderate esteem of and love to this worlds goods, and appears in using unlawful Means to Enrich ourselves, is an heinous Sin, and of most pernicious tendency in those who are especially concerned to look to it that the Common-Wealth receive no damage. Civil Rulers must therefore avoid this Sin, and be careful they do not in any measure deserve that ill character, Mic. 3.1. The heads judge for reward —. Hos 4.18. — Her Rulers with shame do love, Give ye . For thus the Great GOD speaks, Exod. 23.8. Thou shalt take no gift: for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous . And GOD threatens that fire shall consume the tabernacles of bribery , Job 15.34. Rulers must look at the public profit more than at their own private gain, and endeavor that Judgment may run down at waters , freely and plentifully; that so all that thirst after Righteousness may come and be refreshed. They, to whom this trust is committed, must see to it that such as serve the Public, attend their duty faithfully, and then take Care that they have their just Wages paid them without any unnecessary delay, & without making any private gain to themselves.

IN a word, they must observe that Rule, Deut. 1.17. Ye shall not respect persons in Judgment, but you shall hear the small as well as the great —. It is their duty to administer Justice impartially, and to beware of being bias'd by favor & affection; or by fear of Men which brings a snare. They must look to the Merits of the Cause , not to the Parties concerned . And in this respect resemble GOD, Who without respect of persons judgeth according to every man's work —, 1 Pet. 1.17. They must resolutely oppose the most Potent Offenders, and relieve the oppressed that have no helper. Judge the fatherless, plead for the widow , Isai. 1.17.

4. THEY that Rule over Men, must Exercise Clemency & Mercy towards their People . A learned Expositor observes on this place,

. Now Righteousness in Scripture sometimes signifys Benignity and Mercy: Thus, Psal. 103 17.— His Righteousness unto Children's Children, . And in as much as this is what Rulers are obliged to, if they would discharge their Duty aright towards their People, it may well enough be considered under the general Head of Justice. Indeed there is a Pity, falsely called Mercy, which is injurious to the Public. As when such are spared against whom the public Safety calls aloud for Vengeance. Such pretended Mercy to private Persons is Cruelty to the Public. But then, there is also the Exercise of Mercy which is of great Benefit to a Community, and to Rulers themselves. It was the Character given of the Kings of lsrael, that they were Merciful Kings , 1 Kings 20.31. Above all, the Son of GOD is so, infinitely Gracious and Merciful. The King's Favor is said to be as a Cloud of the latter Rain , Prov. 16.15. It is very acceptable, and a great Refeshment to his People. And oftentimes the Exercise of Clemency and Mercy is of great use and advantage to Rulers as it establisheth them in the high Esteem and sincere Affection of their People: Prov. 20.28. Mercy & Truth preserve the King, and his Throne is upheld by Mercy . And as these are under God, very much the Supporters of the Throne; so of Inferior Rulers in their Station. I shall mention one Head more, like to the former.

5. THEY that Rule over Men, must be of a Public Spirit in the Exercise of a fatherly Love to their People, and generous Concern for their Welfare . It is very unbecoming for Persons in Public Station, to Seek themselves inordinately, and such a vicious Self Love in them, bodes ill to the Commonwealth: 2 Tim. 3.1, 2. — Perilous times shall come. For Men shall be lovers of their own selves —. It is a most unjust thing for Persons to seek after Places of Public Trust that they may Serve themselves rather than the People over whom they are appointed Rulers; and then to make it their great aim to seek their own, not the Public Good. Even the Light of Nature condemns this. An Heathen Moralist could say,

. Certainly then such a thing should not be so much as named among those that call themselves Christians, and Rule GOD's professing People. e.c. They should, as Mordecai , when advanced to the highest Seat next to King Abasuerus, Seek the weal of their People, and speak peace to all their Seed . Rulers should in some sort look upon the Common-wealth as their Family, and accordingly Consult and Provide for the Safety and Comfort of their People, as tender Parents. Rulers are Political Fathers , & as Reverence, Obedience & Recompence are due to them, so all proper Expressions of dear Affection, tender Concern, and anwearied Care for the Good of their People are due from them. This the Fifth Commandment requires, which hath this remarkable Promise annexed to it; — That thy Days may be long upon the land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee . Thus some suppose that they cried before Joseph, tender Father , as the word may be rendered . And agreeable to this we have that Promise, Isa. 49.23. Kings shall be thy nursing Fathers . In a word, They should with a generous Concern sympathize with their People under all their pressures, and do their utmost to Relieve them. Thus Nehemiah when he heard that the remnant of the Captivity was in great Affiction, — He wept and mourned certain days , Neh. 1.3, 4. And left the Court of Persia , where he lived in Honor & Plenty for he was the King's Cup bearer, and took a difficult Journey that he might build Jerusalem . They should be ready to say to GOD's People, when under the most afflicting Circumstances, as Psal. 137.5, 6. If I forget thee, 0 Jerusalem, let my right band forget her cunning. If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy .

HOWEVER, It is not eno that Civil Rulers be Just in their Administrations in the Exercise of Moral honesty towards Men, which may be in some fort, from civil respects and considerations the Kings of the Gentiles were called Benefactors , Luk. 22.25. No! they must act in their Exalted Station from an inward principle of Religion; the Fear of that GOD, who is the Fountain of all Power, must influence & regulate them in the Exercise of Justice towards Men. Which brings me to,

PROP. II. THEY that Rule over Men must Rule in the Fear of G0D . The Fear of GOD as used in Scripture, may sometimes be taken more stricly for that particular Grace of the Holy Spirit, whereby we stand in awe of GOD, his infintie Excellencies, and threatened Judgments; and from an holy dread of his Displeasure, fly from all Sin. And in as much as this filial, reverential Fear, which is drawn forth by a believing sight of GOD, is of such great usefulness in our Religious Serving of God; it is also put for the whole inward Principle of our Worship & Service of God, and so contains in all Graces of the Spirit, which are wrought in the Soul at once and are never separated. Eccl. I2.I3. — Fear God, and keep his Commandments; for this is the whole duty of man . The whole of Man. Where it seems plain that Fear is put for the inward Principle of Obedience, and so comprehends other Graces. Again, It is sometimes put for the outward Worship of God as prescribed by him in his Word. Isa. 29.14. Their fear towards me is taught by the precepts of Men compared with, Matth. 15.9. Yea it seems to Comprehend both the inward Principle, and outward Practice of Religion. Psal. 130.4. There is forgiveness with thee; that thou mayst be feared . The Service of God must be performed with Reverence and godly Fear , Heb. 12.28. Now we need not exclude either of these Senses in considering the Subject before us; but may improve them all as there shall be occasion. The Glorious GOD speaks, Psal 2.0, 11, 12. Be wise, O ye Kings; be instructed ye Judges of the Earth. Serve ye the Lord with fear—. They must fear this glorious & fearful Name, the Lord their God . They must tremble for fear of him and his Judgments, who cuts off the Spirits of Princes, and his terrible to the Kings of the Earth: They must fear the Lord, and his Goodness, who hath in his Sovereign Providence made the difference between them, and the meanest under their Government; and take heed their Hearts be not lifted up above their Brethren, as if they were not of one blood with them. That word is very suitable for them, Be not high minded but fear . They who may think themslves above the fear of Punishment from Men, and above Reproach, must stand in awe of that GOD who pours Contempt upon Princes ; Who by terrible Dispensations maketh them to know that the most High GOD ruleth in the Kingdom of Men ; Who can in the midst of their sinful Pleasures loose the joints of their loins, and cause their knees to smite one against another , by Writing, Alone , Tekel , upon them and their Kingdoms. Surely it is their great Duty and highest Wisdom to Fear GOD, Psal. 111.10. The Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom Or the Head , the Chief part of Wisdom It is so in Rulers, as it teacheth them to take the best Measures to promote the Glory of GOD, and the Good of their People; that when they shall die like other Men, and stand upon a level with the meanest Subject before the Judgment Seat of JESUS CHRIST, they may give up their Account with Joy; and not be in the Condition of those Kings and great Men of whom we read, Rev 6.I5, —17.— They said to the mountains fall on us, and bide us from the face of him that sitteth on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb; for the great day of his wrath is come. Rulers must Sanctify the Lord of hosts, and make him their fear —. They must Worship GOD in Secret , with Reverence, and look to God for his Grace, that his Fear may Rule in their Hearts: They must fear God with all their House; and pray to God always , Acts 10.2. They must Resolve with Joshua , that as for them and their houses , they will serve the Lord : They must with David, Bless their Housholds , and that by offering up the Morning and Evening Sacrifice of Prayer to GOD with them and for them. They must be Examples of Reverence and Devotion in the Public Worship . And to speak more directly to the Subject before us, They must in all their Administrations as Rulers, Act under the governing influence of the Fear of GOD, and Regulate themselves by it. Now their Ruling in the Fear of GOD may imply such things as thief in it;

1. THEY that Rule over Men must be under the abiding influence of the Fear of God in their Administrations . This holy Principle must be implanted in their Hearts by the Spirit of God, or they cannot Serve God acceptably in their high Station; and it must be Operative in them to move and incline them to abide with GOD in their Calling. Thus when that Excellent Governor Nehemiah had mentioned some Mal-Administrations of former Governors whereby they oppressed the People, he vindicates himself, and say's, But so did not I, because of the Fear of God , Ch. 5.15. This awe'd and kept him, that he did not rigorously Exact upon the People, and suffer his Servants to Rule them with Rigour, as others had done before him. The Fear of God must have a governing influence upon Rulers in accepting of Places in Government, and in discharging the Duties of them; in making and Executing Laws; or in Committing the Executive Power to others: They must in this respect Honor them that Fear the Lord. Thus Nehemiah gave Hananiah together with his Brother Hanani Charge over Jerusalem ; and why? For he was a faihtful Man, and feared God above many . Chap. 7.2.

2. THEY must have a Religious Regard to the Revealed Will of God, and take Care that their Administrations be conformed to his Word . The Word of God is the insallible and perfect Rule, according to which our Fear of him is to be Regulated, and accordingly it is called, the Fear of the Lord: Psal. 19 9. The fear of the Lord is clean —. i. e. "The Law and Word of God," of which the Psalmist is here speaking. Now this Law, or written Word of God is profitable for the Instruction of all Men in their several Places, that they may be furnished to every good Work. Particularly, Here are most Excellent Rules and Precepts given to all in Authority; and they Rule in the Fear of God, when they Rcligiously observe them, and thus Serve their Generation by the Will of God , which is given as the Character of that Pious King David , Acts 13.36. Agreeably the King of Israel was Commanded to write a Copy of the Law, and to Read therein all the Days of his Life: that he might learn to fear the Lord his God ; and to keep the words of the Law—, forementioned Deut. 17.18, 19. Indeed I do not say that the Constitution of Civil Government is just the same now, that it was then, when God's People were under a Theocracy , and had their judicial Laws appointed immediately by God. However there are those Rules laid down in God's Word, which are of general Use and Obligation to Rulers. They must not forbid anything which God hath required in his Law, nor command anything which he hath forbidden; for this would be to establish Iniquity by Law, in Defiance of the most High. It is the Duty of all in Authority, who have God's Statutes, to make them the Rule of their Government, and to have a strict regard to them, in Making & Executing the Laws of the Land. This is to Rule in the Fear of God:_And thus must Rulers acknowledge their Subjection to Him, who is over all, God blessed forever.

3. They must Imitate and Resemble God in their Rule & Government . GOD is the Supreme Ruler of Heaven and Earth, and Civil Rulers, as they bear at least some outward Characters of his Majesty, his Image upon them, are in Scripture called God's ;, Psal. 82.6. I have said, ye are God's —. Now this is a strong Obligation upon them to labor after the Image of GOD in them, that they may resemble GOD in Knowledge, Rightousness & Holiness; and then Govern their People in Conformity to that perfect Pattern which God sets them in his Government of his People. Indeed it is contrary to this Fear of God, for them to affect to be like GOD, in his Dominion over the Consciences of Men; by setting up their Wills as the Rule and Measure of right and wrong. It was blasphemous Presumption in Darius to make a Decree, That every Man that should ask a Petition of any God or Man, within Thirty Days, save of him, should be cast into the Den of Lions.. And God did miraculously protect Daniel in his Pious opposition to that wicked Decree. Rulers must be willing that their Subjects should obey GOD rather than them. But then it is their Duty to behold his imitable Perfections, and to be imitators of him as dear Children. That Exhortation may be applied to them, who are called the Children of the most High, Matth. 5.48. Be ye perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect .

4. THEY must Employ their Power, to maintain and advance the Fear of GOD, or true Religion, among their people . They must endeavor to deserve that Character which is given the Royal Tribe: Hos. 11.12. — Judah ruleth with God, and is faithful with the Saints. And therefore they must improve their Authority to maintain Religion in the Power of it. They must take Care that the open Profession and Practice of Religion be kept up among their People, and vigorously oppose whatever hath a public tendency to subvert and overthrow it. And for this End, it is their Duty to make sufficient Laws for the Punishing open Profaneness and Irreligion, as Idolatry, Blasphemy, Profane-Swearing, Sabbath-Breaking, and the like: And they must look to it, that such atrocious Crimes have an heavy Punishment appointed them in the Law. They must draw the Sword of Justice, and smite such heinous Transgressors, that their Iniquity may be upon their own heads, (if they refuse to be reclaim'd,) and not cleave to the Public. Again, It is incumbent on Civil Magistrates to take Care, that the pure Word of GOD be duly dispensed to their People . Here God teacheth us how we must Fear and Serve Him. And therefore if they would promote true Piety among their People they must take heed that there be not a famine of hearing of the Words of Lord, by improving their Authority & influence, that a Learned and Orthodox, a Godly and Painful Ministry, be maintained and supported among them. They should speak comfortably to them that teach the good Knowledge of the Lord ; and see that they have a sufficient Maintenance allowed them, that they may lay out their Strength and Time in their weighty Work, without being necessarily diverted & hindered by Worldly Cares & Business. Nehemiah 's pious Care in this matter is worthy their imitation. Neb. 13.10, 11, 12, 13. And then, They should oblige their People to Attend the Public Worship; and as much as may be prevent their Prophaning the Lord's Day, either by Worldly business and recreations; or by their needless customary absenting themselves when GOD's People assemble together to Worship Him.

Again, THEY must take Care of the good Education of the Children and Youth among their People , and look to it that suitable and sufficient provision be made for it. GOD's ancient People had not only inferior Schools ; but also Colleges in which the Sons of the Prophets were trained up in the Knowledge of divine Things, and so prepared for Public Service . If our Children be ignorant & barbarous, it cannot be expected but they should be profane and vicious; and therefore the Fear of GOD should Excite Rulers to Exert their Authority that there may be Schools maintained for the Instruction and Education of Younger Children in learning to Read, that they may know the holy Scripture from their Childhood ; and in learning the principles of Religion contained in their Catechism , &c. And Grammar Schools to prepare others for a more liberal Education. They should also take Care that Colleges be Erected & Endowed, Maintain'd and duly Inspected; that hopeful Young Men may be Educated in Useful Learning, and come forth furnished for the Service of GOD and His People.

IN a Word, When their People are fallen under decays in Matters of Religion, they should be Reformers , & zealously Endeavor to bring them back to the Lord. Thus we find that when Josiah had Read in the Book of the Law, which denounced dreadful threatenings against the Sins rise among his People, he rent his Clothes, called for the Elders of Judah, Made a Covenant before the Lord to walk after the Lord; and to keep his Commandments , 2 King. 22.10, 11. Chap. 23. 1—3. And then put down the Ho'atrous Priests, d filed the high places , &c. Thus, when Civil Rulers are under the influence of the Fear of GOD, they will improve their Power to suppress those prevailing iniquities which provoke GOD, who is the Defense and Glory of his People, to depart from them. They will tremble for the Ark of GOD, and be afraid of his Judgments, so as to lead in the necessary work of Reformation, that GOD may turn from the fierceness of his Anger, and return unto them in Mercy.

5. THEY must make the Advancement of G0D's declarative Glory the chief End of their Government . This is the chief and highest End of Man. The Command is, Do all to the Glory of God , 1 Cor. 10.31. Now, when Rulers are said to Rule in the Fear of GOD, it intends that they subordinate all other views and designs to this most excellent End, and Govern their People in such a manner that GOD may be Glorified. Agreeably we have those put together, Rev. 14.7. Fear God, and give Glory to him .

I might have said, That they must Own their Entire Dependence upon GOD by seeking His Direction and Blessing in all their Public Managements ; and by giving the Praise and Glory of all 〈◊〉 Him.

DOCT. IV. SUCH Rulers shall prosper themselves, and be made Great and Extensive Blessings to their People.

HE shall be as the light of the Morning —; As the tender grass springing out of the Earth, by clear shining after rain . These Words, as we have already hinted, may be understood as a Description of the happy fruits and effects of such a Government, both to the Rulers themselves, and also to their People.

Here then,

1. THEY that are just, Ruling in the fear of GOD shall Prosper . That Word, Prov. 4.18. The path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth more & more to the perfect day , may be applied to Righteous Rulers, as well as others; and that, Mal. 4.2. Unto you that fear my Name, shall the Sun of Righteousness arise —. Such as do thus Rule with and for GOD shall arise and shine, grow & increase in the prosperous and flourishing State of their Government, as the Sun shines to the perfect day. Glory & Honor shall be given to such, as thus honor GOD. The King of Glory will delight to honor them, by giving them the Evident tokens of his gracious Presence, and royal Favor, by Commanding his Blessings on their Administrations, and crowning them with the desired Success; by giving them a great interest in the Esteem and all actions of their People; by establishing them in their Government, and building them a sure house. Such Blessings as these shall just and pious Rulers obtain as the gracious Reward of their Obedience and Fidelity, when it shall be for GOD's Glory, and their good. Thus GOD said to Joshua , Chap. 1.8. This Book of the Law shall not depart out of thy Mouth, — that thou mayst observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then shalt thou make thy way prosperous, and then thou 〈◊〉 •• ve good success . They shall prosper that love Jerusalem . Thus Mordecai expressed a generous concern for GOD's People when their bloody Enemies had their necks on the block; and by a wonderful interposition of Providence, his pious endeavors were succeeded, and he was highly advanced in the Kingdom of Persia , next to King Abasuerus . David was an illustrious instance of Piety & Justice: He sed God's People according to the integrity of his heart, and guided them by the skilfulness of his hands . And GOD gave him great success, and made him a Name like that of the great Men of the Earth. Hezekiah was a great Reformer, and it is said, 2 King. 18.7. The Lord was with him, and be prospered wither soever be went forth . Daniel was a bright Example of unshaken fidelity to GOD, and love to his People, and justice in Government; and we read of him, Chap. 6.28. This Daniel prospered in the Reign of Darius, and in the Reign of Cyrus the Persian .

BUT especially shall such prosper upon Spiritual accounts , while they lay out themselves to promote Piety and justice amorg their People: GOD will enrich them with his Grace more and more. And in a little time GOD will dismiss them with honor, as he did Daniel, Go thou thy way —, for thou shalt rest . While their Memory is blessed on Earth, their Rest shall be glorious in Heaven. At the great Day they shall shine forth as the Sun in the Kingdom of their Father. The Son of GOD will then own them as his Servants, and graciously accept what they have done to his People as done to Himself: And the painful cares, burdens and fatigues of their Government, shall through the rich Grace of GOD in JESUS CHRIST, work for them a far more exceeding and eternal weight of Glory .

2. SUCH Rulers will be great & extensive Blessings to their People. Such a Government in the happy fruits of it, is a great and comprehensive Blessing, like the Sun-shine and Rain in their season, whereby the Fruits of the Earth are made to spring & flourish in abundance. Thus David is called the Light of Israel , 2 Sam. 21.17. When Civil Rulers are Just, Ruling in the fear of God, our Lord Jesus Christ may be said to govern in and by them, and accordingly some of those Texts which we have already quoted as Describing the Blessings of His Government; may in a large Sense be applied to Solomon 's and Hezekiah 's Reigns, who were Types of CHRIST. The Just Administration of Government in Making and Executing Righteous Laws, hath a natural tendency to promote civil Peace and Order; to make a People prosperous in their trade & business, &c . Righteousness exalteth a nation . Prov. 14.34. Such a People will become great and honorable in the sight of GOD, and the Nations round about them. Deut. 4.6, 7. Deut. 28.13. They shall be the Head. And the Blessings of Religion which such a People enjoy, are inestimable; for Godliness is profitable unto all things, having promise of the Life that now is, and of that which is to come . The genuine tendency of Religion, when it generally prevails among a People, is the best Peace and Prosperity. And such a People enjoy the especial Blessing and Favor of God, which is the Sum of all. Many and very Precious are the Promises made to Such both respecting temporal and spiritual Blessings: Lev. 26. Psal. 81. 13, — 16. Isa. 26.1, 2. We have a strong City, — Open the Gates, that the righteous nation may enter in. Certainly then such Rulers as employ their Power to promote Justice and Piety among a People, are the Ministers of God to them for Good ; like the Sun, they dispense their Light and Influence, to the great Benefit and Refreshment of their People. They come down upon them as the Rain, as showers that water the Earth. Indeed the Glory of all is to be given to God, who alone can make such Rulers, and Command his Blessing on their just and pious Administrations: They are but Instruments; He is the principal Efficient and Author of all Good. Every good gift, and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from the Father of lights , Jam. 1.17. Moses, David, Solomon , all shone by a light derived from the Sun of Righteousness.

APPLICATION.

USE I. WHAT hath been said teacheth us several important Duties incumbent upon the People of God . As,

(1.) THEY should Depend on God in the way of Duty, and earnestly seek to him for Just and Pious Rulers . GOD and he alone can give these Qualifications to such as are in Authority, and enable them thus to Promote the Weal of His People. Thus God led his People like a Flock by the hand of Moses and Aaron , Psal. 77.20. He chose David his Servant, and anointed him with the Gifts and Graces of his Spirit. And thus God promised, Jer. 3.15. I will give you Pastors after my own heart, which shall feed you, i. e. "Rulers either in the State or Church" . Agreeably Calvin gives this as the Sense of the latter part of the Verse; And shall feed you with knowledge & understanding, i.e. "Intelligently & Prudently " . We should then ask this great Blessing of God. We should seek to God that such Rulers may be set over us from time to time; and that such as are in Government may be thus Blessed, and made Blessings. Let us attend this Duty, and take heed we do not provoke GOD by our Sins, to bring that dreadful Judgment on us; Psal. 106. 41. They that hated them, Ruled over them . Let us observe that Rule, 1 Tim. 2.1. I exhort that Prayers be made for Kings, and all in Authority.

(2.) WHEN God gives a People such to Rule over them as in any good measure deserve the Description given ; They should Bless God for his Favor to them . And surely We are in this respect favor'd of God above most of the Plantations , in that our Zion hath so many of her Sons at this day to take her by the Hand, of whom we may hope that they are Just, Ruling in the Fear of God. Let not the troubles we are under make us unmindful of, or unthankful for such a Blessing.

(3.) GOD's People owe to their Rulers Reverence, Obedience, & Recompence . The most High hath said. Let there be a Ruler over Men; and the Fifth Commandment requires us to Honor our Political Fathers , who are set over us in place of Authority; and we must attend this Duty if we would hope that God should prolong our Days in the land he hath given us . We must give Honor to our Rulers, to whom it is due, and take Care to treat them with all that Respect and Deference which is due to their Character and Station: Exod. 22.28. Thou shalt not Revile the God's, nor Curse the Ruler of thy people. They are GOD's Vicegerents, and therefore for Men lightly to speak Evil of them, is to reflect dishonor upon GOD himself, and he will not hold them Guiltless. Yea, suppose they are fallen into Sin, we must not look upon their Nakedness with scorn and contempt, and needlessly Expose it to others; but should rather cast a Covering over it. Fear God, Honor the King. Again, We must Obey them in the Lord. The Commands of God, obliging us to yield Subjection to Rulers in lawful things, are very plain and forcible: R •• . 13.1. Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers . — v.5. Ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake . 1 Pet. 2.13 —15. The Sin of disobedience to Rulers proved fatal to those Rebels. Numb. 16. Yea, when the Children of Israel Murmured against Moses and Aaron , GOD sent a plague among them , v.46. A levelling Spirit is a very evil Spirit, and highly provoking to GOD. Let us beware of it, and wherein we have been guilty, be deeply humbled before GOD. Again, The People must Recompence their Rulers with a Reward which shall bear some just proportion to the weight and difficulty of their Service . They should not be straithanded towards their Rulers, but cheerfully Reward their Care and Labor for the Public Good, with a liberal and honorable Maintenance, becoming the Dignity of their Station, and sufficient for the Expences which the Honor of the Government, or their own Comfort demand of them. This is not an Act of Charity, but Justice: And the Law of GOD requires it. Rom. 13.7. Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due —.

(4.) THEY ought in all proper ways to Assist & Encourage their Rulers in the Right Discharge of their Duty . They must in their several Places stand up for them, while in the Execution of their Authority. As they said to Ezra , Chap. 10.4. Arise, for this matter belongeth unto thee & we also will be with thee —. Thus Heads of Families , should in their Places be helpful by Maintaining Religion and good Order in their own Houses, That there may not from thence proceed Sons of Belial that shake off the Yoke, and despise Government. Particularly, Such as keep Public Houses , should be careful that Temperance, Sobriety and good Hours be observed, that no Disturbance may arise by excessive Drinking, Quarrelling, &c. Again, Under Officers , and others should be ready to aid and assist their Rulers, and Defend their Pesons, when they may have to do with such as are spoken of in our Context, v. 6, 7. The sons of Belial shall be all of them as thorns thrust away, because they cannot be taken with hands. But the Man that shall touch them , must be fenced with iron, and the staff of a spear . Again, Such who are in the Providence of GOD, called to inform and give Evidence against Offenders , that they may be brought to Justice, ought in their Places to attend their duty without fear or favor, or foolish Pity. Again, Wherein Civil Rulers attend their Duty in the fear of GOD, the People should Accept it with all Thankfulness , and not discourage them by groundless Jealousies and uncharitable surmises.

USE 2. WHAT hath been said affords seasonable Direction to those that are especially concerned in the Business of this Day . This Day is a Witness of GOD's Patience exercised towards us, notwithstanding all our Sins whereby we have provoked Him. We have, blessed be GOD, this great Privilege of choosing our own Councillours continued to us. May GOD long Preserve this and our other CharterPrivileges , and enable us wisely and faithfully to improve them. May our Glorious LORD, in whose hand the King's heart is, incline our Rightful and Lawful King GEORGE, to Favor His People! May this People, who have ever Express'd their Joy and Satisfaction in the Prosperity of his Royal Person and illustrious House , find life in the light of his Countenance, and not be called to weeping & mourning under the loss of their precious & pleasant Things. We lift up our Eyes unto thee, O GOD! from whom must Come our Salvation. Save, Lord, let the King hear us when we call But to return. Let those to whom this weighty Trust is committed, Consider what GOD the LORD says; They that Ru'e over Men must be Just, Ruling in the Fear of GOD ; and direct their choice accordingly. Take heed you be not bias'd by personal favor, or a party-Spirit. Let such be preferred in your Choice as are most Capable and best inclined to Promote Piety towards GOD, and Justice towards Men. This is a divine Rule, and therefore there is no danger of being mislead by it.

USE 3. LET the Truths delivered be improved in an humble Address to the Honorable , the LIEUT. GOVERNOUR, COUNCIL and REPRESENTATIVES. Hear and Obey the Message which the Great GOD sends unto you this Day, how mean soever the Messenger may be. The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spake to me, He that Ruleth over Men must be Just, Ruling in the Fear of God . The glorious JEHOVAH who is your Judge , your Law-giver , and your King , speaks to you in these Words, and it most nearly concerns the welfare of your own Persons, and of your Government, that you obey his Voice. You have a Price put into your Hands to promote the Honor of GOD, and the Good of your Country: City to GOD for Wisdom to improve it, that you may be great and public Blessings while you Live, and be Blessed forever with the Lord, when a short Life shall come to an End. We are a degenerate People, iniquity abounds, and GOD is going on in a way of Judgment against us. His Voice to us in his Providence may be that, Ezek. 22.30. I sought for a man among them that should make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it . Do you then stand in the Gap and do your utmost to keep off Wrath from this People, by Promoting that most necessary Work of Reformation. Lead in this Work by being yourselves conspicuous Examples of Sobriety, Justice and Godliness. Whatever Laws may be further needful to Encourage Virtue & Piety among us; or to suppress Vice and Profaneness, let them be Enacted; and let those good Laws which are made, be duly Executed. Here I would ask leave to mention a few things. Be Intreated to Guard against all Neglect or Corruption of the Worship of GOD . Be jealous for the Lord of hosts; for the Lord our GOD is a jealous God, visiting the Iniquity of the Fathers upon the Children. Let all due Care be taken that God's People may fear this glorious and fearful Name the Lord our God . Alas! Profane-Swearing is become in a dreadful degree Customary with many. There are those that set their Mouths against Heaven, and rend the Sacred Name of GOD, by Profane Oaths and Curses. May not something further be done to suppress this Heaven-daring Sin? Doth it not deserve a heavier Penalty than is affixed to it in the Law? Ought not this part of Religious Worship, the calling GOD to Witness in Swearing, be attended with greater Reverence in our Courts of Judicature , that Men may be taught to Fear an Oath Improve your Authority that the Lord's Day Sabbath may be strictly observed . GOD gives his Sabbath to his People as a Sign between him and them; and strictly requires them so to Remember it , as to keep it holy ; Exod. 20. Jer. 17.21, 23, 27. And it hath been often observed that as the Sabbath is Sanctified or Profan'd so Religion is would not to flourish or decay. This then is most worthy your Pious Care. Blessed be GOD for the Good Laws we have to bind us to this Duty; and for that Care which is taken to Execute them. However, There is need that some further Care be taken, that under a pretence of keeping the Night before or after the Sabbath day light, both Evenings be not used as common Time. And is not the Evil Custom of keeping open Shops on the Evening before the Day, a Prophanation of the Sabbath, which ought to be Reform'd? And then, As there ought to be no Recreations, no carrying of Burdens, no needless Journeys on the Lord's Day, so it might be a very acceptable Service to GOD, if some effectual Means were used to suppress Disorders between Meetings in our Country Towns, where they live at a considerable Distance from the Place of Public Worship, and tarry at or near the Meeting-House. As also to prevent all unnecessary Harnessing of Horses, and Driving of Coaches on the Lord's Day; that both Man and Beast may Rest according to the Commandment. Yea to prevent the attending of Funerals when no present Necessity requires it. Let the Means of Education be esteemed worthy your highest Concern . In a particular manner I would most humbly Recommend the College to your Parental Care. It is an abiding Testimony of the Pious Concern our ForeFathers had for the flourishing of Religion, that they so Early Erected that Society , which hath been a great Blessing to the whole Land; a Fountain continually sending forth streams that have made Glad the City of our God ; yea have refreshed distant Places also. But the Sovereign GOD hath In a sudden and awful manner taken their Master from their Head; the Reverend & Learned President . And it is a matter of great importance to the Land, and particularly to these Churches, that this Breach be repaired with One who is of eminent Learning, Prudence, Piety, and a fast Friend to the Interests of CHRIST's Kingdom among us. My humble Request therefore is, that all needful Encouragement may be given to such a Person to Reside at the College, and lay out himself in that Excellent Work of training up the Youth in Pure Religion, and good Literature. May that GOD with whom is the Residue of the Spirit , fill that Chair with One who shall be a Rich Gift to that Society, and a Blessing to the whole Land. May the College Flourish so long as the Sun and Moon shall endure!

AGAIN, Endeavor in all proper ways to Promote Union, and good Agreement among this People . Heats and Animosities, Divisions and Contentions are very provoking to GOD, especially when found among Christians; and very hurtful to the Common-Wealth. For where there is Contention , there is Confusion , and every Evil Work. Now it is a weighty Word which I find delivered by a great Divine , and shall ask leave to borrow it.

. Let me then beseech you to Follow Peace, and to Unite in promoting the Public good, each One being ready to deny himself where the Honor of GOD, and the safety of the Common-Wealth call for it. The true and faithful Witness testifies , That every Kingdom divided against itself, is brought to dissolution; and every City or House divided against itself, shall not stand . And surely this dark and stormy day requires you to Unite hearts and hands for the Preservation of the Country. The LORD grant that our Jerusalem may be built as a City that is compact together , and that by your Means; That you may have much of the Wisdom which is from above, which is first pure, then peaceable —. And Unite as One Man in Consulting & Promoting the Public Welfare.

AGAIN, Let me humbly Inquire, Whether something further may not be done, to put a stop to the the growth of Intemperance, and Excessive Drinking , which threatens us with an over-flowing Scourge of Woes and Miseries. Isai. 28.1, 2. Woe—to the Drunkards of Ephraim —. Where this Sin prevails, it provokes GOD to withdraw even the common Restraints of his Spirit. Eph. 5.18. Be not drunk with wine, wherein is Excess; but be filed with the Spirit. Sensual, having not the Spirit , Jude v.I9. Now it is Notorious that this shameful Vice is dreadfully predominant in this Land. And it is high Time to inquire, Whether the numerous Licences given to Tavern-keepers and other Retailers of Strong Drink, do not greatly provoke GOD, and cause the guilt of this heinous Sin to lie heavy upon the Public? Is not the good use of Taverns mischievously perverted? Is it not Scandalous to the Profession of Christianity, that Public Houses should be so much frequented by Town-dwellers? Undoubtedly it is. And it is your Duty by your Example and Authority to testify against this Abuse.

Lastly , MY Text leads me to Commend it to Your Endeavors, That the Public Faith and justice be preserved, relating to our Bills of Credit , which are sunk much below the Value of their Denomination . The Eighth and Ninth Commandments require You to take effectual Care that the Bills of Public Credit , which are in a manner the only Medium of Trade, be not made a Cruel Engine of Oppression. They that Rule over Men must be Just . But I shall now Conclude in a Word; Let us all Cry to GOD to Pour out upon us the Spirit of Repentance and Reformation. O that GOD would Unite the hearts of this People to fear big Name, and work Righteousness! Then we might Hope to have that good Word fulfilled in us: Isai. 58. 8, 9. Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thine health shall spring forth Speedily: and thy righteousness shall go before thee, the glory of the LORD shall be thy rere-ward. Then shalt thou call, and the LORD shall answer; thou shalt cry, and he shall say, Here I am :—.