A Key into the Language of America

To my Deare and Welbeloved Friends and Counrey-men, in old and new ENGLAND.

I Present you with a Key; I have not heard of the like, yet framed, since it pleased God to bring that mighty Continent of America to light: Others of my Country-men have often, and excellently, and lately written of the Country (and none that I know beyond the goodness and worth of it.)

This Key, respects the Native Language of it, and happily may unlock some Rarities concerning the Natives themselves, not yet discovered.

I drew the Materialls in a rude lump at Sea, as a private help to my own memory, that I might not by my present absence lightly lose what I had so dearly bought in some few years hardship, and charges among the Barbarians; yet being reminded by some, what pity it were to bury those Materialls in my Grave at land or Sea; and withal, remembering how oft I have been importuned by worthy friends, of all sorts, to afford them some helps this way.

I resolved (by the assistance of the most High) to cast those Materialls into this Key, pleasant and profitable for All, but speally for my friends residing in those parts:

A little Key may open a Box, where lies a bunch of Keys.

With this I have entered into the secrets of those Countries, where ever English dwell about two hundred miles, between the French and Dutch Plantations; for want of this, I know what gross mis-takes myself and others have run into.

There is a mixture of this Language North and South, from the place of my abode, about six hundred miles; yet within the two hundred miles (aforementioned) their Dialects do exceedingly differ; yet not so, but (within that compass) a man may, by this help, converse with thousands of Natives all over the Country: and by such converse it may please the Father of Mercies to spread civility, (and in his own most holy season) Christianity; for one Candle will light ten thousand, and it may please God to bless a little Leaven to season the mighty Lump of those Peoples and Territories.

It is expected, that having had so much converse with these Natives, I should write some little of them.

Concerning them (a little to gratify expectation) I shall touch upon four Heads:

First, by what Names they are distinguished.

Secondly, Their Original and Descent.

Thirdly, their Religion, Manners, Customs, &c.

Fourthly, That great Point of their Con •… ersion.

To the first, their Names are of two sorts:

First, those of the English giving: as Natives, Salvages, Indians, Wild-men, (so th •… Dutch call them Wilden) Abergeny men, Pagans, Barbarians, Heathen.

Secondly, their Names, which they give •… themselves.

I cannot observe, that they ever h •… (before the coming of the English, Frenc •… or Dutch amongst them) any Names t •… difference themselves from strangers, fo •… they knew none; but two sorts of nam •… they had, and have amongst themselves.

First, general, belonging to all Native •… as Ninnuock, Ninnimissinnûwock, Enisk •… tompa •… wog, which signifies Men, Folke, 〈◊〉 People.

Secondly, particular names, peculi •… to several Nations, of them amongst the •… selves, as, Nanhigganēuck, Massachusêu •… Cawasumsêuck, Cowwesēuck, Quintikó •… Qunnipiēuck, Pequ •… óog, &c.

They have often asked me, why w •… call them Indians Natives, &c. And 〈◊〉 derstanding the reason, they will ca •… themselves Indians, in opposition to E •… glish, &c.

For the second Head proposed, their Original and Descent.

From Adam and Noah that they spring, it is granted on all hands.

But for their later Descent, and whence they came into those pars, it seems as hard to find, as to find the Wellhead of some fresh Streame, which running many miles out of the Country to the salt Ocean, hath met with many mixing Streames by the way. They say themselves, that they have sprung and grown up in that very place, like the very trees of the wilderness.

They say that their Great God Cawtantowwit created those parts, as I observed in the Chapter of their Religion. They have no Clothes, Books, nor Letters, and conceive their Fathers never had; and therefore they are easily persuaded that the God that made English men is a greater God, because He hath so richly endowed the English above themselves: But when they hear that about sixteen hundred years ago, England and the Inhabitants thereof were like unto themselves, and since have received from God, Clothes, Books, &c. they are greatly affected with a secret hope concerning themselves.

Wise and Judicious men, with whom I have discoursed, maintain their Original to be Northward from Tartaria: and at my now taking ship, at the Dutch Plantation, it pleased the Dutch Governor, (in some discourse with me about the Natives), to draw their Line from Iceland, because the name S •… ckmakan (the name for an Indian Prince, about the Dutch) is the name for▪ Prince in Iceland.

Other opinions I could number up: under favor I shall present (not mine opinion, but) my Observations to the judgment of the Wise.

First, others (and myself) have conceived some of their words to hold affinity with the Hebrew.

Secondly, they constantly anoint their heads as the Jews did.

Thirdy, they give Dowries for their wives, as the Jews did.

Fourthly (and which I have not so observed amongst other Nations as amongst the Jews, and these:) they constantly separate their Women (during the time of their monthly sickness) in a little house alone by themselves four or five days, and hold it an Irreligious thing for either Father or Husband or any Male to come near them.

They have often asked me if it be so with women of other Nations, and whether they are so separated: and for their practice they plead Nature and Tradition. Yet again I have found a greater Affinity of their Language with the Greek Tongue.

2. As the Greeks and other Nations, and ourselves call the seven Stars (or Charles Waine the Bear,) so do they Mosk or Paukunnawaw the Bear.

3. They have many strange Relations of one Wetucks, a man that wrought great Miracles amongst them, and walking upon the waters,, &c. with some kind of broken Resemblance to the Son of God.

Lastly, it is famous that the Sowwest (Sowaniu) is the great Subject of their discourse. From thence their Traditions. There they say (at the South-west) is the Court of their great God Cautántouwit: At the South-west are their Forefathers souls: to the South-west they go themselves when they die; From the South-west came their Corn, and Beanes out of their Great God Cautántowwits field: And indeed the further Northward and Westward from us their Corn will not grow, but to the Southward better and better. I dare not conjecture in these Vncertainties, I believe they are lost, and yet hope (in the Lord's holy season) some of the wildest of them shall be found to share in the blood of the Son of God. To the third Head, concerning their Religion, Customs, Manners &c. I shall here say nothing, because in those, 32. Chapters of the whole Book, I have briefly touched those of all sorts, from their Birth to their Burialls, and have endeavored (as the Nature of the work would give way) to bring some short Observations and Applications home to Europe from America.

Therefore fourthly, to that great Point of their Conversion so much to be longed for, and by all New-English so much pretended, and I hope in Truth.

For myself I have uprightly labored to suite my endeavors to my pretences: and of later times (out of desire to attain their Language) I have run through varieties of Intercourses with them Day and Night, Summer and Winter, by Land and Sea, particular passages tending to this, I have related divers, in the Chapter of their Religion.

Many solemn discourses I have had with all sorts of Nations of them, from one end of the Country to another (so far as opportunity, and the little Language I have could reach.)

I know there is no small preparation in the hearts of Multitudes of them. I know their many solemn Confessions to myself, and one to another of their lost wandering Conditions.

I know strong Convictions upon the Consciences of many of them, and their desires uttred that way.

I know not with how little Knowledge and Grace of Christ the Lord may save, and therefore neither will despair, nor report much.

But since it hath pleased some of my Worthy Country-men to mention (of late in print) Wequash, the Peq •… t Captain, I shall be bold so far to second their Relations, as to relate mine own Hopes of Him (though I dare not be so confident as others.

Two days before his Death, as I past up to Qunnib •… icut River, it pleased my worthy friend Mr. Fenwick whom I visited at his house in Say-Brook Fort at the mouth of that River) to tell me that my old friend Wequash lay very sick: I desired to see him, and Himself was pleased to be my Guide two mile where Wequash lay.

Amongst other discourse concerning his sickness and Death (in which he freely bequeathed his son to Mr. Fenwick) I closed with him concerning his Soul: He told me that some two or three year before he had lodged at my House, where I acquainted him with the Condition of all mankind, & his Own in particular, how God created Man and All things: how Man fell from God, and of his present Enmity against God, and the wrath of God against Him until Repentance: said he your words words were never out of my heart to this present; and said he me much pray to Jesus Christ: I told him so did many English, French, and Dutch, who had never turned to God, nor loved Him: He replied in broken English: Me so big naughty Heart, •… e heart all one stone! Savory expressions using to breath from compunct and broken Hearts, and a sense of inward hardness and unbrokennesse. I had many discourses with him in his Life, but this was the sum of our last parting until our general meeting.

Now because this is the great Inquiry of all men what Indians have been converted? what have the English done in those parts? what hopes of the Indians receiving the Knowledge of Christ!

And because to this Question, some put an edge from the boast of the Jesuits in Canada and Maryland, and especially from the wonderful conversions made by the Spaniards and Portugalls in the West-In dies, besides what I have here written, a also, beside what I have observed in th •… Chapter of their Religion! I shall further present you with a brief Additionall discourse concerning this Grea •… Point, being comfortably persuaded tha •… that Father of Spirits, who was graciousl •… pleased to persuade Japheth (the Gentiles to dwell in the Tents of Shem (the Jews will in his holy season (I hope approach ing persuade, these Gentiles of Ameri •… to partake of the mercies of Europe, a •… then shall be fulfilled what is writ •… by the Prophet Malachi, from the risin •… of the Sun in (Europe) to the going dow •… of the same (in America) my Name sha •… great among the Gentiles.) So I desire 〈◊〉 hope and pray,

Directions for the use of the LANGUAGE.

1. A Dictionary or Grammar way I had consideration of, but purposely avoided, as not so accommodate to the Benefit of all, as I hope this Form is.

2. A Dialogue also I had thoughts of, but avoided for brevities sake, and yet (with no small pains) I have so framed every Chapter and the matter of it, as I may call it a •… Implicite Dialogue.

3. It is framed chiefly after the Narroganset Dialect, because most spoken in the Country, and yet (with attending to the variation of people's and Dialects) it will be of great use in all parts of the Country.

4. Whatever your occasion be either of Travel, Discourse, Trading &c.

•… turn to the Table which will direct you to the Proper Chapter.

5. Because the Life of all Language is in the Pronuntiation, I have been at the pains and charges to Cause the Accents, Tones, or sounds to be affixed, (which some understand, according to the Greek Language, Acutes, Graves, Circumflexes) for example, in the second leaf in the word Ewo He: the sound or Tone must not be put on E, but woe where the grave Accent is.

In the same leaf, in the word Ascowequássin, the sound must not be on any of the Syllables, but o •… quáss, where the Acute or sharp sound is.

In the same leaf in the word Anspaumpmaûn. tam, the sound must not be on any other syllable but Maûn, where the Circumflex or •… long sounding Accent is.

6. The English for every Indian word or phrase stands in a straight line directly against the Indian: yet sometimes there are two words for the same thing (for their Language is exceeding copious and they have five or six words sometimes for one thing) and then the English stands against them both: for example in the second leaf,

Cowaunckamish & Cuckquenamish.

I pray your Favor.

AN Help to the native Language of that part of America called NEW-ENGLAND.

CHAP. I. Of Salutation.

CHAP. II. Of Eating and Entertainment.

AScúmetesimmis?	Have you not yet eaten
Matta niccattuppúmmin	I a •… not hungry.
Niccawkatone	I am thirsty.
Mannippeno?	Have you no water?
Nip. or nipewese	Give me some water.
N •… mitch, commete •… immin	Stay, you must eat first.
Teaquacummeich	What will you eat?
Nókehick.	Parch'd meal

which is a ready very wholesome food, which they eat with a little water, hot or cold; I have travelled with near 200. of them at once, near 100. miles through the woods, every man carrying a little Basket of this at his back, and sometimes in a hollow Leather Girdle about his middle, sufficient for a man three or four days:

With this ready provision, and their Bow and Arrows, are they ready for War, and travel at an hours warning. With a spoonfull of this meal and a spoonfull of water from the Brooke, have I made many a good dinner and supper.

Aupúmmineanash.	The parch'd corn.
Aupúminea-naw •… aùmp.	The parc'd meal boiled with water at their houses, which is the wholesomest diet they have.
Msickquatash.	Boild corn whole.
Manusqussêdash.	Beanes.
Nasàump.	A kind of meal pottage, unpartch'd.

From this the English call their Samp, which is the Indian corn, beaten and boiled, and eaten hot or cold with milk or butter, which are mercies beyond the Natives plain water, and which is a dish exceeding wholesome for the English bodies.

Puttuckqunnēge.	A Cake.
Puttuckqunnêgunash puttuckqui.	Cakes or loves round.
Teâgun kuttie maûnch?	What shall I dress f •… r you?
Assámme.	Give me to eat.
Ncàttup.	I am hungry,
Wúnna ncáttup.	I am very hungry.
Nippaskanaûn tum.	I am almost starved.
Pautous notatàm.	Give me drink.
Sókenish.	Pour forth.
Cosaûme sokenúm mis.	You have poured out too much.
Wuttàttash.	Drink.
Nquitchetàmmin.	Let me taste.
Quitchetash.	Taste.
Sa •… nqui nip?	Is the water coo
Saun kopaûgot.	Cool water.
Chowhêsu.	It is warm,
Aquie wutt •… ttash.	Do not drink.
Aquie waúmatous.	Do not drink all.
Nec •… wni meich teàqua.	First eat something:
Tawhitch mat me chóan.	Why eat you not?
Wussaume kusópita.	It is too hot.
Teâguun nummeitch	What shall I eat?
Mateàg keesitauano?	Is there nothing ready boyld?
Ma teag mecho ewo.	He eats nothing.
Cotchikesu assamme.	Cut me a piece.
Cotchekúnnemi we yoùs.	Cut me some meat.
Metesittuck.	Let us go eat.
Pautiinnea mechimucks.	Bring hither some victuals.
Numwautous.	Fill the dish.
Mihtukmecha kick.	Tree-eaters.

A people so called (living between three and four hundred miles West into the land) from their eating only Mihtūchquash, that is, Trees: They are Meneaters, they set no corn, but live on the bark of Chesn •… t and Walnut, and other fine trees: They dry and eat this bark with the fat of Beasts, and sometimes of men: This people are the terror of the neighbor Natives; and yet these Rebells, the Son of God may in time subdue.

Mauchepweeean.	After I have eaten.
Maúchepwucks.	After meals.
Maúchepwut.	When he hath eaten.
Paúshaqua maúchepwut.	After dinner.
Wàyyeyant maúchepwut.	After supper.
Nquittmaûntash.	Smell.
Weetimóquat.	It smells sweet.
Machemóqut.	It stinks.
Weekan.	It is sweet.
Mach •… ppoquat.	It is sour.
Auwusse weekan.	It is sweeter.
Askùn.	It is raw.
Noónat.	Not enough.
Wusàume w •… kissu.	Too much either boiled or roasted.
Waûmet Taûbi.	It is enough.
Wuttattumutta.	Let us drink.
Neesneechàhettit taúbi.	Eenough for twenty men.
Mattacuckquàw.	A Cook.
Mattacúcquass.	Cook or dress.
Matcuttassamiin?	Will you not give me to eat?
Keen meitch.	I pray eat.

They generally all take Tobacco; and it is commonly the only plant which men labor in; the women managing all the rest: they say they take Tobacco for two causes; first, against the rheum, which cavseth the toothake, which they are impatient of: secondly, to revive and refresh them, they drinking nothing but water.

Squuttame.	Give me your pipe.
Petasinna, or, Wuttàmmasin.	Give me some Tabacco.
Ncattaûntum, or, Ncàttiteam.	I long for that.
Màuchinaash nowepiteass.	My teeth are naught.
Nummashackqune aûmen.	We are in a dearth.
Mashackquineâug.	We have no food.
Aúcuck.	A Kettle.
Mishquockuk.	A red Copper Kettle.
Netopkuttàssammish.	Friend, I have brought you this.
Quàmphash quamphomiinea.	Take up for me out of the pot.
Eippoquat.	It is sweet.
Teàqua aspúckquat?	What doth it taste of?
Nowetipo.	I like this.
Wenómeneash.	Grapes or Rayfins.
Waweecocks.	Figs, or some strange sweet meat.
Nemaúanash.	Provision for the way.
Nemauaninnuit.	A snapsacke.
Tackhummin.	To grind corn.
Tackhumiinnea.	Beat me parch'd meal.
Pishquehick.	Vnparch'd meal.
Nummaùchip nup mauchepúmmin.	We have eaten all.
Cowàump?	Have you enough?
Nowâump.	have enough.
Mohowaúgsuck, or, Mauqu •… uog, from móho to eat.	The Cannibals, or, Men eaters, up into the we •… two, three or four hu •… dred miles from us.
Cummóhucquock.	They will eat you.

Whomsoever cometh in when they ar •… eating, they offer them to eat of that whic •… they have, though but little enough prepar •… for themselves. If any provision of fish 〈◊〉 flesh come in, they make their neighbou •… partakers with them.

If any stranger come in, they presentl •… give him to eat of what they have; many 〈◊〉 time, and at all times of the night (as I hav •… fallen in travel upon their houses) when nothing hath been ready, have themselves an •… their wives, risen to prepare me some r •… freshing.

CHAP. III. Concerning Sleep and Lodging.

NSowwushkâwmen	I am weary.
Nkàtaquaum.	I am sleepy.
•… ukkovetoùs.	Shall I lodge here?
•… o nickowemen?	Shall I sleep here?
•… ukkoweti.	Will you sleep here?
Wunneg •… n, cówish.	Welcome, sleep here.
•… ummouaquômen.	I will lodge abroad.
Puckquátchick nickouemen.	I will sleep without th •… the doors,

Which have known them contentedly do, by a fi •… under a tree, when sometimes some Engli •… have (for want of familiarity and languag •… with them) been fearful to entertain the •…

In Summer-time I have known them lie •… abroad often themselves, to make room f •… strangers, English, or others.

Mouaquómitea.	Let us lie abroad.
Cowwêtuck.	Let us sleep.
Kukkouene?	Sleep you?
Cowwêke.	Sleep, sleep.
Cowwêwi.	He is a sleep.
Cowwêwock.	They sleep.
Askukkówene?	Sleep you yet?
Takitippocat.	It is a cold night.
Wekit •… ppocat.	It is a warm night.
Wauwháutowaw ánawat, & Wawhautowâvog.	Ther is an alarm, o •… there is a great shou •… ing:

Howling an •… shouting is their Alarm; they having n •… Drums nor Trumpets: but whether an en •… mie approach, or fire break out, this Alarm •… passeth from house to house; yea, commo •… lie, if any English or Dutch come amongst the •… they give notice of strangers by this sign; y •… I have known them buy and use a Dut •… Trumpet, and known a Native make a good Drum in imitation of the English.

Matannauke, or Mattannàukanash	A finer sort of mats to sleep on.
Mask tuash	Straw to lie on.
Wudd •… úckqunash ponamauta	Let us lay on wood.

This they do plentifully when they lie down to sleep winter and summer, abundance they have and abundance they lay on: their Fire is instead of our bedcloaths. And so, themselves and any that have occasion to lodge with them, must be content to turn often to the Fire, if the night be cold, and they who first wake must repair the Fire.

Mauataúnamoke	Mend the fire.
Mauataunamútta	Let us mend the fire.
Tokêtuck	Let us wake.
As kuttokēmis	Are you not awake yet
Tókish, Tókeke	Wake wake
Tókinish	Wake him.
Kitumyái tokean	As soon as I wake.
Ntunnaquôm •… n	I have had a good dream
Nummattaquômen	I have had a bad dream.

When they have a bad Dream, which they conceive to be a threatening from God, they fall to prayer at all times of the night, especially early before day: So David's z •… alous heart to the true and living God: At midnight will •… •… rise &c. I prevented the dawning of the day, &c. Psal. 119. &c.

Wunnak ukkussa quaum	You sleep much.
Peeyanntam	He prays.
Peeyauntamwock	The •… pray.
Tunna kukkowemis	•… here s •… pt you?
Awa •… n w •… ck kukkouēmis	At whose house did you sleep?

I once travailed to an Island of the wildest i •… our parts, where in the night an Indian (as he said) had a vision or dream of the Sun (whom they worship for a God) darting a Beam •… into his Breast which he conceived to be the Messenger or his Death: this poor Native called his Friends and neighbors▪ and prepared some little refreshing for them, but himself was kept waking and Fasting in grea •… H •… miliations and Invocations for 10. day •… and nights: I was alone (having travailed from my Bark the wind being contrary) and little could I speak to them to their understandings especially because of the change of there Dialect or manner of Speech from our neighbors: yet so much (through the help of God •… I did speak of the True and living only Wis •… God▪ of the Crcation: of Man, and his fall •… from God, &c. that at parting many burst forth, Oh when will you come again, to bring us some more news of this God?

From their Sleeping: The Observation general.

Sweet rest is not confind to soft Beds, for, not only God gives his beloved sleep on hard lodgings: but also Nature and Custom gives sound sleep to these Americans on the Earth, on a Boord or Mat. Yet how is Europe bound to God for better lodging, &c.

More particular.

CHAP. IIII. Of their Names.

NQuit	One
Neesse	2.
Nish	3.
Yoh	4.
Napànna	5.
Qut •… a	6.
enada	7.
Shwósuck	8.
Paskúgit	9.
Piuck	10.
Piuck nabna quit	11.
Piucknab neese	12,
Piucknab nish	13,
Piucknab yoh	14,
Piucknab napànna	15,
Piucknab naqútta	16;
Piucknab enada	17,
Piuck nabna shwósuck	18,
Piucknab napaskugit	19.
Neesneēchick	20,
Neesneēchick nab naquit, &c.	21,
Shwinckeck	30, &c.
Swincheck nab naquit, &c.	31, &c.
Yowinicheck	40.
Yówinicheck nabna qit, &c.	41, &c.
Napannetashincheck	50,
Napannetashinchek nabna quit	51, &c.
Quttatashincheck	60,
Quttatashincheck nab na quit	61, &c.
Enadatashincheck	70,
Enadatashincheck nabna quit	71, &c.
Swoasuck ta shin check	80,
Shwoasuck ta shincheck nebna quit	81, &c.
Paskugit tashincheck, &c.	90,
Paskugit tashin check nabna quit, &c.	91, &c.
Nquit pâwsuck	100.
Nees pâwsuck	200.
Shweepâwsuck	300.
Yówe pâwsuck	400,
Napannetashe pâwsuck	500,
Quttatashe pâwsuck	600,
•… nadatashepawsuck	700,
Shoasucktashe pawsuck	800,
Paskugit tashepâwsuck	900,
Nquittemittànnug	1000,
Neese mitt •… nnug	2000,
Nishwe mitt •… nnug	3000,
Yowe mittànnug	4000,
Napannetashemit tannug	5000,
Quttatashe mit tànnug	6000,
Enadatashemit tànnug	7000,
Shoasuck ta she mittánnug	8000,
Paskugittashemit tánnug	9000,
Piuckque mittánnug	10000,
Neesneecheck tashe mittànnug	20000,
Shwinchecktashe mittánnug	30000,
Yowincheck tashemittánnug	40000,
Napannetashincheck tashemittánnug	50000.
Quttatashincheck tashemittànnug	60000.
Enadatashincheck tashe mittánnuck	70000.
Shoasuck tashincheck tashe mittannug	80000.
Pàskugit tashincheck tashe mittannug	90000.
Nquit pausuckoemit tànnug, &c.	100000.

Having no Letters nor Arts, 'cis admirable how quick they are in casting up great numbers, with the help of grames of Corn, instead of Europes pens or counters.

Numbers of the masculine gender.

Pâwsuck	1.
Neeswock	2. Skeetomp a Man.
•… huog	3.
Yówock	4.
Napannetasúog	5. as, Skeetom Paúog, Men.
Quttasúog	6.
•… nada tasúog	7.
•… hoasuck tasúog	8.
Paskugit tasúog	9.
Prucksúog	10.
Prucksúog nabnaquit	11.

Of the Feminine Gender.

Pâwsuck	1
N enash	2
Swinash	3
Yowúnnash	4
Napannetashinash	5 as, Waucho H •… ll. Wauchóas •… H •… lls.
Quttatshinash	6
Enadtashinash	7
Shoasucktashinash	8
Paskugittashinash	9
Piúckquatash	10
Piúckquatash nabnaquit.	11

CHAP. V. Of their relations of consanguinity and affinity, or, Blood and Marriage.

NNin-nninnuog, & keetomp-aûog	Man-men
Squàws-suck.	Woman-women.
Kichize, &	An old man,
Kichîzuck	Old men.
Hômes. &	An old man,
Hômesuck	Old men.
Kutchinnu	A middle-aged-man.
Kutchinnuwock.	Middle-aged-men.
Wuskeene	A youth,
W •… skeeneesuck.	Youths.
Wenise &	An old woman.
Wenîsuck	Old women.
•… attaûntum	Very old und decrepit.
Wâsick.	An Husband.
Weewo, & Mittúmmus, & Wullógana	A Wife.
Noweewo,	My Wife.
Nummittamus, &c.
Osh.	A Father.
Nosh	My father.
Cosh	Your father.
Cuttos •… ?	Have you a fathee?
Okásu, & •… Witchwhaw	A mother.
Nókace nitchwhaw	My mother.
Wussese	An Uncle.
Nissese	My Uncle.
Papoos,	A child.
Nippápoos, & Nummúckiese	My child.
Nummúckquáchucks	My son.
Nittaûnis	My daughter.
Non anese	A sucking child.
Muc •… quachuckquêmese	A little boy.
Squ •… sese	A little girl.
Weemat.	A brother.

They hold the band of brother-hood so •… dear, that when one had committed a mur •… there and fled, they executed his brother; an •… 'tis common for a brother to pay the debt of a brother deceased.

Neemat	My brother.
Weticks, & Weesummis	A sister.
Wematittuock	They are brothers.
Cutchashematitin?	How many brothers have you?
Natoncks	My cousin.
Kattoncks	Your cousin.
Watoncks	A cousin.
Nullóquaso	My ward or pupil.
Wattonksittuock	They are cousins.
Kihtuckquaw	A virgin marriageable.

Their Virgins are distinguished by a bash •… ll falling down of their hair over their eyes.

Towiúwock

Fatherless children.

There are no beggars amongst them▪ nor fatherless children unprovided for.

Tackqiuwock

Twins.

Their affections, especially to their children, are very strong; so that I have known a Father take so grievously the loss of his ch •… de, that he ha •… h cut and stob d himself with g •… iefe and rage.

This extreme affection, together with want of learning, makes there children saucy, bold, and undutiful.

I once came into a house an requested so •… water to drink; the father bid his son ( 〈◊〉 some 8. years of age) to fetch some water: t •… boy refused, and would not stir; I told the f •… there, that I would correct my child, if he shou •… so disobey me, &c. Upon this the father to •… up a stick, the boy another, and flew at his •… there: upon my persuasion, the poor fat •… made him smart a little threw down his sti •… and run for water, and the father confessed t •… benefit of correction, and the evil of their t •… indulgent affections.

From their Relations Observation general.

In the •… nes of depraved mankind, are yet be found Natures distinctions, and Natures •… ections.

More particular:

CHAP. VI. Of the Family and business of the House.

WEtu	An House.
Wetuômuck	At home.
Nekick	My house.
•… ekick	Your house.
•… k ick	At his house.
Nickquenum.	I am going home:

Which is a solemn word amongst them; and no man will offer any hindrance to him, who after some absence is going to visit his Family, and useth this word Nicqu •… num (confessing the sweetness even of these short tem •… oral homes.)

•… uttuckakàun	A round house.
•… uttcukakâunese	A little round house.
•… etuomemese	A little house;

which •… eir women and maids live apart in, four •… , five, or six days, in the time of their monthly sickness, which custom in all parts of the Country they strictly observe, and no Ma •… may come into that house.

Nees quttow	A longer house wi •… two fires.
Shwishcuttow	With three fires.
Abockquósinash	The mats of the house.
Wuttapuissuck	The long poles,

which commonly men get and fix, and then the women cover the house with mats, and lin •… them with embroidered mats which the women make, and call them Mannotaúbana, o •… Hangings, which amongst them make as fair •… a show as Hangings with us.

Note, or Yote Chickot & Sqútta	Fire.
Notáwese & chickautawese	A little fire.
Púck	Smoke.
Puckissu	Smokie
Nippáckis	Smoke troubleth me.
Wuchickapêuck	Burching bark,

an •… Chesout bark which they dress finely, an •… make a Summer-covering for their houses.

Cuppoqui •… ttemin.

I will divide house wi •… you, or dwell with yo •…

Two Families will live comfortably and •… vingly in a little round house of some four •… en or sixteen foot over, and so more and •… ore families in proportion.

•… uckqusquatch	I am cold.
•… uckqusquatchimin
•… otouwassiceuck	Let us make a fire.
•… udtuckqun	A piece of wood.
•… udtuckquanash	Lay on wood.
•… namâuta
•… wacómwushesh	Cut some wood.
•… aumashinnaunam •… ûta	Let us make a good fir •… .
•… aacómwushem	I will cut wood.
•… eneshesh	Fetch some small sticks,
•… onck, & •… ónkatack	More.
•… onckataganash •… àus	Fetch some more
•… tashin & newuchá •… hinea,	There is no more.
•… equanántash	A light fire.
•… quanantig	A Candle, or Light.
•… quanantiganash	Candles.
•… kinan	A light fire.
•… âuo?	Who is at home?
•… t Awawanúnno	There is nobody.
•… appo Kosh	Is your father at home?
Túckiu Sáchim	Where is the Sachine?
Ma •… apeu	He is not at home
P •… yáu	He is come.
Weche-peyàu kee mat	Your brother is come with him.
Potawash	Make a fire.
Potauntash	Blowe the fire.
Peeyâuog	They are come
Wame paúshe	All-some.
Tawhitch mat peyá yean	Why came, or, come yo •… not.
Mesh noónshem peeyaun?	I could not come.
Mocenanippeeam	I will come by and by.
Aspeyàu, asquam	He is not come yet.
Yo autant mesh nippeeam	I was here the Suns high.

And then th •… point with the hand to the Sun by who •… highth they keep account of the day and b •… the Moon and Stars by night, as we do b •… clocks and dialls, &c.

Wuskont p •… yauog	They will come.
Te •… qua naúntick ewo	What comes he for?
Yo •… ppitch▪ ewo	Let him sit there.
Unhappo kosh	Is your father at home
Unnaugh	He is there.
Np •… peyup n •… wwot	I have long been here.
•… awhitch p •… yáuyean.	Why do you come?
•… eaguun kunnaúntamun?	What come you for?
•… un ewo?	Who is that?
•… owechiume	He is my servant.
•… cum, naus	Call fetch.
•… titeaùta	Let us go in.
•… oonapummin autashehettit	There is not room for so many.
•… ubapimmin	Roome enough.
•… oonat	Not enough.
•… quam	Not yet.
•… m, námitch	By and by.
•… ce, unu •… kquaquêse	Instantly.
•… ish, kitumm •… y	Just, even now.
•… ckiu, t •… yu	Where.
•… kkekuttokâwmen	Would you speak with him?
•… x	Yea.
•… ttammâun tam	He is busy.
•… top notammâun	Friend, I am busy.
•… am
•… tammâuntam	Are you busy?
•… tammish	I hinder you.
•… ammúmme •… tamme	You trouble me.

Obs. They are as full of business, and as impatient of hindrance (in their kind) as any Merchant in Europe.

Nqussûtam	I am removing.
Notámmehick ewo	He hinders me.
Maumach •… uash	Goods.
Auquiegs	Housholdstuffe.
Tucki •… uash	•… here be they?
Wenawwetu	Rich.
Machêtu	Poor.
Wenawetuōnckon	Wealth.
Kúphash	Shut the door.
Kuphommin	To shut the door.
Yeaush	Shut door after you.

Obs. Commonly they never shut thei •… doors, day nor night; and 'tis rare that an •… hurt is done.

Wunegin	Well, or good.
Machit	Naught, or evil.
Cow •… am?	Do you understand?
Mach •… ug	No, or not.
Wunnaug	A Tray.
Wunnauganash	Trayes.
Kunàm	A Spoone.
Kunnamâuog	Spoones.

Obs. In steed of shelves, they have severa •… baskets, wherein they put all their housholdstuffe: they have some great bags or sacks made of Hempe, which will hold five or six bushels.

Táckunck, or, Weskhunck.

Their pounding Morter.

Obs. Their women constantly beat all their corn with hand: they plant it, dress it, gather it, barn it, beat it, and take as much pains as any people in the world which labor is questionless one cause of their extraordinary ease of childbirth.

Wunnauganemese	A little Tray.
Teaqua cunnatinne	What do you look for?
Natinnehas	Search.
Kekineas	See here.
Machàge cunna miteôuwin?	Do you find nothing.
Wónckatack	Another.
Tunnati	Where.
Ntauhaunanatinnehommin.	I cannot look or search.
Ntauhaunanamiteoûwin	I cannot find.
Wiaseck Eiassunck Mocôtick Punnêtunck Chaúqock.	A Knife.

Obs. Whence they call English-men Cháuquaquock, that is, Knive-men, stone formerly being to them instead of Knives, Awle-blades, Hatchets and Howes.

Namacówhe	Lend me your Knife.
Ców •… aseck
Wonck Commêsim?	Will you give it me again?
Mátta nowáuwone	I knew nothing.
Matta nowáhea
Mat meshnowáhea	I was innocent.
Paútous Pautâuog	Bring hither.
Maúchatous	Carry this.
Niâut •… sh, & W •… awhush.	Take it on your back.

Obs. It is almost incredible what burdens the poor women carry of Corn, of Fish, of Beanes, of Mats, and a child besides

Awâùn	There is somebody.
Kekineas	Go and see.
Squauntâumuck	At the door.
Aw •… un ke •… n?	Who are you?
Ke •… n n •… top	Is it you.
Pauquanam •… innea	Open me the door.

Obs. Most commonly their houses are open, their door is a hanging Mat, which being lift up, falls down of it self; yet many of them get English boards and nails, and make artificial doors and bolts themselves, and others make slighter doors of Burch or Chesnut bark, which they make fast with a cord in the night time, or when they go out of town, and then the last (that makes fast) goes out at the Chimney which is a large opening in the middle of their house, called:

Wunnauchicómock,	A •… himney.
Anúnema	Help me.
Neenkuttannūmous.	I will help you.
Kuttánnummi?	Will you help me?
Shookek •… ease	Behola here.
Nummouekekineam	I come to see.
Tou auteg	Know you where it lies?
Tou núckquaque	How much?
Yo naumwâuteg	Thus full.
Aquie	Leave off, or do not.
Wask •… che	On the top.
Naumatuck	In the bottom.
Aûqunnish	Let go.
Aukeease •… u	Downewards.
Keesuckqiu	Vpwards.
Aumàunsh Ausàuonsh Aumáunamoke.	Take away.
Nanóuwetea	A Nurse, or Keeper.
Naunóuwheant
Nanowwūnemum	I look to, or keep.

Obs. They nurse all their childrem themselves; yet, if she be an high or rich woman, she maintains a Nurse to tend the child.

Wauchaunama	Keep this for me.
Cuttatashi •… nnas	Lay these up for me.

Obs. Many of them begin to be furnished with English Chests; others, when they go forth of town, bring their goods (if they live near) to the English to keep for them, and their money they hang it about their necks, or lay it under their head when they sleep.

Peewâuqun	Have a care.
Nnowauchâunum	I will have a care.
Kuttaskwhe	Stay for me.
Kutta •… a, & Cowauchaunum?	Have you this or that?
Pokesha, & Pokeshawwa.	It is broke.
Mat Coanichegane	Have you no hands?
Tawhitch?	Why ask you?
Nóonshem Paw •… uckquámmin.	I cannot reach.
Aquie Pokesháttous.	Do not break.
Pokesháttouwin.	To break.
Assótu, & Assóko.	A fool.

Obs. They have also amongst them natural fools, either so borne, or accidentally deprived of reason.

Aquie assókish	Be not foolish.
Awanick	Some come.
•… autamwock
•… uchewannauog	They are loden.
•… attapeu & •… . shenawsui	A woman keeping alone in her month •… y sickness.
Moce ntúnnan	I will tell him by and by.
Cowequetúmmous	I pray or entreat you.
Wunniteóuin	To mend anything.
Wunniteous, or,	Mend this,
Wússiteous.	Mend this.
Wúskont nochemuckqun.	I shall be chidden.
Nickúmmat	Easie.
•… uckat	Hard.
•… ummequâwname?	Do you remember me?
Mequaunamiinnea	Remember me.
Puckquatchick	Without doors.
Nissawhócunck ewo	He puts me out of doors.
Kussawhóki?	Do you put me out of doors?
Kussawhocowóog.	Put them forth.
Tawhitch kussawhokiêan?	Why do you put me out?
S •… wwhush,	Go forth.
S •… wheke
Wussauhemútta	Let us go forth.
Matta nickquehick	I want it not.
Machag •… nickquehickom •… a.	I want nothing.

Ob. Many of them naturally Princes, or e •… industrious persons, are rich; and the poo •… amongst them will say, they want nothing •…

Paw •… awash.	Drie or air this.
Pawsunnúmmin.	To dry this or that.
Cuppausummúnnash	Drie these things.
Ap •… summa.	Warme this for me.
Paucótche	Already.
Cutsshitteoùs	Wash this.
Tatágganish	Shake this.
Naponsh	Lay down.
Wuche machùg	About nothing.
Puppucksháckhege	A Box.
Paupaqúonteg	A Key.
Mowáshuck	Iron.
Wâuki.	Crooked.
Saûmpi	Strait.
Aumpani •… mmin	To undo a knot.
Aúmpanish	Vntie this.
Paushinûmmin	To divide into two.
Pepênash	Take your choice.
Nawwuttùnsh	Throw hither.
Pawtáwtees
Negáu •… owash	Send for him.
N •… gauchhúwash	Send this to him.
Nnegâuchemish	He send •… to me.
Noww •… ta	No matter.
Mauo.	To cry and bewail;

•… hich bewailing is very solemn amongst •… em morning and evening and sometimes in the night they bewail their lost husbands, wives, children brethren or sisters &c. Sometimes a quarter, half, yea, a whole year, and longer, if it be for a great Prince.

In this time (unless a dispensation be given) they count it a profane thing either to play (as they much use to do) or to paint themselves, for beauty, but for mourning; or to be angry, and fall out with any, &c.

Machemóqut	It stincks.
Machemóqussu	A vile or slinking person.
Wúnnickshaas	Mingled.
Wúnnickshan	To mi •… gle.
•… esick, & nashóqua.	A Comb.
〈◊〉	To fall down.
Ntetupshem	I fall down.
Tou anúckquaque?	How big?
Wunnáshpishan	To snatch away.
Tawhitch wunnashpisháyean	Why snach you?
Wutrush	Hitherward, & give me.
•… neick. or, áwwusse	Further.
•… eickomásu, & awwassese.	A little further.
Wuttushenaquáish	Look hither.
Yo anaquayean.	Look about.
Mauks maugoke	Give this.
Yo commeish	I will give you this.
Qussucqun-náukon	Heavy, light.
Kuckqússaqun	You are heavy.
Kunnauki	You are light.
Niekattash, singular.	Leave, or depart.
Nickattammoke, plur.
Nickattamútta.	Let us depart.
Yówa.	Thus.
Ntowwaukâumen.	Iuseis.
Awawkāwni.	It is used.
Yo awautees.	Use this.
Yo weque.	Thus far.
Yo meshnowekeshem	I went thus far.
Ayatche, & Conkitchea.	as Often.
Ayatche nippeeam.	I am often here.
Pakêtash.	Fling it away.
Npaketamúnnash.	I will east him away.
Wut •… ámmasim.	Give me Tobaco.
Mat nowewuttámmo	I take none.

Obs. Which some do not but they are ra •… Birds; for generally all the men throughou •… the Country have a Tobacco-bag, with a pip •… in it hanging at their back: sometimes the •… make such great pipes, both of wood and ston •… •… at they are two foot long, with men or •… asts carved so big or mafsie, that a man •… ay be hurt mortally by one of them; but •… ese commonly come from the Mauquáuwogs, 〈◊〉 the Men eaters, three or four hundred •… les from us: They have an exc •… llent Art 〈◊〉 cast our Pewter and Brasse into very neat •… nd artificial Pipes: They take their Wuttam •… uog (tkat is, a weak Tobacco) which the men •… ant themselves, very frequently; yet I ne •… r see any take so excessively, as I have seen •… en in Europe; and yet excess were more •… lerable in them, because they want the re •… eshing of Bear and Wine, which God hath •… uchsafed Europe.

•… uttámmagon.	A Pipe.
•… opuonck.	A Pipe.
•… hicks.	A Cock, or Hen:

A •… ame taken from the English Chicke, because •… ey have no Hens before the English came.

Chicks anawat.	The Cock crows.
Neesquttónckqussu.	Ababler, or prater.
Cunneesquttonckqussimmin.	You prate.

Obs. Which they figuratively transfer •… rom the frequent troublesome clamour of 〈◊〉 Cock.

Nanótateem.	I keep house alone.
Aquie kuttúnnan.	Do not tell
Aquie mooshkisháttous.	Do not disclose.
Teàg yo augwháttick?	What hangs there?
Yo augwhattous.	Hang it there.
Pemisquai	Crooked, or winding.
Penâyi.	Crooked.
N •… ussútam.	I remove house:

Whic •… they do upon these occasions: From thic •… warm valleys. where they winter, they re •… move a little nearer to their Summer fields 〈◊〉 when 'tis warm Spring, then they remove t •… their fields where they plant Corn.

In middle of Summer because of the abun •… dance of Fleas, which the dust of the house breeds. they will fly and remove on a sudde •… from one part of their field to a fresh place 〈◊〉 And sometimes having fi •… lds a mile or two •… or many miles asunder. when the work of •… one field is over, they remove house to the •… other: If death fall in amongst them, they pr •… sently remove to a fresh place: If an enemy approach, they remove into a Thicket, or Swampe. unless they have some Fort to remove unto.

Sometimes they remove to a hunting house in the end of the year, and forsake it not un- Snow lie thick, and then will travel home, •… n, women and children, thorough the snow, •… rtie, yea, fifty or sixty miles; but their •… at remove is from their Summer fields to •… rme and thick woodie bottoms where •… y winter: They are quick; in half a day, 〈◊〉 , sometimes at few hours warning to be •… he and the house up elsewhere. especially, 〈◊〉 they have stakes ready pitched for their •… ats.

I once in travel lodged at a house, at which •… my return I hoped to h •… ve lodged again •… re the nex night, but the house was gone •… that interim, and I was glad to lodge un •… a tree:

The men make the poles or stakes, but the •… men make and set up, take down▪ order, 〈◊〉 carry the Mats and housholdstuffe.

CHAP. VII. Of their Persons and parts of body.

UPpaquóntup.	The head.
Nuppaquóntup.	My head.
Wesheck.	The hair.
Wuchechepúnnock.	A great bunch of hair bound up behind.
Múppacuck.	A long lock.

Obs. Yet some cut their hair round, and some as low and as short as the sober English; yet I never saw any so to forget nature it self in such excessive length and monstrous fashion, as to the shame of the English Nation, I now (with grief) see my Country-men in England are degenerated unto.

Wuttip.

The brain.

Ob. In the brain their opinion is, that the soul (of which we shall speak in the Chapter of Religion) keeps her chief seat and residence:

For the temper of the brain in quick apprehensions and accurate judgments (to say no more) the most high and sovereign God and Creator, hath n •… t made them inferior to Europeans.

The Mauquaûogs, or Men-eaters, that live two or three miles West from us, make a delicious monstrous dish of the head and brains of their enemies; which yet is no bar (when the time shall approach) against God's call, and their repentance and (who knows but) a greater love to the Lord Jesus? great sinners forgiven love much.

Mscattuck.	The fore-head.
Wuskeesuck-quash.	Eye, or eyes.
Tiyùsh kusskeesuckquash?	Can you not see, or where are your eyes?
Wuchaûn.	The nostrils.
Wuttóvwog •… guàsh.	Eare, ears.
Wuttone.	The mouth.
Weenat.	The tongue.
Wepit-teash.	Tooth, teeth.
Pummaumpiteùnck.	The tooth-ache.

Obs. Which is the only pain will force their stout hearts to cry; I cannot hear of any disease of the stone amongst them (the corn of the Country, with which they are fed from the womb, being an admirable cleanser and opener:) but the pain of their women's childbirth (of which I shall speak afterward in the Chapter of Marriage) never forces their women so to cry, as I have heard some of their men in this pain.

In this pain they use a certain root dried, not much unlike our Ginger.

S •… chipuck.	The neck.
Quttuck.	The throat.
Time •… úassin.	To cut off or behead.

which they are most skillful to do in fight: for, when ever they wound, and their arrow sticks in the body of their enemy they (if they be valorous, and possibly may) they follow their arrow, and falling upon the pers •… n wounded and tearing his head a little aside by hi •… Locke, they in the twinkling of an eye fetch off his head though but with a sorry knife.

I know the man yet living, who in time of war, pretended to fall from his own campe to the enemy, proffered his service in the front with them against his own Army from whence he had revolted. He propounded such plausible advantages, that he drew them out to battle himself keeping in the front; but on a sudden, shot their chief Leader and Captain and being shot, in a trice fetched off his head and returned immediately to his own again, from whom in pretence (though with this treacherous ntention) he had revolted: his act was false and treacherous, yet herein appears policy, stoutness and activity, &c.

Mapànnog.	The breast.
Wuppittene enash.	Arm, Arms.
Wuttàh.	The heart.
Wunnêtu nittà.	My heart is good.

Obs. This speech they use when ever they profess their honesty; they naturally confessing that all goodness is first in the heart.

Mishquinash.	The veins.
Mishque, neepuck.	The blood.
Uppusquàn.	The back.
Nuppusquànnick.	My back, or at my back.
Wunnicheke.	Hand.
Wunnickegannash.	Hands.
Mokasfsuck.	Nayles.

Ob. They are much delighted after battle t0 hang up the hands and heads of their enemies: (Riches, long Life, and the Lives of enemies being objects of great delight to all men natural; but Solomon beg'd Wisdom before these.)

Wunnaks,	The belly.
Apome, Apomash.	The thigh, the thighs.
Mohcont, tash.	A leg, legs.
Wussete, tash.	A foot, feet.
Wunnicheganash.	The t •… es.
Tou wutt •… nsin.	What manner of man?
Tou núckquaque.	Of what bigness?
Wom •… esu, Mowêsu, & Suckêsu.	White, Black, or swarfish.

Obs. Hence they call a Blackamore (themselves are tawnie, by the Sun and their annoyntings, yet they are borne white:)

Suckáutacone.

A cole. black man.

For, Sucki is black, and Waûtacone, one that wears clothes, whence English, Dutch, French, Scotch, they call Wautaconâ •… og, or Coatmen.

Cumminakese.	You are strong.
Minikêsu.	Strong.
Minioquêsu.	Weak.
Cumminiocquese.	Weak you are.
Qunnaúqussu.	A tall man.
Qunnauqussitchick.	Tall men.
Tiaquónqussu.	Low and short.
Tiaquonqussichick.	Men of low stature.
Wunnêtu-wock.	Proper and personal.

CHAP. III. Of Discourse and News.

AUnchemokauhettittea.	Let us discourse, or tell news.
Tocketeaunchim?	What news?
Aaunchemókaw.	Tell me your news.
Cutta •… nehemókous.	I will tell you 〈◊〉 .
Mautaunchemokouêan.	When I have 〈◊〉 the n •… wes.
Cummautaunchemókous.	I have done my n •… wes.

Obs. Their desire of, and delight in news, is great as the Atkemans, and all men, more or leste; a stranger that can relate news in their own language, they will st •… le him 〈◊〉 , a God.

Wutaunchēocouôog.	I will tell it them.
Awaun mesh aunchemókau.	Who brought this no •… es?
Awaun mesh kuppittouwaw.	Of whom did you hear it?
Uppanáunchim.	Your news is true.
Cowawwunnáunchim.	He tells false news.
Nummautanùme.	I have spoken enough.
Nsouwu •… sanneme.	I am we •… ry with speaking

Obs. 〈◊〉 manner is upon any tidings to sit round double or treble or more as their numbers be; I have seen ne •… r a thousand in a round, where 〈◊〉 could not well near half so many have si •… ten: Every man hath his pipe of their Tobacco, and a d •… epe silence they make, an •… attention give to him that speaketh; and many of them will deliver themselves either in a relation of news, or in a consultation with very emphatical speech and great action, commonly an hour, and sometimes two hours together.

Npenowauntawâumen.	I cannot speak your language.
Matta nippannawem	I lie not.
Cuppannowem.	You lie.
Mattanickoggachoùsk.
Matntiantacómpaw.	I am no lying fellow.
Matntiantasampáwwa.
Achienon •… umwem.	I speak very true.
Kukkita.	Hearken to me.
Kukkakittoùs.	I hear you.

Obs. They are impatient (as all men and God himself is) when their speech is not attended and listened to.

Cuppittous.	I understand you.
Cowautous.
Machagenowáutam.	I understand not.
Ma •… nowawtawatemina.	We unàestand net each other.
Wunnâumwash.	Speak the truth.
Coanaumwem.	You speak true.

Obs. This word and and the next are words of great flattery which they use each to other, but constantly to their Princes at their speeches, for which, if they be cloquent, they esteem them God's as Heroa among the Jews.

Wunnâumwaw 〈◊〉 .	He speaks true.
Cuppannawautous.	I do not believe you.
Cuppannawâu •… i▪	Do you not believe?
Nippannawautunek ewo.	He doth not believe me.
Micheme nippanna •… utam.	I shall never believe it.

Obs. As one answered me when I had discoursed about many points of God, of the creation. of the soul, of the danger of it, and the saving of it, he assented; but when I spake o •… the rising again of the body, he cried out, I shall never believe this.

Pannóuwa awàun. awaun keesitteóuwin.	Some body hath made this lie.
Tattâ Pitch	I cannot tell, it may so come to pass.
Nni▪ e •… u.	It is true.
Mat enâno, or, mat eano.	It is not true.
Kekuttokâunta.	Let us speak together.
Ku •… tokash.	Speak.
Tawhitch mat cuttôan?	Why speak you not?
Teaqua ntúnnawem, or, nteawem?	What should I speak?
Wetap •… mmin.	To fit down.
Wetapwâuwwas.	Sit and talk with us.
Taupowaw.	A wise speaker.
Enapwáuwwaw, Eississûmo.	He speaks Indian.
Matta nowawwâuon, matta nowáhea.	I know nothing of it.
Pitchnowâuwon,	I shall know the truth.
Wunnaumwâuonck.
Wunnaumwáyean.	If he say true.

Obs. Canounicus, the old high Sachim of the Nariganset Bay (a wise and peaceable Prince) •… nce in a solemn Oration to myself, in a so •… emne assembly, using this word, said, I have never suffered any wrong to be offered to th •… Engl •… sh since they landed; nor never will: 〈◊〉 often repeated this word, 〈◊〉 , Eng▪ lishman; if the Englishman speak true, if h •… mean truly, then shall I go to my grave i •… peace, and hope that the Eng •… sh and my post •… ritie shall live in love and peace tog •… there. 〈◊〉 replied, that he had no cause (as I hoped) t •… question Englishmans, 〈◊〉 that i •… faithfulness he having had long experience o •… their friendlincsse and trust •… nefle. He took •… stick, and broke it into ten pieces▪ and relat •… ten instances (laying down a stick to ever •… instance) which gave him cause thus to fear •… and say; I satisfied him in some presently, a •… presented the rest to the Governors of th •… English, who, I hope, will be far from givin •… just cause to have 〈◊〉 to question thei •… Wunnaumwâuanck, or faithfulness.

Tocketunnántum, Tocketunáname, Tocketeántam?	What do you think?
Ntunnántum,	I think.
Nteántum.
Nánick nteeâtum.	I think so to.
Nteatámmowonck.	That is my thought, o •… opinion.
Matntunnantámmen	I think not so.
Matnteeantámmen.
•… owecóntam,	I am glad.
•… oweeteántam.
•… oanáumatous.	I believe you.

Obs. This word they use just as the Greek •… ngue doth that verb, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 : for believing 〈◊〉 obeying as it is often used in the new Te •… meni, and they say C •… annáumatous, I will •… ey you.

•… o aphettit.	When they are here.
•… o peyáhettit.	When they 〈◊〉 c •… m.

•… his Ablative case absolute they much use, •… nd comp ise much in little;

•… waunagrss, suck.

Eng •… sh-man, men.

•… is they call us, as much as to say, The •… e •… ngers.

•… acone-nûaog.

Englishman, men.

Th •… t is▪ Coat-men, or clothed.

•… uquaqock.	English-men, properly sword-men.
Wautacónisk.	An English woman.
Wautaconemese.	An English youth.
Waske peyáeyan.	When you came first.
Waske peyáhetit, Wautaconâuog.	When English-men came first.
Tawhitch peyahettit	Why come they hither?

Obs. This question they oft put to me: Why •… ome the Englishmen hither? and measuring others by themselves; they say, It is because you want firing: for they, having burnt up the wood in one place, (wanting draughts to bring wood to them) they are fain to follow the wood; and so to remove to a fresh new place for the woods sake.

Matta mihtuckqunnūnno?	Have you no trees?
Mishaunetash, Maunetash.	Great slore.
Maunâuog, Wussaumemaunâuog	They are too full of people.
Noonapúock.	They have not room one by another.
Aumáumuwaw Páudsha.	A messenger comes.
Wawwhawtowâuog.	They hollow.
Wauwhaûtowaw ánawat.	'It is an Alarm.

Obs. If it be in time of war, he that is a Messenger runs swiftly, and at every town the Messenger comes, a fresh Messenger is sent: he that is the last, coming within a mile or two of the Court, or chief house, he hollowes often and they that hear answer him. until by mutual hollowing and answering he is brought to the place of audience whereby this means is gathered a great confluence of people to entertain the news.

Wussuckwheke, Wussúckwhonck.

A letter which they so call from

•… hommin, to paint; for, having no letters, •… heir painting comes the nearest.

Wussúckquash.	Write a Letter.
Wussuckwheke, yimmi.	Make me a Letter.

Obs. That they have often desired of me •… pon many occasions; for their good and •… eace, and the English also, as it hath pleased •… od to vouchsafe opportunity.

•… uenowâuog.	They complain.
Tawhitch quenawáyean?	Why complain you?
Mucco.	It is true you say.
Tuckawnteawem?	What should I say to it?

CHAP. IX. Of the time of the day.

Obs. THey are punctual in measuring the •… Day by the Sun, and their Night by the Moon and the Stars, and their lying much abroad in the air; and so living in the open fields, occasioneth even the youngest among •… them to be very observant of those Heavenly Lights.

Mautáubon, Chicháuquat wompan.	It is day.
Aumpatâuban.	It is broad day.
Tou wuttúttan?	How high is the Sun 〈◊〉 that is, What isit 〈◊〉 clock 〈◊〉
Paspisha.	It is Sun-rise.
Nummáttaquaw.	Fore-noon.
Yáhen Páushaquaw.	Allmost noon.
Páweshaquaw.	Noone.
Quttúkquaquaw Panicómpaw.	After dinner.
•… awwâuwquaw.	After-noon.
•… o wu •… tuttan	The Sun thus high.
•… ahen waiyàuw.	Allmost Sun-set.
•… ayaawi.	The Sun is set.
•… unnauquit:	Evening.
•… oppakunnetch, auchaugotch.	Darke night.
Tuppaco, & •… ematippocat.	Toward night.
•… anashowatippocat.	Midnight.
•… houóeatch.	About Cockcrowing.
•… tompanisha	Break of day.
•… o tàunt nippeean.	The Sun thus high, I will come.

Obs. They are punctual in their promises 〈◊〉 keeping time; and sometimes have charged •… ee with a lie for not punctually keeping •… ime, though hindered.

Yo tàunt cuppee •… yâumen	Come by the Sun thus high.
•… amakeesuck.	This day.
•… ùop.	Tomorrow.
•… uisâume tátsha.	It is too late.
•… iaquockaskeesakat.	A short day.
Quawquonikeesakat.	A long day.
Quawquonikeesaqútcheas.	Long days.
Nquittakeesiquóckat, Nquittakeespúmmishen.	One days walk.
Paukúnnum.	Darke.
Wequâi.	Light.
Wequáshim.	Moon-light.

CHAP. X. Of the season of the Yeere.

NQuittaqúnnegat.	One day.
Neesqúnnagat.	2 days.
Shuckqunóckat.	3 days.
Yowunnóckat, &c.	4 days.
Piuckaqúnnagat.	10 days.
Piuckaqunnagat nabnaquit.	11 days.
Piuckaqúnnagat nab neeze, &c.	12 days.
Neesneechektashuck qunnóckat.	20 days.
Neesneechektashuck qunnockat-nabnaquit &c.	21 days.
Sequan.	The Spring.
Aukeeteamitch.	Spring, or Seed-time.
Neepun, & Quaqusquan.	Summer.
Taquonck.	Fall of leaf and Antumne.
Papone.	Winter.
Salequacup.	This Spring last.
Yo neepunnacup.	This Summer last.
Yo taquonticup.	This Harvest last.
Papapôcup.	Winter last.
Yaûnedg.	The last year.
Nippaûus.	The Sun.
Munnánnock.
Nanepaûshat.	The Moon.
Nqnitpawsuckenpaûus.	1 Moneth.
Neespausuck npaûus.	2 Moneths.
Shwe pausuck npaûus &c.	3 Moneths.
Neesneáhettit	2 Moneths.
Shwinneáhettit.	3 Moneths.
Yowinneáhettit, &c.	4 Moneths.

Obs. They have thirteen Moneths accordi •… to the several Moo •… es; and they give to ea •… of them significant names: as,

Sequanakeeswush.	Spring month.
Neepunnakeeswush.	Summer month.
Taquontikeeswush.	Harvest month.
Paponakeeswush &c.	Winter month, &c.
Nquittecautúmmo.	1 Yeere.
Tashecautúmmo?	How many years?
Chashecautúmmo cuttappemus?	How many years si •… you were borne?
Neesecautummo.	2 Yeere.
•… hwecautúmmo.	3 Yeere.
Yowecautúmmo.	4 Yeere.
Piukquecautúmmo.	10 Yeere.
Piuckquecautúmmo, nabnaquit, &c.	11 Yeere, &c.

Obs. If the year prove dry, they have great and solemn meetings from all parts at one high place, to supplicate their gods, and to beg •… aine, and they will continue in this worship ten days, a fortnight; yea, three weeks, until rain come.

•… ashinash papónash?	How many winters?
•… hauqushapapone.	A sharp winter.
•… eesqush keesuckquâi.	By day.
•… aukocks nokannawi.	By night.

CHAP. XI. Of Travel.

Mayi.	Away.
Mayuo?	Is there away?
Mat mayanúnno.	There is no way.
Peemáyagat.	A little way.
Mishimmayagat.	A great path.
Machipscat.	A stonepath.

Obs. It is admirable to see, what paths their naked hardened feet have made in the wilderness in most stony and rocky places.

Nnatotemúckaun.	I will ask the way.
Kunnatótemous.	I will inquire of you.
Kunnatotemi?	Do you ask me?
Tou nishin meyi?	Where lies the way?
Kokotemiinnea meyi	Shew me the way.
Yo ainshick meyi.	There the way lies.
Kukkakótemous.	I will show you.
Yo cummittamáyon.	There is the way you must go.
Yo chippachâusin.	There the way divides.
Maúchatea.	A guide.
Máuchase.	Be my guide.

Obs. The wilderness being so vast, it is a mercy, that for a hire a man shall never want guides, who will carry provisions, and such as hire them over the Rivers and Brookes, and find out often times hunting-houses, or other lodgings at night.

Anoce wenawash.	Hire him.
Kuttánnoonsh.	I will hire you.
Kuttaúnckquittaunch.	I will pay you.
Kummuchickónckquatous.	I will pay you well.
Tocketaonekquittiinnea.	What will you give me?
Cummáuchanish.	I will conduct you.
Yo aûnta,	Let us go that way.
Yo cuttâunan.	Go that way.
Yo mtúnnock.	The right hand.
Yo nmúnnatch.	The left hand.
Cowechaush.	I will go with you.
Wetash.	Go along.
Cowechaw ewo.	He will go with you.
Cowechauatimmin.	I will go with you.
Wechauatittea.	Let us accompany.
Taûbot wetayean.	I thank you for you company.

Obs. I have heard of many English lost, and have oft been lost myself, and myself and others have often been found, and succoured by the Indians.

Pitchcowáwwon.	You will lose your way.
Meshnowáwwon.	I lost my way.
Nummauchemin, Ntanniteimmin.	I will be going.
Mammauchêtuck.	Let us be going.
ânakiteunck.	He is gone.
Memauchêwi anittui.
Memauchegushannick.	They are gone.
Anakug •… shánnick.	They are gone.
Tunnockuttome
Tunnockkuttoyeâim	Whither go you?
Tunnockkuttinshem.
Nnegónshem.	I will go before.
Cuppompáish.	I will stay for you.
Negónshesh.	Go before.
Mittummayaûcup.	The way you went before▪
Cummattanish.	I will follew you.
Cuppahimmin.	Stay for me.
Tawhich quaunqua quêan?	Why do you run so?
Nowecóntum púmmishem.	I have a mi •… d to travel
Konkenuphshâuta.	Let us go apace.
Konkenuppe.	Go apace.
Micheme nquaunquaquêmin.	I have run always.
Yo ntoyamâushem.	I go this pace.

Obs. They are generally quick on foot, •… rought up from the breasts to running: their •… gs being also from the womb stretched and •… ound up in a strange way on their Cradle •… ackward, as also anointed; yet have they •… ome that excel: so that I have known many •… f them run between fourescoure or an hun •… red miles in a Summers day, and back with •… n two days: they do also practice running •… f Races; and commonly in the Summer, •… hey delight to go without shoes, although •… hey have them hanging at their backs: they •… re so exquisitely skilled in all the body and •… owels of the Country (by reason of their •… untings) that I have often been guided twen •… ie, thirty, sometimes forty miles through •… e woods, a straight course. out of any path.

Yo wuchê.	From hence.
Tounúckquaque yo wuchê	How far from hence?
Yo anúckquaque.	So far.
Yo anuckquaquêse.	So little a way.
Waunaquêse.	A little way.
Aukeewushaûog.	They go by land.
Mishoon hómwock.	They go or come by water.
Naynayoûmewot.	A Horse.
Wunnia, naynayoûmewot.	He rides on Horse-back.

Obs. Having no Horses, they covet them above other Cattle, rather preferring ease in riding, then their profit and belly, by milk and butter from Cowes and Goats, and they are loath to come to the English price for any.

Aspummewi	He is not gone by.
As pummewock	They are not gone by.
Awanick payanchick	Who come there?
Awanick negonsháchick?	Who are these before us?
Yo cuppummesicóm min.	Cross over into the way there.
Cuppi-machàug.	Thick wood: a Swamp

Obs. These thick Woods and Swamps (like the Boggs to the Irish) are the Refuges for Women and children in War, whilst the men fight. As the Country is wondrous full of Brookes and Rivers, so doth it also abound with fresh ponds, some of many miles compass.

Nips-nipsash	Pond: Ponds.
Weta: wetedg	The Woods on fire.
Wussaumpatámmin	To view or look about.
Wussaum patámoonck.	A Prospect.
Wuttocekemin	To wade.
Toceketuck	Let us wade.
Tou wuttáuqussin?	How deep?
Yo ntaúqussin	Thus deep.
Ku •… niish.	I will carry you.
Kuckqússuckqun	You are heavy.
Kunnäukon	You are light.
Pasuckquish	Rise.
Anakish: maúchish:	Go.
Quaquish	Run.
Nokus káuatees	Meet him.
Nockuskauatitea	Let us meet.
Neenmeshnóckuskaw.	I did meet.

Obs. They are joyful in meeting of any in travel, and will strike fire either with stones or sticks, to take Tobacco, and discourse a little together.

Mesh Kunnockqus kauatimmin?	Did you meet? &c.
Yo Kuttauntapimmin.	Let us rest here.
Kustackquêtuck.	Let us sit down.
Yo appituck	Let us sit here.
Nistowanis
Nistowanishkaû men.	I am weary.
Nickqússaqus	I am lame.
Ntouagonnausinnúm min	We are distrest
	undone, or in misery.

Obs. They use this word properly in wandering toward Winter night, in which case I have been many a night with them, and many times also alone, yet always mercifully preserved.

Teâno wonck nippee am	I will be here by and by again.
Mat Kunnickansh	I will not leave you.
Aquie Kunnickatshash.	Do not leave me.
Tawhitch nickat shiêan?	Why do you forsake me?
Wuttánho	A staff.
Yo •… sh Wuttánho	Use this staff.

Obs. Sometimes a man shall meet a lame man or an old man with a Staff: but generally a Staff is a rare sight in the hand of the eldest, their Constitution is so strong, I have upon occasion travelled many a score, yea many a hundredth mile amongst them, without need of stick or staff for any appearance of danger amongst them: Yet it is a rule amongst them, that it is not g •… od for a man to travel without a Weapon nor alone.

Taquáttin	Frost.
Auke taquátsha	The ground is frozen.
Seip taquattin.	The River is frozen.
Now ánnesin	I have forgotten.
nippitt akúnna mun.	I must go back.

Obs. I once travalled with near 200 who had word of near 700. Enemies in the way, yet generally they all resolved that it was a shame to fear and go back.

Nippanishkokómmin Npussago. kommin	I have let fall something.
Mattaâsu	A little way
Naûwot.	A great way.
Náwwatick	Far of at Sea.
Ntaquatchuwaûmen	I go up hill.
Taguatchowash	Go up hill.
Waumsu	Down hill.
Mauúnshesh	Go slowly or gently.
Mauanisháuta	Let us go gently.
Tawhitch cheche qunnuwáyean?	Why do you rob me?
Aquie chechequnnúwash.	Do not rob me.
Chechequnnuwáchick.	Robbers.
Chechequnnittin	There is a Robbery committed.
Kemineantúock	They murder each other.

Obs. If any Robbery fall out in Travel, between Person of diverse States, the offended State sends for Justice, If no Justice be granted and recompense made, they grant out a kind of Letter of Mart to take satisfaction themselves, yet they are careful not to exceed in taking from others, beyond the Proportion of their own loss.

Wúskont àwaùn nkemineiucqun.

I fear some will murder me.

Obs. I could never hear that Murthers or Robberies are comparably so frequent, as in parts of Europe amongst the English, French, &c.

Cutchachewussim min.	You are almost there.
Kiskecuppeeyāumen.	You are a little short.
Cuppeeyāumen	Now you are there.
Muckquetu	Swift.
Cummúmmuckquete.	You are swift.
Cussásaqus	You are slow.
Sassaqushâuog	They are slow.
Cuttinneapúmmishem	Will you pass by?
Wuttineapummushâuta.	Let us pass by.
Keeatshaûta.	I come for no business.
Ntinneapreyaûmen	In vain or to no purpose.
Acoûwe
Ntackówwepeyaùn.	I have lost my labor.
Cummautússakou.	You have mist him.
Kihtummâyi-wussáuhumwi.	He went just now forth.
Pittúckish.	Go back.
Pittucketuck.	Let us go back.
Pónewhush.	Lay down your burtlen.

CHAP. XII. Concerning the Heavens and Heavenly Lights,

Keesuck.	The Heavens.
Keesucquiu.	Heavenward.
Auke, Aukeeaseiu.	Downwards.
Nippâwus.	The Sun.
Keesuckquànd.	A name of the Sun.

(Obs.) By which they acknowledge the Sun, and adore for a God or divine power.

Munnánnock.	A name of the Sun.
Nanepaùshat, & Munnánnock.	The Moon.
Wequáshim.	A light Moon.
Pashpishea.	The Moon is up.
Yowuttúttan.	So high.

Obs. And so they use the same rule, and words for the course of the Moon in the Night, as they use for the course of the Sun by Day, which we mentioned in the Chapter of the •… our, or time of the Day concerning the Suns rising, course, or Sun setting.

Yo Ockquitteunk.	A new Moon.
Paushesui.	Halfe Moon.
Yo wompanámmit.

Obs. The Moon so old, which they measure by the setting of it, especially when it shines till Wómpan, or day.

Anóckqus: anócksuck.

A Star Stars.

Obs. By occasion of their frequent lying in the Fields and Woods, they much observe the Stars, and theirvery children can give Names to many of them, and observe their Motions, and they have the same words for their rising-courses and setting, as for the Sun or Moon, as before.

Mosk or Paukúnawaw the great Bear, or Charles Waine, which words Mosk or Paukúnnawwaw signifies a Bear, which is so much the more observable, because, in most Languages that sign or Constellation is called the Bear.

Shwishcuttowwáuog	The Golden Metewand.
Mishánnock.	The morning Star.
Chippápuock.	The Brood-hen, &c.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Weather.

TOcke tussinnámmin keesuck?	What think you of the Weather?
Wekineaûquat.	Faire Weather.
Wekinnàuquocks.	When it is fair weather.
Tahki, or tátakki.	Cold weather.
Tahkees.	Cold,

Obs. It may be wondered why since New-England is about 12. degrees nearer to the Sun yet some part of Winter it is there ordinarily more cold then here in England: the reason is plain: All Islands are warmer then main Lands and Continents, England being an Island, England's winds are Sea winds, which are commonly more thick and vapoury, and warmer winds: The Nor-West wind (which occcasioneth New-England cold) comes over the cold frozen Land, and over many millions of Loads of Snow: and yet the pure wholsomnesse of the Air is wonderful, and the warmth of the Sun, such in the sharp▪ est weather, that I have often seen the Natives Children run about stark naked in the coldest days, and the Indians Men and Women lie by a Fire, in the Woods in the •… oldest nights, and I have been often out my •… else such nights without fire, mercifully, and •… onderfully preserved.

Taúkocks.	Cold weather.
Káusitteks.	Hot weather.
Kussúttah.	It is h •… t.
•… úckqusquatch nnóonakom.	I am a cold.
•… ickqussittâunum.	I Sweat.
•… attauqus.	A cloud.
•… áttaquat.	It is over-cast.
•… úppaquat.
•… kenun.	Rain.
•… ánaquat.
•… namakeesuck •… sókenun.	It will rain today.
•… kenitch.	When it rains.
•… chepo, or Cône.	Snow.
•… nimanâukock-Sóchepo.	It will snow to night.
•… chepwutch.	When it snowes.
•… ishúnnan.	A great rain.
•… uqui, pâuquaquat.	It holds up.
•… áppi.	Drie.
•… áppaquat.	Drie weather.
•… pu.	Afrost.
Missittopu.	A great Frost.
Capat.	Ice.
Neechipog.	The Dew.
Michokat.	A Thaw.
Michokateh.	When it thawes.
Missuppâugatch.	When the rivers are op •…
Cutshâusha.	The Lightning.
Neimpâuog.	Thunder.
Neimpâuog pesk hómwock.	Thunderbolts are shot.

Obs. From this the Natives conceiving 〈◊〉 consimilitude between our Guns and Thunder, they call a Gunne Peskunck, and to discharge Peskhommin that is to thunder.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Winds.

WAûpi.	The Wind.
Wâupanash.	The Winds.
Tashinash waupanash	How many winds are there?

Obs. Some of them account of seven, some •… ight, or nine; and in truth, they do upon •… he matter reckon and observe not only the •… our, but the eight Cardinal winds, although •… hey come not to the accurate division of •… he 32. upon the 32. points of the compass, as we do.

Nanúmmatin, & Sunnâdin.	The North wind.
Chepewessin.	The North east.
Sáchimoachepewessin.	Strong North east wind.
Nopâtin.	The East wind.
Nanóckquittin	The South east wind.
Touwuttin	South wind.
Papônetin	West wind.
Chekesu	The Northwest.
Chekesitch	When the wind blow •… Northwest.
Tocketunnántum?	What think you?
Tou pitch wuttin?	Where will the wind be?
Nqenouhick wuttin	I stay for a wind.
Yo pitch wuttin Sâuop	Here the wind will be 〈◊〉 morrow.
Pitch Sowwánishen.	It will be Southwest.

Obs. This is the pleasingest, warmest wind in the Climate, most desired of the Indians, making fair weather ordinarily; and therefore they have a Tradition, that to the Southwest, which they call Sowwaniu, the gods chiefly dwell; and hither the souls of all their Great and Good men and women go.

This Southwest wind is called by the New-English, the Sea turn, which comes from the Sun in the morning, about nine or ten of the clock Southeast, and about South, and then strongest Southwest in the after-noon, and towards night, when it dies away.

It is rightly called the Sea turn, because the wind commonly all the Summer, comes off from the North and Northwest in the •… ight, and then turns again about from the South in the day: as Solomon speaks of the va •… itie of the Winds in their changes, Eccles. 1. 6.

Mishâupan	A great wind.
Mishitáshin	A storm.
Wunnágehan. or, Wunnêgin waúpi.	Faire wind.
Wunnêgitch wuttin	When the wind is fair.
Mattágehan	A cross wind.
Wunnagehatch	When the wind comes fair
Mattágehatch	When the wind is cross.
Cowunnagehúckamen.	You have a fair wind.
Cummattagehúckamen.	The wind is against you.
Nummattagehúckamen.	The wind is against me.

CHAP. XV. Of Fowl.

NPeshawog Pussekesësuck.	Fowl.
Ntauchâumen.	I go afowling or hunting.
Auchaûi.	He is gone to hunt or fowl.
Pepemôi.	He is gone to fowl.
Wómpissacuk.	An Eagle.
Wompsacuck quâuog.	Eagle.▪
Neyhom, mâuog.	Turkies.
Paupock, sûog.	Partridges.
Aunckuck, quâuog.	Heath-cocks.
Chogan, ēuck.	Black-bird, Black-birds.

Obs. Of this sort there be millions, which are great devourers of the Indian corn as soon as it appears out of the ground; Unto this sort of Birds, especially, may the mystical Fowls, the Devils be well resembled (and so it pleaseth the Lord Jesus himself to observe, Matth. 13. which mystical Fowl follow the sowing of the Word, and pick it up from loose and careless hearers, as these Black-birds follow the material seed.

Against the Birds the Indians are very careful, both to set their corn deep enough that it may have a strong root, not so apt to be plucked up, (yet not too deep, lest they bury it, and it never come up:) as also they put up little watch-houses in the middle of their fields, in which they, or their biggest children lodge, and early in the morning prevent the Birds▪ &c.

Kokókehom, Ohómous.	An Owl.
Kaukont▪ tuock.	Crow, Crowes.

Obs. These Birds, although they do the corn also some hurt, yet scarce will one Native amongst an hundred will kill them, because they have a tradition, that the Crow brought them at first an Indian Graine of Corn in one Eare, and an Indian or French Beane in another, from the Great God Kaután •… uwits field in the Southwest from whence they hold came all their Corn and Beanes.

Honck,-hónckock, Wómpatuck-quâuog.	Goose, Geese.
Wequash-shâuog.	Swans, Swans.
Munnùcks-munnùck suck.	Brants, or Brantgeese.
Quequēcum-mâuog.	Ducks.

Obs. The Indians having abundance of these sorts of Foule upon their waters, take great pains to kill any of them with their Bow and Arrows; and are marvelous desirous of our English Guns, powder and shot (though they are wisely and generally denied by the English) yet with those which they get from the French, and some others (Dutch and English) they kill abundance of Fowl, being naturally excellent marks-men; and also more hardened to endure the weather, and wading, lying, and creeping on the ground, &c.

I once saw an exercise of training of the English, when all the English had mist the mark set up to shoot at, an Indian with his own Peece (desiring leave to shoot) only hit it.

Kitsuog.

Cormorants.

Obs. These they take in the night time, where they are asleep on rocks, off at Sea, and bring in at break of day great store of them:

Yo aquechinock.	There they swim.
Nipponamouôog	I lay nets for them.

Ob. This they do on shore, and catch many fowl upon the plains, and feeding under Okes upon Akrons, as Geese, Turkies, Cranes, and others, &c.

Ptowēi.	It is fled.
Ptowewushannick	They are fled:
Wunnup,-pash	Wing, Wings:
Wunnúppanick anawhone	Wing-shot:
Wuhóckgock ânwhone	Body-shot:
Wuskówhàn	A Pigeon:
Wuskowhānannûaog	Pigeons:
Wuskowhannanaûkit	Pigeon Country:

Obs. In that place these Fowl breed abundantly, and by reason of their delicate Food (especially in Strawberrie time when they pick up whole large Fields of the old grounds of the Natives, they are a delicate fowl, and because of their abundance, and the facility of killing of them, they are and may be plentifully fed on.

Sachim: a little Bird about the bigness of a swallow, or less, to which the Indians give that name, because of its Sachim or Princelike courage and Command over greater Birds, that a man shall often see this small Bird pursue and vanquish and put to flight the Crow, and other Birds far bigger then it self.

Sowwánakitauwaw

They go to the South ward.

That is the saying of the Natives, when the Geese and other Fowl at the approach of Winter betake themselves, in admirable Order and discerning their Course even all the night long.

Chepewâukitaûog

They fly Northward.

That is when they return in the Spring. There are abundance of singing Birds whose names I have little as yet inquired after, &c.

The Indians of Martins vineyard, at my late being amongst them, report generally, and confidently of some Islands, which lie off from them to Sea, from whence every morning early, certain Fowls come and light amongst them, and return at Night to lodging, which Island or Islands are not yet discovered, though probably, by other Reasons they give, there is Land, &c.

Taûnek-kaûog.	Crane, Cranes?
Wushówunan.	The Hawk.

Whch the Indians keep tame about their houses to keep the little Birds from their Corn.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Earth, and the Fruits thereof, &c.

Aûke, & Sanaukamuck.	Earth or Land.
Nittauke Nissa wnâwkamuck.	My Land.
Wuskaukamuck.	New ground.
Aquegunnitteash.	Fields worn out.
Mihtúck-quash.	Trees.
Pauchautaqunnêsash.	Branch, Branches.
Wunnepog-guash.	Leafe, leaves.
Wattap.	A root of Tree,
Seip.	A River.
Toyùsk.	A bridge.
Sepoêse.	A little River.
Sepoêmese.	A little Rivelet.
Takêkum.	A Spring.
Takekummûo?	Is there a Spring.
Sepûo?	Is there a River?
Toyusquanûo.	Is there a Bridge.

Obs. The Natives are very exact and punctual in the bounds of their Lands, belonging to this or that Prince or People, (even to a River, Brooke) &c. And I have known them make bargain and sale amongst themselves for a small piece, or quantity of Ground: notwithstanding a sinful opinion amongst many that Christians have right to Heathens Lands: but of the delusion of that phrase, I have spoke in a discourse concerning the Indians Conversion.

Paugautemisk.	An Oak.
Wómpimish.	A Chesnut Tree.
Wómpimineash.	Chesnutts.

Obs. The Indians have an Art of drying their Chesnuts, and so to preserve them in their barns for a dainty all the year.

Anáuchemineash.

Akornes.

These Akornes also they dry, and in case of want of Corn, by much boiling they make a good dish of them: yea sometimes in plenty of Corn do they eat these Acorns for a Novelty.

Wússoquat.	A Wallnut Tree.
Wusswaquatómineug.	Wallnut.

Of these Wallnuts they make an excellent Oil good for many uses, but especially for their anointing of their heads. And of the chips of the Walnut-Tree (the bark taken off) some English in the Country make excellent Beer both for Taste, strength, color, and in offensive opening operation:

Sasaunckapâmuck.	The Sassafrasse Tree.
Mishquáwtuck.	The Cedar tree.
Cówaw-esuck.	Pine-young Pine.
Wenomesippaguash.	The Vine-Tree.
Micúckaskeete.	A Medow.
Tataggoskituash.	A fresh Medow.
Maskituash.	Grass or Hay.
Wekinash-quash.	Reed, Reedes.
Manisimmin.	To cut or mow.
Qussuckomineânug.	The Cherry Tree.
Wuttáhimneash.	Strawberries.

Obs. This Berry is the wonder of all the Fruits growing naturally in those parts: It is of it self Excellent: •… o that one of the chiefest Doctors of England was wont to say, that God could have made, but God never did make a better Berry: In some parts where the Natives have planted, I have many times seen as many as would filla good ship within few miles compass: the Indians bruise them in a Morter, and mixe them with meal and make Strawberry bread.

Wuchipoquámeneash.

A kind of sharp Fruit like a Barbary in taste.

Sasemineash another sharp cooling Fruit growing in fresh Waters all the Winter, Excellent in conserve against Fevers.

Wenomeneash.	Grapes.
Wuttahimnasippaguash.	Strawberry leaves.
Peshaûiuash.	Violet leaves.
Nummoúwinneem.	I go to gather.
Mowinne-aûog.	He or they gather.
Atauntowash.	Clime the Tree.
Ntáuntawem.	I clime.
Punnoûwash.	Come down.
Npunnowaumen.	I come down.
Attitaash.	Hur •… le-berries.

Of which there are divers sorts sweet like Currants, some opening, some of a binding nature.

Saūtaash are these Currants dried by the Natives, and so preserved all the year, whi •… h they beat to powder, and mingle it with their parched meal, and make a delicate dish which they cal Sautáuthig; which is as sweet to them as plum or spice cake to the English.

They also make great use of their Strawberries having such abundance of them, making Strawberry bread, and having no other Food for many days, but the English have exceeded, and make good Wine both of their Grapes and Strawberries also in some places as I have often tasted.

Ewáchim-neash.	Corn.
Scannemeneash.	Seed-Corn.
Wompiscannemeneash.	White seed-corn.

Obs. There be diverse sorts of this Corn and of the Colours: yet all of it either boil •… in milk, or buttered, if the use of it wer •… known and received in England (it is the opinion of some skillful in physic) it migh •… save many thousand lives in England, occasioned by the binding nature of English wheat the Indian Corn keeping the body in a constant moderate looseness.

Aukeeteaûmen.	To plant Corn.
Outtáunemun.	To plant Corn.
Anakáusu.	A Labourer.
Anakáusichick.	Laborers.
Aukeeteaûmitch.	Planting time.
Aukeeteáhettit.	When they set Corn.
Nummautaukeeteaûmen.	I have done planting.
Anaskhómmin.	To how or break up.

Obs. The Women set or plant, weed, and hill, and gather and barn all the corn, and Fruits of the field: Yet sometimes 〈◊〉 •… an himself, (either out of love to h •… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 care for his Children, or being an 〈◊〉 •… an) will help the Woman which (by the •… ustome of the Country) they are n •… •… ound to.

When a field is to be broken up▪ they 〈◊〉 •… very loving sociable speedy way to disp •… 〈◊〉 : All the neighbors men and Women 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , fifty, a hundred &c, join, and come in to •… elp freely.

With friendly joining they break up th •… ir •… elds, build their Forts, hunt the 〈◊〉 , •… op and kill fish in th •… Rivers, it being true •… ith them as in all the World in the Affaires 〈◊〉 Earth or Heaven: By concord little •… hings grow great, by discord the greatest •… ome to nothing Concordiâ parvae res crescunt, •… iscordiâ magnae dilabuntur.

•… naskhig-anash.	How, Howes.
•… naskhómwock.	They how.
•… naskhommonteâ •… min.	They break for me.
•… naskhomwáutow •… win.	A breaking up How.

The Indian Women to this day (notwith •… anding our Howes, do use their natural •… owes of shells and Wood.

Monaskúnnemun.	To weed.
Monaskunnummaùtowwin.	A weeding or broad How.
Petascunnemun,	To hill the Corn.
Kepenú •… min & Wu •… tunnemun.	To gather Corn.
Núnnowwa.	Harvest time.
Anoùant.	At harvest.
Wuttúnnemitch-Ewáchim.	When harvest is in.
Paufinnummin.	To dry the corn.

Which they do carefully upon heaps and Mats many days, before they barn it upcovering it up with Ma •… at night, and opening when the Sun is hot.

Sokenug.

A heap of corn.

Obs. The woman of the family will commonly raise two or three heaps of twelve fifteen, or twenty bushels a heap, which they dry inround broad heaps; and if she hav •… help of her children or friends much more •…

Pockhómmin.	To beat or thrash out.
Npockhómmin.	I am threshing.
Cuppockhómmin?	Do you thrash?
Wuskokkamuckómeneash.	New ground Corn.
Nquitawánnanash.	One basket fulll.
Munnote,-tash.	Basket, Baskets.
Máûseck.	A great one
Peewâsick.	A little one.
Wus •… aumepewâsick.	Too little.
Pokowánnanash	Halfe a basket full.
Necsow •… manash.	Two baskets full.
Shóanash.	Three.
Yowanannash.	Four, &c.
Ani •… ash.	Rotton corn.
Waweekanash.	Sweet corn.
Tawhitch quitche máuntamen?	Why do you smell to it?
Auqúnnash.	Barns.
Necawnaúquanash.	Old barns.

Askútasquash, their Vine aples, which the English from them call Squashe •… about the bigness of Apples of several colors, a sweet, light wholesome refreshing.

Uppakumineash.

The seed of them.

CHAP. XVII. Of Beasts, &c.

•… nashimwock.	Beasts.
•… tasuog.	Catt •… ll.

This name the Indians give to tame 〈◊〉 yea, and Birds also which they keep 〈◊〉 •… bout their houses:

Muckquashim-wock.	Wolves.
Moattôqus.	A black Wolf.
Tummock quaûog Nóosup Súmhup. paûog.	Beaver,-Beavers.

Obs. This is a Beast of wonder; for cutting and drawing of great pieces of trees with his teeth, with which, and sticks and earth I have often seen, fair streams and rivers damm'd and stopped up by them: upon these streams thus damm'd up, he builds his house with stories, wherein he sits dry in his chambers, or goes into the water at his pleasure.

Mishquashim.	A red Fox.
P •… quawus.	A gray Fox.

Obs. The Indians say they have black Foxes; which they have often seen, but never could take any of them: they say they are Manittóoes, that is, God's Spirits or Divine powers, as they say of everything which they cannot comprehend.

Aûsup-pannog.	Racoone, Racoones
Nkeke, nkequock.	Otter, Otters.
Pussoûgh.	The wildcat.

Ockqutchaun-n •… g. A wild beast of a reddish hair about the bigness of a Pig, and rooting like a Pig; from whence they give this name to all our Swine.

Mishánneke-quock.	Squirrill, quirrils.
Anequs anequussuck.	A little coloured Squirril •…
Waûtuckques.	The Conie.

Obs. They have a reverend esteem of this Creature, and conceive there is some Deity in it.

Attuck, quock	Deere.
Noonatch noónatchaug.
Moosqu •… n.	A Fawn.
Wawwunnes.	A young Buck.
Kutt omp & Paucotta •… waw.	A great Buck.
Aunan quuneke.	A D •… .
Q •… nneq •… wese.	A little young D •… .
Naynayoûmewot.	A Horse.
Cowsnuck.	Cowes.
〈◊〉 .	Goats.
Hegsuck.	Swine.
Pigsuck.

Obs. This Termination suck, is common in their language; and therefore they add it to our English Cattle, not else knowing what names to give them;

Anùm.

A D •… g.

Y •… t the variety of their Dialects •… nd proper speech within thirty or fort •… 〈◊〉 each of other, is very great, as appears in that word,

Anùm,	The Cowwese •… Dialect.
Ayim,	The Narriganset Dialect.
Arúm.	The Qunnippinck Dialect.
Alùm.	The Neepmuck Dialect.

So that although some pronounce not L, nor R. yet it is the most proper Dialect of other places, contrary to many reports.

Enewashim.	A Male.
Squáshim.	A Female.
Moos-sóog.	The great Ox, or rather a red Deere.
Askùg.	A Snake.
Móaskug.	Black Snake.
Sesek.	Ratile Snake.
Natúppw •… ck.	•… hey feed.
Teaqua natuphettit?	Wha •… shall they eat?
Natuphettitch yo san •… ukamick.	Let them feed on this ground.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Sea.

WEchêkum Kitthan.	The Sea.
Paumpágussit.	The Sea-God,

or, that name which they give that Deity or Godhead which they conceive to be in the Sea.

Obs. Mishoon an Indian Boat, or Canow made of a Pine or Oak, or Chesnut-tree: I have seen a Native go into the woods with his hatchet carrying only a Basket of Corn with him, & stones to strike fire when he had feld his tree (being a chesnut) he made him a little House or shed of the bark of it, he puts fire and follows the burning of it with fire, in the midst in many places: his corn he boils and hath the Brook by him, and sometimes angles for a little fish: but so he continues burning and hewing until he hath within ten or twelve days (lying there at his work alone) finished, and (getting hands,) launched his Boat; with which afterward he ventures out to fish in the Ocean.

Mishoonemese.

A little Canow.

Some of them will not well carry above three or four: but some of them twenty, thirty, forty men.

Wunnauanoûnuck.	A Shall •… p.
Wunnauanounuckquese.	A Skiffe.

Obs. Although themselves have neither, yet they give them such names, which in their Language signifieth carrying Vessells.

Kitônuck.	A Ship.
Kitónuckquese.	A little ship.
Mishittouwand.	A great Canow.
Peewà •… u.	A little one.
Paugautemissaûnd.	An Oak Canow.
Kowawwaûnd.	A pine Canow.
Wompmissaûnd.	A chesnut Canow.
Ogwhan.	A boat adrift.
Wuskon-tógwhan.	It will go a drift.
Cuttunnamiinnea.	Help me to launch.
Cuttunnummútta.	Let us launch.
Cuttúnnamoke.	Launch.
Cuttannummous.	I will help you.
Wutkunck.	A paddle or Oare.
Namacóuhe cómishoon.	Lend me your Boat.
Paûtousnenótehunck	Bring hither my paddle.
Comishoónhom?	Go you by water?
Chemosh-chemeck.	Paddle or row.
Mauminikish & Maumanetepweeas.	Pull up, or row lustily.
Sepākehig.	A Sayle.
Sepagehommaûta.	Let us sails.
Wunnâgehan.	We have a fair wind.

Obs. Their own reason hath taught them, to pull of a Coat or two and set it up on a small •… ole, with which they will sails before a wind ten, or twenty mile, &c.

Wauaúpunish.	Hoyse up.
Wuttáutnish.	Pull to you.
Nókanish.	Take it down.
Paketenish.	Let go or let sly.
Nikkoshkowwaûmen	We shall be drowned.
Nquawu pshâwmen.	We overset.
Wussaûme pechepaûsha.	The Sea comes in too fast upon us.
Maumaneeteántass.	Be of good courage.

Obs. It is wonderful to see how they will venture in those Canoes, and how (being oft overset as I have my •… else been with them) they will swim a mile, yea two or more safe to Land: I having been necessitated to pass waters diverse times with them, it hath pleased God to make them many times the instruments of my preservation: and when sometimes in great danger I have questioned safety, they have said to me: Fear not, if we be overset I will carry you safe to Land.

〈1 page duplicate〉 〈1 page duplicate〉

Paupautuckquash.	Hold water.
Kinnequass.	Steere.
Tiáckomme kinniquass.	Steere right.
Kunnosnep.	A Killick, or Anchor.
Chowwophómmin.	To cast over-board.
Chouwóphash.	Cast over-board.
Touwopskhómmke.	Cast anchor.
Mishitt •… shin.	It is a storm.
Awêpesha.	It caulmes.
Awêpu.	A calm.
Nanouwashin.	A great caulme,
Tamóccon.	Flood.
Nanashowetamóccon	Halfe Flood.
Keesaqúshin.	High water.
Taumacoks.	Upon the Flood.
Mishittommóckon.	A great Flood.
Maūchetan & skàt.	Ebb.
Mittâeskat.	A low Ebb.
Awánick Paûdhuck?	Who comes there?

Obs. I have known thirty or forty of their Canowes filled with men, and near as many more of their enemies in a Sea-fight.

Caupaūshess.▪	Go ashoare.
Caupaushâuta.	Let us go ashoare.
Wusseheposh.	Heave out the water.
Askepunish.	Make fast the Boat.
Kspúnsh & Kspunemoke.	Tie it fast.
Mauminikish.	Tie it hard.
Neene Cuthómwock.	Now they go off.
Kekuthomwushánnick.	They are gone already.

CHAP. XIX. Of Fish and Fishing.

NAmaùs,-suck.	Fish, Fishes.
Pauganaùt, tamwock.	Cod,

Which is the first that comes a little be •… re the Spring.

Qunnamáug-suck.

Lampries,

The first that come in the Spring into the fresh Rivers.

Aumsûog, & Munnawha •… eaûg.	A Fish somewhat like a Herring.
Missúck •… ke-kequock.	Basse.

The Indians (and the English too) make a dainty dish of the Uppaquóntup, or head of this Fish; and well they may, the brains and fat of it being very much, and sweet as marrow.

Kaúposh-shaûog.

Siurgeon.

Obs. Divers part of the Country abound with this Fish; yet the Natives for the goodness and greatness of it, much prize it, and will neither furnish the English with so many, nor so cheap, that any great trade is like to be made of it, until the English themselves are fit to follow the fishing.

The Natives venture one or two in a Canow, and with an harping Iron, or such like Instrument stick this fish, and so hale it into their Canow; sometimes they take them by their nets, which they make strong of Hemp.

Ashop.

Their Nets.

Which they will set thwart some little River or Cov •… wherein they kill Basse (at the fall of the water) with their arrows, or sharp sticks, especially if headed with Iron, gotten from the English, &c.

Aucùp.	A little Cove or Creeke.
Aucppâwese.	A very-little one.
Wawwhunnekesûog.	Mackrell.
Mishquammaūquock.	Red fish, Salmon.
O •… acóntuck.	A fat sweet fish, something like a Haddock.
Mishcùp-paûog, Sequanamauquock.	Breame.

Obs. Of this fish there is abundance which the Natives dry in the Sun and smoke; and some English begin to salt, both ways they keep all the year; and it is hoped it may be as well accepted as Cod at a Market, and better, if once known.

Taut-auog.	Sheeps-heads.
Neeshaūog Sassammaūquock Nquitteconna •… og▪	Ecles.
Tatackommmâūog.	Porpuses.
Pótop-pauog.	Whales:

Which in some plac •… s are often cast up; I have seen some of them, but not above sixty foot long: The Natives cut them out in several parcels, and give and send far and near for an acceptable present, or dish.

Mi •… sêsu.	The whole.
Poquêsu.	The half.
Waskeke.	The Whalebone.

Wussúckqun.	A tail.
Aumaūog.	They are fiishing.
Ntaûmen.	I am fishing.
Kuttaūmen?	Do you fish?
Nnattuckqunnūwem.	I go a fishing.
Aumáchick, Natuckqunnuwâchick.	Fishes.
Aumaûi.	He is gone to fish.
Awacenick kukkattineanaùmen?	What do you fish for?
Ashaūnt-teaūg.	Lobsters.
Opponenaūhock.	O •… sters.
Sickis •… uog.	Clams.

Obs. This is a sweet kind of shelfish, which all Indians generally over the Country, Winter and Summer delight in; and at low wate •… the women dig for them: this fish, and th •… natural liquor of it, they boil, and it make •… their broth and their Nasaūmp (which is kind of thickened broth) and their bread sea▪ sonable and savory, instead of Salt: and fo •… that the English Swine dig and root thes •… Clams wheresoever they come, and watc •… the low water (as the Indian women do) therefore of all the English Cattle, the Swine (a •… also because of their filthy disposition) ar •… most hateful to all Natives, and they call •… em filthy cut throats, &c.

•… equnnock •… oquaûhock..

A Horse-fish.

Obs. This the English call Hens, a little •… ck shel▪ fiish which the Indians wade deep •… d dive for, and after they have eaten the •… eat there (in those which are good) they •… eake out of the shell, about half an inch 〈◊〉 a black part of it, of which they make •… eir Suckaūhock, or black money, which is 〈◊〉 them precious.

•… eteaûhock.

The Periwinckle.

Of •… hich they make their Wómpam, or white mo •… y, of half the value of their Suckáwhock, or •… cke money, of which more in the Chapter 〈◊〉 their Coyne.

•… mmenakiss, •… mmenakissamen 〈◊〉 ?	Have you taken store?
•… mmenakiss.	I have taken store.
〈◊〉 .	I have killed many.
•… ge.	I have caught none.
•… manep.	A fishing-line.
•… manapeash.	Lines.

The Natives take exceeding great pain •… in their fishing, especially in watching thei •… seasons by night; so that frequently they lay their naked bodies many a cold night on th •… cold shore about a fire of two or three stick •… and oft in the night search their Nets; an •… sometimes go in and stay longer in froze •… water.

Hoquaùn aûnash.	Hooke, hooks.
Peewâsicks.	Little hooks.
Maúmacocks.	Great hooks.
Nponamouôog.	I set nets for them.
Npunnouwaùmen.	I go to search my nets.
Mihtúck quashep.	An Eele-pet.
Kunnagqunneuteg.	A greater sort.
Onawangónnakaun.	A bait.
Yo onawangónnatees	Ba •… te with this.
Moamitteaug.	A little sort of fish,

half as big as Sprats, plentiful in Winter.

Paponaumsūog.

A winter fish,

whic •… comes up in the brooks and rivulets; so •… call them Frost fish, from their coming 〈◊〉 from the Sea into fresh Brookes, in times 〈◊〉 frost and snow.

Qunôsuog.

A fresh fish;

which t •… Indians break the Ice in fresh ponds, when th •… take also many other sorts: for, to my kno •… ledge the Country yields many sorts of oth •… fish, which I mention not.

CHAP. XX. Of their nakedness and clothing.

PAūskesu.	Naked.
Pauskesitchick	Naked men and women.
Nipposkiss.	I am naked.

They have a twofold nakedness:

First ordinary and constant, when although they have a Beasts skin or an English mantle on, yet that covers ordinarily but their hinder parts and all the foreparts from top to toe, (excep their secret parts, covered with a little Apron, after the pattern of their and our first Parents) I say all else open and naked.

Their male children go stark naked, and have no Apron until they come to ten or twelve years of age; their Female they, in a modest blush cover with a little Apron of an hand breadth from their very birth.

Their second nakedness is when their men often abroad and both men and women within doors, leave off their beasts skin, or English cloth and so (excepting their little Apron) are wholly naked; yet but few of the women but will keep their skin or cloth (though loose) or near to them ready to gather it up about them.

Custom hath used their minds and bodies to it, and in such a freedom from any wantonness, that I have never seen that wantonness amongst them as, (with grief) I have heard of in Europe.

Nipposkenitch.	I am robbed of my coat.
Nipposkenick ewo.	He takes away my Coat.
Acoh.	Their Deere skin.
Tummóckquashunck.	A Beavers coat.
Nkequashunck.	An Otters coat.
Mohewonck.	A Rakoone-skin coat.
Natóquashunck.	A Wolves-skin coat.
Mishannequashunck.	A Squirrill-skin coat.
Neyhommaûashunck	A Coat or Manlte

curiously made of the fairest feathers of their Neyhommaūog, or Turkies, which commonly their old men make; and is with them as Velvet with us.

Maūnek: nquittiashiagat.	An English Coat or Mantell.
Caudnish.	Put off.
Ocquash.	Put on.
Neesashiagat.	Two coats.
Shwishiagat.	Three coats.
Piuckquashiagat.	Ten coats, &c.

Obs. Within their skin or coat they creep contentedly, by day or night, in house or in the woods, and sleep soundly counting it a felicity, (as indeed an earthly one it is; 〈◊〉 pe •… liculam quemque 〈◊〉 . That every man be content with his skin.

Squaus auhaqut.	a Woman's Mantle.
Mucki is auhaqut.	A child's Mantle.
Petacaus.	an English Wastecoat.
Petacawsunnese.	a little wastecoat.
Aūtah & aútawhun.	Their apron.
Caukóanash.	Stockins.
Nquittetiagáttash.	a pair of stockins.
Mocússinass, & Mockuss •… nchass.	Shooes.

Obs. Both these, Shoes and Stockins they make of their Deerc skin worn out, which yet being excellently tann'd by them is excellent for to travel in wet and snow; for it is so well tempered with oil that the water clean wrings out; and being hanged up in their chimney, th •… y presently dry without hurt as myself hath often proved.

Noonac •… minash.	Too little.
〈◊〉 .	Big enough.
Saunketippo, or, Ash naquo.	a Hat or Cap.
Moôse.	The skin of a great Beast

as •… ig as an Ox some call it a red Deere.

Wussuckhósu.

Painted.

They also commonly paint these Moose and Deere-skins for their Summer wearing, with variety of forms and colors.

Petouwá •… sinug.

Their Tobacco-bag,

which hangs at their neck▪ or sticks at their girdle, which is to them instead of an English pocket.

Obs. Our English clothes are so strange unto them, and their bodies inured so to endure the weather, that when (upon gift &c.) some of them have had English clothes, yet in a shower of rain, I have seen them rather expose their skins to the wet then their clothes, and therefore pull them off, and keep them dry.

Obs. While they are amongst the English they keep on the English apparel, but pull of all, as soon as they come again into their own Houses, and Company.

CHAP. XXI. Of Religion, the soul, &c.

MAnit-manittówock.

God, God's.

Obs. He that questions whether God made the World, the Indians will teach him. I must acknowledge I have received in my converse with them many Confirmations of those two great points, Heb. 11. 6. viz:

• 1. That God is.
• 2. That he is a rewarder of all them that diligently seek him.

They will generally confess that God made all: but then in special, although they deny not that English-man's God made English Men, and the Heavens and Earth there! yet their God's made them and the Heaven, and Earth where they dwell.

Nummusquaunamúckqun manit.

God is angry with me?

Obs. I have heard a poor Indian lamenting the loss of a child at break of day, call up his Wife and children and all about him to Lamentation, and with abundance of tears cry out! O God thou hast taken away my child! thou art angry with me: O turn thine anger from me, and spare the rest of my children.

If they receive any good in hunting, fishing, Harvest &c. they acknowledge God in it.

Yea, if it be but an ordinary accident, a fall, &c. they will say God was angry and did it. musquantum manit God is angry. But herein is their Misery.

First they branch their God-head into many God's.

Secondly, attribute it to Creatures.

First, many God's: they have given m •… the Names of thirty seven which I have, all •… which in their solemn Worships they invo •… cate: as

Kautántowwit the great South-West God, t •… to whose House all souls go, and fro •… whom came their Corn Beanes, as they say

Wompanand.	The Eastern God.
Chekesuwànd.	The Western God.
Wunnauameanit.	The Northern God.
Sowwanànd.	The Southerne God.
Wetuómanit.	The house God.

Even as the Papists have their He and Sh •… Saint Protectors as St. George, St. Patric •… St. Denis. Virgin Mary, &c.

Squáuanit.	The Woman's God.
Muckquachuckquànd.	The Children's God.

Obs. I was once with a Native dying of wound, given him by some murderous 〈◊〉 (who robbed him and run him throug •… with a Rapier, from whom in the heat of h •… wound, he at present escaped from them b •… dying of his wound, they suffered Death at new Plymouth, in New-England, this Native dying called much upon Muckquachuckquànd, which of other Na •… ves I understood (as they believed) had appeared to the dying young man, many years before, and bid him when ever he was in distress call upon him.

Secondly, as they have many of these feigned Deities: so worship they the Creatures in whom they conceive doth rest some Deity:

Keesuckquànd.	The Sun God.
Nanepaushat.	The Moon God.
Paumpágussit.	The Sea.
Yot •… anit.	The Fire God,

Supposing that Deities be in these, &c.

When I have argued with them about their Fire-God: can i •… say theybe, but this fire must be a God, or Divine power, that out of a stone will arise in a Sparke, and when a poor naked Indian is ready to starve with cold in the House and especially in the Woods, often saves his life, doth dress all our Food for us, and if it be angry will burn the House about us, yea if a spark fall into the dry wood, burns up the Country, (though this burning of the Wood to them they count a Benefit both for destroying of vermin, and keeping down the Weeds and •… hickets?)

Besides there is a general Custom amongst them, at the apprehension of any Excellency in Men, Women, Birds Beasts, Fish, &c. to cry out Manittóo, that is, it is a God, as thus if they see one man excel others in Wisdom, Valour, strength, Activity &c. they cry out Manittóo A God: and therefore when they talk amongst themselves of the English ships, and great buildings, of the plowing of their Fields, and especially of Books and Letters, they will end thus: Manittôwock They are God's: 〈◊〉 , you are a God, &c A strong Conviction natural in the soul of man, that God is▪ filling all things, and places, and that all Excellencies dwell in God, and proceed from him, and that they only are blessed who have that Jehovah their portion.

Nickómmo.

A Feast or Dance.

Of this Feast they have public, and private and that of two sorts.

First in sickness, or Drouth, or War, or Famine.

Secondly, After Harvest, after hunting, when they enjoy a caulme of Peace, Health, Plenty, Prosperity, then Nickómmo a Feast, especially in Winter, for then (as the Turk saith of the Christian, rather the Antichristian,) they run mad once a year) in their kind of Christmas feasting.

Powwaw.	A Priest.
Powwaûog.	Priests.

Obs. These do begin and order their service, and Invocation of their God's, and all the people follow, and join interchangeably in a laborious bodily service, unto sweating, especially of the Priest, who spends himself in strange Antick Gestures, and Actions even unto fainting.

In sickness the Priest comes close to the sick person, and performs many strange Actions about him, and threaten and conjures out the sickness. They conceive that there are many God's or divine Powers within the •… ody of a man: In his pulse, his heart, his Lungs, &c.

I confess to have most of these their customs by their own Relation, for after •… nce being in their Houses and beholding •… hat their Worship was, I durst never be an •… ye witness, Spectatour, or looker on, least I should have been partaker of Satan's Inventions and Worships, contrary to Ephes. 5. 14.

Nanouwetea.	An over-Seer ana Orderer of their Worship.
Neen nanowwúnnemun.	I will order or oversee.

They have an exact form of King, Priest, and Prophet, as was in Israel typical of old in that holy Land of Canaan, and as the Lord Jesus ordained in his spiritual Land of Canaan his Church throughout the whole World: their Kings or Governors called Sachima •… g, Kings, and At •… owaūg Rulers do govern: Their Priests perform and manage their Worship: Their wise men and old men of which number the Priests are also,) whom they call 〈◊〉 they make solemn speeches and Orations, or Lectures to them, concerning Religion Peace, or War and all things.

Nowemaúsi •… teem.

I give away at the Worship.

Heo •… she that makes this Nickommo Feast or Dance besides the Feasting of somet mes twenty, fifty, an hundredth yea I have seen near a thousand persons at one of these Feasts) they give I say a great quantity of money, and all sort of their goods (according to and sometimes beyond their Estate) in several small parcels of goods, or money, to the value of eighteen pence, two Shillings, or thereabouts to one person: and that person that receives this Gift, upon the receiving of it goes out, and hollowes thrice for the health and prosperity of the Party that gave it, the Mr. or Mistress of the Feast.

Nowemacaūnash.	I will give these things.
Nitteaūguash.	My money.
Nummaumachiuwash.	My goods.

Obs. By this Feasting and Gifts, the Devil drives on their worships pleasantly (as he doth all false worships, by such plausible Earthly Arguments of uniformities, universalities, Antiquities, Immunities, Dignities, Rewards, unto submitters, and the contrary to Refusers) so that they run far and near and ask

Awaun. Nákommit?	Who makes a Feast?
Nkekinneawaûmen.	I go to the Feast.
Kekineawaūi.	He is gone to the Feast.

They have a modest Religious persuasion not to disturb any man, either themselves English, Dutch, or any in their Conscience, and worship, and therefore say:

Aquiewopwaūwash.	Peace, hold your peace.
Aquiewopwaūwock.
Peeyaūntam.	He is at Prayer.
Peeyaúntamwock.	They are praying.
Cowwewonck.	The Soul,

Derived from Cowwene to sleep, because say they, it works and operates when the body sleeps. Michachu •… ck the soul, in a high •… notion, which is of affinity, with a word signifying a looking glass, or clear resemblance, so that it hath its name from a clear •… fight or discerning, which indeed seems very well to suit with the nature of it.

Wuhóck	The Body.
Nohock: cohock.	My body, your body.
Awaunkeesitteoūwi •… cohock.	Who made you?
Tunna-awwa comm •… tchichunckkitonckquean?	Whether goes your soul •… when you die?
An. Sowanakitaūwaw.	It goes to the South-West.

Obs. They believe that the souls of Me •… and Women go to the Sou •… west, their grea •… and good men and Women to 〈◊〉 his House, where they have hopes (as th •… Turks have of carnal Joyes): Murderer •… thieves and Liars, their Souls (say they 〈◊〉 wonder restless abroad.

Now because this Book (by God's good providence) may come into the hand of many fearing God, who may also have many an o •… portunity of occasional discourse with some of these their wild brethren and Sisters, and may speak a word for their and our glorious Maker, which may also prove some prepara •… ory Mercy to their Souls: I shall propose •… ome proper expressions concerning the Cre •… tion of the World, and man's Estate, and in •… articular theirs also, which from myself many hundreds of times, great numbers of •… hem have heard with great delight, and •… reat convictions: which who knows (in •… ods holy season) may rise to the exalting •… f the Lord Jesus Christ in their conversion, •… d salvation?

•… etop Kunnatótemous.	Friend, I will ask you a Question.
•… atótema:	Speak on.
•… ocketunnantum?	What think you?
•… waun Keesiteoùwin Keesuck?	Who made the Heavens?
•… uke Wechêkom?	The Earth, the Sea?
•… ittauke.	The World.

Some will answer Tattá I cannot tell, some •… ill answer Manittôwock the God's.

•… suóg Manittowock.	How many God's be there?
Maunaūog Mishaúnawock.	Many, great many.
Netop machàge.	Friend, not so.
Pausuck naunt manit.	There is only one God.
Cuppsittone.	You are mistaken.
Cowauwaanemun.	You are out of the way.

A phrase which much pleaseth them, being proper for their wandering in the woods, and similitudes greatly please them.

Kukkakótemous, wachit-quashouwe.	I will tell you, presently▪
Kuttaunchemókous.	I will tell you news.
Paûsuck naūnt manit keesittin keesuck, &c	One only God made th •… Heavens, &c.
Napannetashemittan naugecautummonab nshque.	Five thousand years ago and upwards.
Naugom naūnt wukkesittinnes wâme teagun.	He alone made all thing▪
Wuche mateâg.	Out of nothing.
Quttatashuchuckqúnnacaus-keesitinnes wâme.	In six days he made 〈◊〉 things.
Nquittaqúnne.	The first day He ma •…
Wuckeesitin wequâi.	the Light.
Neesqunne.	The second day He
Wuckeesitin Keesuck.	made the Firmameut
Shúckqunne wuckeesitin Aūke kà wechêkom.	The third day he made the Earth and Sea.
Yóqunne wuckkeesitin Nippaūus kà Nanepaūshat.	The fourth day he made the Sun and the Moon.
Neenash-mamockiuwash wêquanantiganash.	T •… o great Lights.
Ka wáme anócksuck.	And all the Stars.
Napannetashúckqunne Wuckeesittin pussuckseesuck wâme.	The fifth day he made all the Fowl.
Keesuckquiuke.	In the Air, or Heavens.
Ka wáme namaūsuck.	And all the Fish in the
Wechekommiuke.	Sea.
Quttatashúkqunne wuckkeesittin penashimwock wame.	The sixth day he made all the Beasts of the Field.
Wuttàke wuche wuckeesittin pausuck Enin, or, Eneskeetomp.	Last of all he made one Man
Wuche mishquock.	Of red Earth,
Ka wesuonckgonnakaûnes Adam, túppautea mishquôck.	And called him Adam, or red Earth.
Wuttàke wuche.	Then afteward, while
Câwit mishquock.	Adam, or red Earth slept.
Wuckaudnummenes manit peetaūgone wuche Adam.	God took a rib from Adam, or red Earth.
Kà wuche peteaúgon.	And of that rib he made
Wukkeesitinnes pausuck squàw.	One woman,
Ka pawtouwúnnes	And brought her to
Adamuck.	Adam,
Nawônt Adam wuttúnnawaun nuppeteâgon ewo.	When Adam saw her, he said, This is my bone.
Enadatashuckqunne, aqu •… i,	The seventh day he rested,
Nagaù wuche quttatashúckqune anacaū •… uock Englishm •… nuck.	And therefore Englishmen work sixdayes.
Enadatashuckqunnóckat taubataumwock.	On the seventh day they praise God.

Obs. At this Relation they are much satisfied, with a reason why (as they observe) the E •… glish and Dutch, &c. labor six days, and rest and worship the seventh.

Besides, they will say, We never heard of this before: and then will relate how they have it from their Fathers, that Kawán •… owwit made one man and woman of a stone, which disliking, he broke them in pieces, and made another man and woman of a Tree, which were the Fountaines of all mankind.

They apprehending a vast difference of Knowledge between the English and themselves, are very observant of the English lives: I have heard them say to an Englishman (who being hindered, broke a promise to them) You know God, Will you lie Englishman?

Netop kihkita.	Hearken to me.
Englishmánnuck,	English-men.
Dutchmánnuck, keenouwin kà wame mittaukêuk-kitonck quehettit.	Dutch men, and you and all the world, when they die.
Mattùx swowánna kit aûog, Michichonckquock.	Their souls go not to the Southwest.
Wame, ewo pâwsuck Manit wawóntakick.	All that know that one God.
Ewo man it waumaû sachick kà uckqushanchick.	That love and fear Him.
Keesaqut a •… og.	They go up to Heaven.
Micheme weeteantámwock.	They ever live in joy.
Naùgom manit wêkick.	In God's own House.
Ewo manit mat wauóntakick.	They that know not this God.
Matwaumaûsachick.	That love.
Mat ewo uckqushánchick.	And fear him not.
Kamóotakick.	Thieves.
Pupannouwachick.	Liars.
Nochisquauonchick.	Unclean persons.
Nanompanissichick,	Idle persons.
Kemineiachick.	Murderers.
Mammaúsachick.	Adulterers.
Nanisquegachick.	Oppressors or fierce.
Wame •… naûmakiaûog.	They go to Hell or the Deepe.
Micheme maûog.	They shall ever lament.
Awaun kukkakotemógwunnes?	Who told you so?
Manittóo wússuckwheke.	God's Book or Writing.

Obs. After I had (as far as my language would reach) discoursed (upon a time) before the chief Sachim or Prince of the Country, with his Archpriests, and many other in a full Assembly; and being night, wearied with travel and discourse, I lay down to rest; and before I slept, I heard this passage:

A Qunnihticut Indian (who had heard our discourse) told the Sachim Miantunnōmu, that souls went up to Heaven, or down to Hell; For, saith he, Our fathers have told us, that our souls go to the Southwest.

The Sachim answered, But how do you know yourself, that your souls go to the Southwest; did you ever see a soul go thither?

The Natiue replied; when did he (naming myself) see a soul go to Heaven or Hell?

The Sachim again replied: He hath books and writings, and one which God himself made, concerning men's souls, and therefore may well know more then we that have none, but take all upon trust from our forefathers.

The said Sachim, and the chief of his people, discoursed by themselves, of keeping the Englishmans day of worship, which I could easily have brought the Country to, but that I was persuaded, and am, that God's way is first to turn a soul from it's Idols, both of heart, worship, and conversation, before it is capable of worship, to the true and living God, according to 1 Thes. 1. 9. You turned to God from Idols to serve or worship the living and true God. As also, that the two first Principles and Foundations of true Religion or Worship of the true God in Christ, are Repentance from dead works, and Faith towards God, before the Doctrine of Baptism or washing and the laying on of hands, which contain the Ordinances and Practises of worship; the want of which, I conceive, is the bane of million of souls in England, and all other Nations professing to be Christian Nations who are brought by public authority to Baptism and fellowship with God in Ordinances of worship, before the saving work of Repentance, and a true turning to God, Heb. 6. 2.

Netop, kitonckquêan kunnúppamin micheme.	Friend, when you die you perish everlastingly.
Micheme cuppauqua neimmin.	You are everlastingly undone.
Cummusquauna muckqun manit.	God is angry with you.
Cuppauquanúckqun	He will destroy you.
Wuche cummanittówockmanauog.	For your many God's.
Wáme pitch chickauta mittauke.	The whole world shall ere long be b •… rnt.

Obs. Upon the relating that God hath once destroyed the world by water; and that He will visit it the second time with consuming fire: I have been asked this profitable question of some of them, What then will b •… come of us? Where then shall we be?

Manit anawat.	God commandth,
Cuppittakúnnamun weep wáme.	That all men now repent.

CHAP. XXII. Of their Government and Justice.

Sâchim-maûog.	King, Kings.
Sachimaûonck,	A Kingdom or Monarchy.

Obs. Their Government is Monarchical yet at present the chiefest government in th •… Counrey is divided between a younger Sachim, Miantunnômu, and an elder Sachim Caunoúnicus, of about fourscore years old this young man's Uncle; and their agreemen •… in the Government is remarkable:

The old Sachim will not be offended a •… what the young Sachim doth; and the young •… Sachim will not do what he conceives will •… displease his Uncle.

Saunks.	The Queen, or Sachims Wife.
Sauncksquûaog.	Queens.
Otan, -nash.	The town, towns.
Otânick.	To the town.
Sachimmaacómmock	A Princes house,

which according to their condition, is far different from the other house, both in capacity or receipt; and also the fineness and quality of their Mats.

Ataúskawaw-wauog.	Lord, Lord's.
Wauôntam.	A Wise man or Counselor.
Wauóntakick.	Wise men.
Enàtch or eatch Keen anawáyean.	Your will shall be law.
Enàtch neen ánowa.	Let my word stand.
Ntinnume.	He is my man.
Ntacquêtunck ewo.	He is my subject.
Kuttáck quêtous.	I will subject to you.

Obs. Beside their general subjection to the highest Sachims, to whom they carry presents: They have also particular Protectors, under Sachims, to whom they also carry presents, and upon any injury received, and complaint made, these Protectors will revenge it.

Ntannôtam.	I will revenge it.
Kuttannótous.	I will revenge you.
Miâawene.	A Court or meeting.
Wepe cummiâawene.	Come to the meeting.
Miawêtuck.	Let us meet.
Wauwhautowash.	Call a meeting.
Miawêmucks.	At a meeting.
Miawehettit.	When they meet.

Obs. The Sachims, although they have an absolute Monarchy over the people; yet they will not conclude of ought that concerns all, either Laws, or Subsides, or wars, unto which the people are averse, and by gentle persuasion cannot be brought.

Peyautch naúgum.	Let himself come here.
Petiteatch.	Let him come.
Mishauntowash.	Speak out.
Nanantowash.	Speak plain.
Kunnadsittamen weep.	You must inquire after this.
Wunnadfittamútta.	Let us seach into it.
Neen pitch-nnadsittamen.	I will inquire into it.
Machissu ewo.	He is naught.
Cuttiantacompáwwem.	You are a lying fellow.
Cuttiantakiskquawquaw.	You are a lying woman.
Wepe cukkúmmoot.	You have stole.
Mat meshnawmônash	I did not see those things.
Màt mesh nummám menash.	I did not take them.
Wepe kunnishquêko cummiskissawwaw.	You are fierce and quarrelsome.

Obs. I could never discern that excess of scandalous sins amongst them, which Europe aboundeth with. Drunkenness and gluttony, generally they know not what sins they be; and although they have not so much to restrain them (both in respect of knowledge of God and Laws of men) as the English have▪ yet a man shall never hear of such crimes amongst them of robberies murders, adulteries &c. as amongst the English: I conceive that the glorious Sun of so much truth as shines in England, hardens our English hearts: for what the Sun softeneth not, it hardens.

Tawhitch yo enêan?	Why do you so?
Tawhitch cummootóan?	Why do you steal?
Tawhitch nanompaniêan?	Why are you thus idle or base?
Wewhepapúnnoke.	Bind him.
Wepe kunnishaûmis.	You killed him.
Wepe kukkem •… eantin.	You are the murderer.
•… asaumitaúwhitch.	Let him be whipt.
•… pponck quittauwhitch.	Let him be imprisoned.
Nippitch ewo.	Let him die.
Niphettitch.	Let them die.
Niss-Nissoke.	Kill him.
Púm-púmmoke.	Shoot him.

Obs. The most usual Custom amongst them in executing punishments, is for the Sachim either to beat, or whip, or put to death with his own hand, to which the common sort most quietly submit: though sometimes the Sachim sends a secret Executioner, one of his chiefest Warriours to fetch of a head, by some sudden unexpected blow of a Hatchet, when they have feared Mutiny by public execution.

Kukkeechequaûbenitch.	You shall be hanged.
Nippansinnea.	I am innocent.
Uppansinea-ewo.	He is innocent.
Matmeshnowaûwon.	I knew nothing of it.
NNnowaûntum.	I am sorry.
Nummachieme.	I have done ill.
Aumaúnemoke.	Let it pass, or take away this accusation
Konkeeteatch Ewo.	Let him live.
Konkeeteáhetti	Let them live.

CHAP. XXI. Of Marriage.

Wuskene.	A young man.
Keegsquaw.	A Virgin or Maid.
Segaûo.	A Widdower.
Segousquaw.	A Widow.
Wussenetam.	He goes a wooing.
Nosenemuck.	He is my son in Law,
Wussenetûock, Awetawátuock.	They make a •… atch.

Obs. Single fornication they count no sin •… but after Marriage (which they solemnize by consent of Parents and public approbation publicly) then they count it hainoufer either of them to befalse.

Mammaûsu.	An adulterer.
Nummam mógwunewo	He hath wronged my bed.
Palle nochisquaûaw.	He or She hath committed adultery.

Obs. In this case the wronged party ma •… put away or keep the party offending: commonly, if the Woman be false, the offend •… Husband will be solemnly revenged upo •… the offender, before many witnesses, by many blows and wounds, and if it be to Death, yet the guilty resists not, nor is his Death revenged.

Nquittócaw.	He hath one Wife.
Neesocaw.	He hath two Wives.
Sshocowaw.	He hath three.
Yocowaw.	Four Wives, &c.

Their Number is not stinted, yet the chief Nation in the Country, the Narrigansets (generally) have but one Wife.

Two causes they generally allege for their many Wives.

First desire of Riches, because the Women •… ring in all the increase of the •… ield, &c. •… he Husband only fisheth, hunteth, &c.

Scecondly, their long sequestering themselves from their wives after conception, un •… ill the child be weaned, which with some is •… ong after a year old, generally they keep •… heir children long at the breast:

Committamus.	Your Wife.
Coweewo.
•… ahanawatu? ta shincommaugemus.	How much gave you for her?
•… apannetashom paûgatash.	Fivefathome of their Money.
•… utta, enada shoasuck ta shompa •… gatash	Six, or seven, or eight Fathome.

If some great man's Daughter Piuckquom▪ 〈◊〉 ten 〈◊〉 .

Obs. •… nerally the Husband gives these payments for a Dowrie, (as it was in Israel) to the Father or Mother, or guardian of the Maid. To this purpose if the man be poor his Friends and neighbors do pummenúmm •… te áuguash, that is contribute Money towar •… the Dowrie.

Numm ttamus.	My Wife.
Nuliogana.
Wauma •… su.	Loving.
Wunn •… kesu.	Proper.
Maan •… u.	Sober and chaste.
Muchick •… he.	Fruifull.
Cutchashekeamis?	How many children have you had?
Nquitt •… kea.	I have had one.
〈◊〉 .	Two, &c.

Obs. They commonly ab •… und with Children, and increase mightily; except th •… plauge fall amongst them or other lesser sicknesses and then having no means of recovery, they perish wonderfully.

•… atoû ene •… chaw.	She is falling into Travel.
Neechaw.	She is in Travel.
Paugco •… che nechaúwaw.	She is already delivered.
Kitummâyi-mes-nechaw.	She was just now delivered.

Obs. It hath pleased God in wonderful manner to moderate that curse of the sorrows of Child-bearing to these poor Indian Women: So that ordinarily they have a wonderful more speedy and easy Travel, and delivery then the Women of Europe: not that I think God is more gracious to them above other Women, but that it follows, First from the hardness of their constitution, in which respect they bear their sorrows the easier.

Secondly from their extraordinary great labor (even above the labor of men) as in the Field, they sustain the labor of it, in carrying of mighty Burthens, in digging clammes and getting other Shelfish from the Sea, in beating all their corn in Morters: &c. Most of them count it a shame f •… r a Woman in Travel to make complaint, and many of them are scarcely heard to groan. I have often known in one Quarter of an hour a Woman merry in the House, and delivered and merry again: and within two days abroad, and after four or five days at work, &c.

Noosâwwaw.	A Nurse.
Noonsu Nonánnis.	A sucking Child:
Wunnunogan.	A Breast,
Wunnunnoganash.	Breasts.
Munnunnug.	Milk.
Aumaunemun.	To take from the breast, or Weane.

Obs. They put away (as in Israel) frequently for other occasions beside Adultery, yet I know many Couples that have lived twenty, thirty, forty years together.

Npaketam.	I will put her away.
Npakenaqun.	I am put away.
Aquiepaketash.	Do not put-away.
Aquiepokesháttous Awetawátuonck.	Do not break the knot of Marriage.
Tackquiūwock.	Twins.
Towiû •… ûwock.	Orphans.
Ntouwiū.	I am an Orphan.
Wáuchaūnat.	A Guardian.
Wauchaúamachick.	Guardians.
Nullóquaso.	My charge or Pupil, or Ward.
Peewaūqun.	Look well to him &c.

CHAP. XXVI. Concerning their Coyne.

THe Indians are ignorant of Europes Coyne; yet they have given a name to ours, and call it Monē •… from •… he Engl •… sh Money.

Their own is of two sorts; one white which they make of the stem or stock of the Periwincle, which they call Meteaûhock, when all the shell is broken off: and of this sort six of their small Beads (which they make with holes to string the bracelets) are curran •… with the English for a penny.

The second is black, incling to blew, which is made of the shell of a fish, which some English call Hens, Poquaûhock, and of this sor •… three make an English penny.

They that live upon the Sea side, generally make of it, and as many make as will.

The Indians bring down all their sorts o •… Furs, which they take in the Country, both to the Indians and to the English for this India •… Money: this Money the English, French and Dutch, trade to the Indians, six hundred miles in several parts (North and South from New-England) for their Furres, and whatsoever they stand in need of from them: as Corn, Venison, &c

Nquittómpscat.	1 penny.
Neesaúmscat.	2 pence.
Shwaúmscat.	3 pence.
Yowómscat.	4 pence.
Napannetashaúmscat.	5 pence.
Quttatashaúmscat, or, quttauatu.	6 pence.
Enadatashaúmscat.	7 pence.
Shwoasuck tashaúmscat.	8 pence.
Paskugittashaúmscat.	9 pence.
Piuckquaúmscat.	10 pence.
Piuckquaúmscat nab naqùit.	11 pence.
Piuckquaúmscat nab nees, &c.	12 pence.

Obs. This they call Neen, which is two of their Quttá •… atues, or six pence.

Piukquaúmscat nab nashoàsuck, which they call Shwin.	18 d. 3 quttáuatues.
Neesneecheckaúmscat nab yoh, or, yowin.	2 s. 4 quttáuatues.
Shwinchekaúmscat, or napannetashin.	2 s. 6 d. 5 quttáuatues.
Shwinchekaúmscat	2 s. 6 d. 6 quttáuatues.
Yow innchekaúmscat nab neese.	3 s. 6 d. 7 quttáuatues.
Yow inncheckaúmscat nabnashoasuck.	4 s. 8 quttáuatues.
Napannetashwincheckáumscat nab yoh.	4 s. 6 d. 9 quttáuatues
Quttatashincheck aumscat, or, more commonly used Piúckquat.	5 s. 10 quttaúatues, or, 10 six pences.

Obs. This Piúckquat being sixty pence, they call Nquittómpeg, or nquitnishcāusu, that is, one fathom, 5 shillings.

This one fathom of this their stringed money, now worth of the English but five shillings (sometimes more) some few years since was worth nine, and sometimes ten shillings per Fathome: the fall is occasioned by the fall of Beaver in England: the Natives are very impatient, when for English commodities they pay so much more of their money, and not understanding the cause of it; and many say the English cheat and deceive them, though I have labored to make them understand the reason of it.

Neesaumpaúgatuck,	10 shil. 2 Fathom.
Shwaumpáugatuck.	15 shil. 3 Fathom.
Yowompáugatuck, &c.	20 shil. 4 Fathom.
Piuckquampáugatuck or, Nquit pâusck.	50 shil. 10 Fathome.
Neespausuckquompáugatuck.	5 lib' 20 Fathome.
Shwepaûsuck.	30 Fathome.
Yowe paûsuck, &c. Nquittemittannauganompaugatuck.	40 Fathome, or, 10. pounds.
Neesemittannug, &c. Tashincheckompáugatuck?	How many Fathom?

Obs. Their white they call Wompam (which signifies white): their black Suckáuhock (Súcki signifying black.)

Both amongst themselves; as also the English and Dutch, the black penny is two pence white; the black fathom double, or, two fathom of white.

Wepe kuttassawompatimmin.	Change my money.
Suckauhock, nausakesachick.	The black money.
Wauômpeg, or Wauompesichick-mêsim	Give me white.
A •… awompatittea.	Come, let us change.
Anâwsuck.	Shells.
Meteaûhock.	The Periwinckle.
Suckauanaûsuck.	The black shells.
Suckauaskeesaquash.	The black eyes.

or that part of the shel-fish called Poqu •… ūhock (or Hens) broken out near the eyes, of which they make the black.

Puckwheganash & Múcksuck.	Awle blades.
Papuckakiuash.	Britle, or breaking,

Which they desire to be hardened to a britle temper.

Obs Before ever they had Awle blades from Europe, they made shift to bore this their shell money with stone, and so fell their trees with stone set in a wooden staff, and usedwode •… howes: which some old & poor women (fearful to leave the old tradition) use to this day

Natouwómpitea.	A Coyner or Minter▪
N •… anatouwómpiteem.	I cannot coin.
Natouwómpitees.	Make money or Coyne.
Puckhùmmin.	To bore through.
Puckwhegonnaûtick.	The Awle blade sticks.
Tutteputch anâwsin. they do on stones.	To smooth them, which
Qussuck-anash.	Stone, Stones.
Cauompsk.	A Whetstone.
Nickáutick.	A kind of wooden Pincers or Vice.
Enomphómmin.	To thread or string.
Aconaqunnaûog.	Thread the Beads.
Enomphómmin.	Thread, or string these.
Enomphósachick.	Strung ones.
Sawhóog & Sawhósachick.	Loose B •… ads.
Naumpacoûin.	To hang about the neck.

Obs. They hang these strings of money about their necks and wrists; as also upon upon the necks and wrists of their wives and children.

Machequoce.

A Girdle:

Which they make curiously of one two, three, four, and five inches thickness and more, of this money which (sometimes to the value of ten pounds and more) they wear about their middle and as a scarfe about their shoulders and breasts.

Yea the Princes make rich Caps and Aprons (or small breeches) of these Beads thus curiously strung into many forms and figures: their black and white finely mixed together.

CHAP. XXV. Of buying and selling.

ANaqushaūog, or	Traders.
Anaqushánchick
Anaqushento.	Let us trade.
Cuttasha?	Have you this or that?
Cowachaūnum?
Nitasha.	I have.
Nowachaūnum.
Nquenowhick.	I want this, &c.
Nowekineam.	I like this.
Nummachinámmin.	I do not like.
Máunetash nquenowhick.	I want many things.
Cuttattaúamish.	I will buy this of you.
Nummouanaquish.	I come to buy.
Mouanaqushaúog,	Chapmen.
Mouanaqushanchick.

Obs. Amongst themselves they trade their Corn, skins, Coates, Venison, Fish, &c. and sometimes come ten or twenty in a Company to trade amongst the English.

They have some who follow only making of Bows, some Arrows, some Dishes, and (the Women make all their earthen Vessells) some follow fishing, some hunting: most on the Sea-side make Money, and store up shells in Summer against Winter whereof to make their money.

Nummautanaqúsh.	I have bought.
Cummanohamin?	Have you bought?
Cummanohamoùsh.	I will buy of you.
Nummautanóhamin.	I have bought.
Kunnauntatáuamish.	I come to buy this.
Comaunekunnúo?	Have you any Cloth?
Kop •… ócki.	Thick cloth.
Wass •… ppi.	Thin.
Súckinuit.	Black or blackish.
M •… shquinuit.	Red Cloth.
Wómpinuit.	White Cloath.

Obs. They all generally prize a Mantle of English or Dutch Cloth before their own wearing of Skins and Furres, because they are warm enough and Lighter.

Wompeqūayi.

Cloth inclining to white,

Which they like not, but desire to have a sad color without any whitish hairs, suiting with their own natural Temper, which inclines to sadness.

Etouwawâyi.	Wollie on both sides.
Muckucki.	Bare without Wool.
Checheke maútsha.	Long lasting.
Qúnnascat.	Of a great breadth.
Tióckquscat.	Of little breadth.
Wùss.	The Eage or list.
Aumpácunnish.	Open it.
Tuttepácunnish.	Fold it up.
Mat Weshegganúnno.	There is no Wool on it.
Tanógganish.	Shake it.
Wúskinuit.	New Cloth.
Tanócki, tanócksha.	It is torn or rent.
Eatawûs.	It is Old.
Quttaûnch	Feele it.
Audtà	A pair of small breeches or Apron.

Cuppáimish I will pay you, which is a word newly made from the English word pay.

Tahenaúatu?	What price?
Tummock cumme •… sh.	I will pay you Beaver.
Tea •… guock Cummeinsh.	I will give you Money.
Wauwunnegachick.	Very good.

Obs. They have great difference of their Coyne. as the English have: some that will not pass without Allowance, and some again made of a Counterfeit shell, and their very black counterfeited by a Stone and other Materialls: yet I never knew any of them much deceived, for their danger of being deceived (in these things of Earth) makes them cautelous.

Cosaúmawem.	You ask too much.
Kuttiackqussaûwaw.	You are very hard.
Aquie iackqussaūme.	Be not so hard.
Aquie Wussaúmowash.	Do not ask so much.
Tashin Commêsim?	How much shall I give you?
Kutteaûg Commeinsh.	I will give you your Money.
Nkeke Commeinsh.	I will give you an Otter.
Coanombúqusse Kuttassokakómme.	You have deceived me.

Obs. Who ever deal or trade with them, had need of Wisdom, Patience, and Faithfulness in dealing: for they frequently say Cuppàmanem, you lie, Cuttassokakómme, you deceive me.

Misquesu Kunúkkeke	Your Otter is reddish.
Yo aúwusse Wunnêgin	This is better.
Yo chippaúatu.	This is of another price.
Augausaúatu.	It is Cheap.
Muchickaúatu.	It is dear.
Wuttunnaúatu.	It is worth it.
Wunishaūnto.	Let us agree.
Aquie neesquttónck qussish.	Do not make ado.
Wuche nquittompscat.	About a penny.

They are are marvelous subtle in their Bargaines to save a penny: And very suspicious that English men labor to deceive •… hem: Therefore they will beat all markets •… nd try all places, and run twenty thirty, •… ea. forty mile, and more, and lodge in the Woods, to save six pence.

Cummámmenash nitteaūguash?	Will you have my Money?
Nonânum.	I cannot.
Noonshem.
•… awhitch nonanum êan?	Why can you not?
•… achage nkockie.	I get nothing.
•… ashaumskussayi commêsim?	How many spans will you give me?
Neesaumsqussayi.	Two spans.
•… hwaumscussayi.	Three spans.
•… owompscussayi.	Four Spans.
•… apannetashaumscussâyi.	Five spans.
•… uttatashaumskus Sayi.	Six spans.
Endatashaumscussâyi.	Seven spans.
Enadacashaumskuttonâyi.	Seven spans.
Cowenaweke.	You are a rich man.

Obs. They will often confess for their own ends that the English are richer and wiser and valianter then themselves; yet it is for their own ends, and therefore they add Nanoūo, give me this or that a disease which they are generally infected with: some more ingenuous, scorn it; but I have often seen an Indian with great quanties of money about him beg a Knife of an English man, who happily hath had never a penny of money.

Aketash-tamoke.	Tell my money.
Now annakese.	I have mis-told.
Cosaumakese.	You have told too much.
Cunnoonakese.	You have told too little.
Shoo kekineass.	Lo ke here.
Wunêtu nitteaùg.	My money is very good.
Mamattifluôg kutteaùquock.	Your Beads are naught.
Tashin mesh commaûg?	How much have yo •… given?
Chich •… gin.	A Hatchet.
An •… skunck.	A Howe.
Maumichemanege.	A Needle.
Cuttatuppaúnamum.	Take a measure.
Tatuppauntúhommin.	To weigh with scales.
Tatuppauntúock.	They are aweighing.
Netâtup.	It is all one.
Kaukakineamuck. Peben ochichauquânick.	A Looking Glass.

Obs. It may be wondered what they do with Glasses, having no beauty but a swarfish color, and no dressing but nakedness; but pride appears in any color, and the meanest dress: and besides generally the women paint their faces with all sorts of colors.

Cummanohamógunna.	They will buy it of you.
Cuppittakúnnemous.	Take your cloth again.
Cuppittakunnami.	Will you serve me so?
Cosaumpeekúnnemun.	You have tore me off too little cloth.
Cummachetannakún namous.	I have torn it off for you.
Tawhitch cuppittakunamiêan?	Why do you turn it upon my hand?
Kutchichêginash, kaukinne pokeshaas.	Your Hatchets will be soon broken.
Teâno wáskishaas.	Soone gapt.
Natouashóck quittea.	A Smith.
Kuttattaú amish aûke	I would buy land of you.
Tou núckquaque?	How much?
Wuche wuttotânick Plantation.	For a Town, or,
Niss •… kineam.	I have no mind to seek.
Indiansuck sekineámwock.	The Indians are not willing.
Noonapuock naûgum	They want room themselves.
Cowetompátimmin.	We are friends.
Cummaugakeamish.	I will give you land.
Aquie chenawaûsish.	Be not churlish.

CHAP. XXVI. Of Debts and Trusting.

Noónat.	I have not money enough
Noonamautuckquàwhe.	Trust me.
Kunnoonamaútuck quaush.	I will owe it you.

Obs. They are very desirous to come into debt, but then he that trusts them, must sustain a twofold loss:

First, of his Commodity.

Secondly, of his custom as I have found by dear experience: Some are ingenuous, plain hearted and honest; but the most never pay unless a man follow them to their several abodes, towns and houses, as I myself have been forced to do, which hardship and travels it ha •… yet pleased God to sweeten with some experiences and some little gain of Language.

Non •… mautuckquahe ginath.	Debts.
Nosaumautackquawhe.	I am much in debt.
Pitch nippáutowin.	I will bring it you.
Chenock n •… quombeg	When
cuppauútiin n •… teaùguash.	Will you bring me my money?
Kunnaumpatous,	I will pay you.
Kukke •… skwhush.
Keeskwhim teaug mesin.	Pay me my money.
Tawhitch p •… yáuyean	Why do you come?
Nn •… dgecom.	I come for debts.
Machêt •… .	A poor man.
Nummácheke.	I am a poor man.
Mesh nummaúchnem.	I have been sick.
Nowemacaûnash nitteaùquash.	I was fain to spend my money in my sickness.

Obs. This is a common, and as (they think) most satisfying answer, that they have been sick: for in those times they give largely to the Priests, who then sometimes heals them by conjurations; and also they keep open house for all to come to help to pray with them, unto whom also they give money.

Mat noteaûgo.	I have no money.
Kekineash nippêtunck.	Look here in my bag.
Nummâche maúganash.	I have already paid.
Mat coanaumwaûmis.	You have not kept your word.
Kunnampatôwin keenowwin.	You must pay it.
Mach •… ge wuttamaûntam.	He minds it not.
Machàge wuttammauntammôock.	They take no care about paying.
Micheme notammaûntam.	I do always mind it.
Mat nickowêmen naûkocks.	I cannot sleep in the night for it.

CHAP. XXVII. Of their Hunting, &c.

WEe shall not name over the several sorts of Beasts which we named in the Chapter of Beasts.

The Natives hunt two ways:

First, when they pursue their game (especially Deere, which is the general and wonderful plenteous hunting in the Country:) I say, they pursue in twenty, forty, fifty, yea, two or three hundred in a company, (as I have seen) when they drive the woods before them.

Secondly, They hunt by Traps of several sorts, to which purpose, after they have observed in Spring-time and Summer the haunt of the Deere, then about Harvest, they go ten or twenty together, and sometimes more, and withal (if it be not too far) wives and children also, where they build up little hunting houses of Barks and Rushes (not comparable to their dwelling houses) and so each man takes his bounds of two, three, or four miles, where he sets thirty, forty, or fifty Traps, and baits his Traps with that food the Deere loves, and once in two days he walks his round to view his Traps.

Ntauchaûmen.	I go to hunt.
Ncáttiteam weeyoùs.	I long for Venison.
Auchaûtuck.	Let us hunt.
Nowetauchaûmen.	I will hunt with you.
Anúmwock.	Dogs.
Kemehetteas.	Creepe.
Pitch nkemehetteem	I will creep.
Pumm púmmoke.	Shoote.
Uppetetoûa.	A man shot accidentally.
Ntaumpauchaûmen.	I come from hunting.
Cutchashineánna?	How many have you killed
Nneesnneánna.	I have killed two.
Shwinneānna.	Three.
Nyowinneánna.	Four.
Npiuckwinneanna.	Ten, &c.
Nneesneechecttash •… nneanna.	Twentie.
Nummouashâwmen.	I go to set Traps.
Ape hana.	Trap, Traps.
Asháppock.	Hempe.
Masaûnock.	Flaxe.
Wuskapehana.	New Traps.
Eataúbana.	Old Traps.

Obs. They are very tender of their Traps where they lie, and what comes at them; for they say, the Deere (whom they conceive have a Divine power in them) will soon smell and be gone.

Npunnowwâumen.	I must go to my Traps.
Nummishkommin.	I have found a Deere;

Which sometimes they do, taking a Wolf in the very act of his greedy prey, when sometimes (the Wolf being greedy of his prey) they kill him: sometimes the Wolf having glutted himself with the one half, leaves the other for his next bait; but the glad Indian finding of it, prevents him.

And that we may see how true it is, that all wild creatures, and many tame, prey upon the poor Deere (which are there in a right Emblem of God's persecuted, that is, hunted people, as I observed in the Chapter of Beasts according to the old and true saying:

I remember how a poor Deere was long hunted and chased by a Wolf, at last (as their manner is) after the chase of ten, it may be more miles running, the stout Wolf tired out the nimble Deere, and seasing upon it, killed: In the act of devouring his prey, two English Swine, big with Pig, past by, assaulted the Wolf, drove him from his prey, and devoured so much of that poor Deere, as they both surfeited and died that night.

The Wolf is an Emblem of a fierce bloodsucking persecutor.

The Swine of a covetous rooting worldling, both make a prey of the Lord Jesus in his poor servants.

Ncummóotamúck qun natóqus.

The Wolf hath robbed me.

Obs. When a Deere is caught by the leg in the Trap, sometimes there it lies a day together before the Indian come, and so lies a pray to the ranging Wolf, and other wild Beasts (most commonly the Wolf) who seaseth upon the Deere and robs the Indian (at his first devouring) of near half his prey, and if the Indian come not the sooner, hē makes a second greedy Meale, and leaves him nothing but the bones, and the torn Deereskins, especially if he call some of his greedy Companions to his bloody banquet.

Upon this the Indian makes a falling trap called Sunnúckhig, (with a great weight of stones) and so sometimes knocks the Wolf on the head, with a gainful Revenge, especially if it be a black Wolf, whose Skins they greatly prize.

Nanowwussu.	It is lean.
Wauwunnockôo.	It is fat.
Weekan.	It is sweet.
Machemóqut.	It smells ill.
Anit.	It is putrefied.
Poquêfu Poskáttuck & Missêsu.	Halfe a Deere.
Kuttiomp.	A whole Deere.
Paucottaúwat.	A Buck.
Wawúnnes.	A young Buck.
Qunneke.	A Do.
Aunàn.	A Fawne.
Moósqin.	Thus thick of fat.
Yo asipaúgon Noónatch, or, attuck ntiyu.	I hunt Venison.
Mishánneke ntiyu.	I hunt a Squirrill.
Paukunnawaw ntio.	I hunt a Bear, &c.
Wusseke.	The hinder part of the Deere.
•… pome-ichàsh.	Thigh: Th •… ghes.
•… ppeke-quock.	Shoulder, shoulders:
•… uskàn,	A bone.
•… ussúckqun	A tail.
Awemanittin.	Their Rutting time.
Paushinummin.	To divide.
Paushinummauatittea.	Let us divide.

This they do when a Controversy falls out, whose the Deere should be.

Caúskashunck,

The Deere skin.

Obs. Púmpom: a tribute Skin when a Deere (hunted by the Indians, or Wolves) is killed in the water. This skin is carried to the Sachim or Prince, within whose territory the Deere was slain.

Ntaumpowwushaumen.

I come from hunting.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of their Gaming, &c.

THeir Games, (like the Engl •… sh) are of two sorts; private and public:

Private, and sometimes public; A Game •… ike unto the English Cards; yet, instead of Cards they play with strong Rushes.

Secondly, they have a kind of Dice which are Plumb stones painted, which they cast in 〈◊〉 Tray, with a mighty noise and sweating: Their public Games are solemnized with •… he meeting of hundreds; sometimes thou •… ands, and consist of many vanities, none of •… hich I durst ever be present at, that I might not countenance and partake of their folly, after I once saw the evil of them.

Ahânu.	He laughs.
Tawhitchahánean.	Why do you laugh?
Ahánuock.	They are merry.
Nippauochâumen.	We are dancing.
Pauochaûog.	They are playing or dancing.
Pauochaútowwin.	A Bable to play with.
Akesuog.	They are at Cards, or telling of Rushes.
Pissinneganash.	Their playing Rushes.
Ntakesemin.	I am a •… elling or counting;

for their play is a kind of Arithmatick▪

Obs. The chief Gamesters amongst them •… much desire to make their God's side with •… them in their Games (as our English Gamesters so far also acknowledge God) therefore I have •… ene them keep as a preciou •… stone a piece of Thunderbolt, which is lik •… unto a Crystal, which they dig out of th •… ground under some tree, Thunder-smitte •… and from this stone they have an opinion o •… success, and I have not heard any of thes •… prove losers which conceive may be Sata •… policy and God's holy Justice to harden the •… for their not rising higher from the Thunderbolt, to the God that send or shoots it

Ntaquie akesamen.	I will leave play.
Nchikossimunnash.	I will burn my Rushes.
Wunnaugonhómmin	To play at •… ice in their Tray.
Asaúanash.	The painted Plumbstones which they throw.
Puttuckquapúonck.	A Playing Arbo •… r.

Obs. This Arbour or Play house is made of long poles set in the earth, four square, sixteen or twenty foot high; on which they hang great store of their stringed money have great stakings, town against town, and two chosen out of the rest by course to play the Game at this kind of Dice in the midst of all their Abettors, with great shouting and solemnity: beside, they have great meetings of foot-ball playing, only in Summer, town against town, upon some broad sandy shore, free from stones, or upon some soft he •… hie plot because of their naked feet, at which they have great stakings, but seldom quarrel.

Pasuckquakohowaûog	They meet to foot-ball.
Cukkúmmote weep.	You steal;

As I have often told them in their gamings, and in their great losings (when they have staked and lost their money, clothes, house, corn, and themselves, (if single persons) they will confess it being weary of their lives, and ready to make away themselves, like many an English man: an Emblem of the horror of conscience, which all poor sinners walk in at last, when they see what woeful games they have played in their life, and now find themselves eternal Beggars.

•… esaqúnnamun, Another kind of solemn public meeting, wherein they lie under the trees, in a kind of Religious observation, and have a mixture of Devotions and sports: But their chiefest Idol of all for sport and game, is (if their land be at peace) toward Harvest, when they set up a long house called Qunnekamuck. Which signifies Long house, sometimes an hundred sometimes two hundred foot long upon a plain near the Court (which they call Kitt •… ickan̄ick) where many thousands, men and women meet, where he that goes in danceth in the sight of all the rest; and is prepared with money, coats, small breeches, knifes, or what he is able to reach to, and gives these things away to the poor, who yet must particularly beg and say, Cowequetúmmous, that is, I beseech you: which word (although there is not one common beggar amongst them) yet they will often use when their richest amongst them would fain obtain ought by gift.

CHAP. XXIX. Of their War, &c.

A Queen.	Peace.
Nanoúeshin, & Awêpu.	A peaceable calm; for Awēpu signifies a calm.
Chepewess, & Mishittâshin.	A Northern storm of war,

as they wittily speak, and which England now woefully feels, until the Lord Jesus chide the winds, and rebuke the raging seas.

Nummusquântum.	I am angry.
Tawhitch musquawnamean?	Why are you angry?
Aquie musquántash.	Cease from anger.
Chachepissu, nishqûetu.	Fierce.
Tawhitch chachepisettit nishquehet •… it?	Why are they fierce?
Cummusquáunamuck	He is angry with you.
Matwaûog.	Soldiers.
Matwaûonck.	A Battle.
Cnmmusqnaúnamish	I am angry with you.
Cummusquawname?	Are you angry with me?
Miskisaûwaw.	A quarrelsome fellow.
Tawhitch niskqúekean?	Why are you so fierce?
Ntatakcómmuck qun ewo.	He struck me.
Nummokókunitch	I am robbed.
Ncheckequnnitch.
Mecaûtea.	A fighter.
Mecâuntitea.	Let us fight.
Mecaúnteass.	Fight with him.
Wepe cummecautch.	You are a quarreller.
Jûhettitea.	Let us fight.
Jûhetteke.	Fight,

Which is the word of encouragement which they use when they animate each other in war; for they use their tongues instead of drummes and trumpets.

Awaún necáwni aum piasha?	Who drew the first bow, or shot the first shot?
Nippaketatunck.	He shot first at me.
Nummeshannantam Nummayaôntam.	I scorn, or take it indignation.

Obs. This is a common word, not only in war, but in peace also (their spirits in naked bodies being as high and proud as men more gallant) from which sparks of the lusts of pride and passion, begin the flame of their wars.

Whauwháutowaw ánowat.	There is an Alarum.
Wopwawnónckquat.	An hubbub.
Amaumuwaw paudsha.	A Messenger is come.
Keenomp Muckquomp paûog.	Captains, or Valiant men.
Negonsh •… chick.	Leaders.
Kuttówonck.	A Trumpet.
Popowutráhig.	A Drumme.

Obs Not that they have such of their own making; yet such they have from the French: and I have known a good Drumme made amongst them in imitation of the English.

Quaquawtatatteaug	They train.
Machippog.	A Quiver.
Caúquat -tash.	Arrow, Arrows.
Onúttug.	An half Moon in war.
Peskcunck.	A Gunne.
Saûpuck.	Powder.
Mátit.	Vnloden.
Mechimu.	Loden.
Mechimúash.	Lode it.
Shottash.	Shot;

A made word from us, though their Gunnes they have from the French, and often sell many a score •… o the English, when they are a little out of frame or Kelter.

Pummenúmmin teáuquash.	To contribute to the wars.
Askwhitteass.	Keep watch.
Askwhitteâchick.	The Guard.
Askwhitteaûg.	Is •… s the Guard.

Obs. I once travelled (in a place concei •… ed dangerous) with a great Prince, and his Queen and Children in company, with a Guard of near two hundred, twenty, or thir •… ie fires were made every night for the Guard 〈◊〉 the Prince and Queen in the midst) and •… entinells by course, as exact as in Europe; •… nd when we travelled through a place where •… mbushes were suspected to lie, a special Guard, like unto a Life-guard, compassed some nearer, some farther of) the King and Queen, myself and some English with me.

They are very copious and pathetical in O •… ations to the people, to kindle a flame of •… rath, Valour or revenge from all the Com •… on places which Commanders use to insist •… n.

We •… assu	Afraid.
Cowesass.	Are you afraid?
Tawhitch wesasean?	Why fear you?
Manowêsass.	I fear none.
Kukkushickquock.	They fear you.
Nosemitteūnck quock	They fly from us.
Onamatta cowaûta	Let us pursue.
Nuckqusha.	I fear him.
Wussemo-wock.	He flies, they fly.
Npauchippowem	I fly for succor.
Keesaūname.	Save me.
Npummuck.	I am shot.
Chenawaūsu.	Churlish.
Waumaûsu.	Loving.
Tawhitch chenawaû sean?	Why are you churlish?
Aumansk.	A Fort.
Waukaunosint.
Cupshitteaûg.	They lie in the way.
Aumanskitteaūg.	They fortify.
Kekaúmwaw.	A scorner or mocker.
Nkekaūmuck ewo.	He scorns me.
Aq •… ekekaúmowash.	Do not scorn.

Obs. This mocking (between their great ones) is a great kindling of Wars amongst them: yet I have known some of their chiefest say, what should I hazard the lives of my precious Subjects, them and theirs to kindle a Fire, which no man knows how far, and how long it will burn, for the barking of a Dog?

Sekineam.	I have no mind to it.
Nissekineug	He likes not me.
Nummánneug.	He hates me.
Sekinneauhettūock.
Maninnewauhettuock.	They hate each other.
Nowetompátimmin	We are Friends.
Wetompâchick.	Friends.
Nowepinnátimin.	We join together.
Nowepinnâchick.	My Companions in War, or Associats.
Nowechusettimmin.	We are Confederates.
Nechuse ewo	This is my Associate.
Wechusittûock.	They join together.
Nweche kokkêwem.	I will be mad with him.
Chickaūta wêtu.	An house fired.

Once lodging in an Indian house full of people, the whole Company (Women especially) cried out in apprehension that the Enemy had fired the House, being about midnight: The house was fired but not by an Enemy: the men ran up on the house top, and with their naked hands beat out the Fire: One scorched his leg, and suddenly after they came into the house again, undauntedly cut his leg with a knife to let out the burnt blood.

Yo ánawhone	There I am wounded.
Missinnege	A Captain.
Nummissinnàm ewo.	This is my Captive.
Waskeiûhettimmitch.	At beginning of the fight.
Nickqueintónckquock	They come against us.
Nickqueintouôog.	I will make War upon them.
Nippauquanaūog.	I will destroy them.
Queintauatittea.	Let us go against them.
Kunnauntatáuhuckqun.	He comes to kill you.
Paúquana.	There is a slaughter.
Pequttôog paúquanan.	The Pequts are slain.
Awaun Wuttúnnene?	Who have the Victory.
Tashittáwho?	How many are slain?
Neestáwho.	Two are slain?
Piuckqunneanna.	Ten are slain.

Obs. Their Wars are far less bloody, and devouring then the cruel Wars of Europe; and seldom twenty slain in a pitched field: partly because when they fight in a wood every Tree is a Bucklar.

When they fight in a plain, they fight with leaping and dancing, that seldom an Arrow hits, and when a man is wounded, unless he that shot follows upon the wounded, they soon retire and save the wound •… d: and yet having no Swords, nor •… uns, all •… hat are slain are commonly slain with great Valour and Courage: for the Conqueror entures into the thickest, and brings away •… he Head of his Enemy.

Niss-nissoke.	Kill kill.
Kunnish	I will kill you.
Kunnishickqun ewo.	He will kill you.
Kunnishickquock.	They will kill you.
•… iuckissûog.	They are stout men.
Nickummissūog	They are Weak.
Nnickummaunámaûog.	I shall easily vanquish. them.
Neene núppamen.	I am dying?
Cowaúnckamish.	Quarter, quarter.
Kunnanaumpasúmmish.	Mercy, Mercy.
Kekuttokaūntá,	Let us parley.
Aquetuck.	Let us cease Arms.
•… unnishaūnta.	Let us agree.
Cowammáunsh.	I love you.
•… unnêtu ntá.	My heart is true.
•… uppaûntash.	Consider what I say.
Tuppaūntamoke.	Do you all consider.
Cummequaunum cummittamussussuck ka cummuckiaûg.	Remember your Wives, and Children.
Eatch keen anawâyean.	Let all be as you say •… .
Cowawwunnaûwem.	You speak truly.
Cowauôntam.	You are a wise man
Wetompátitea.	Let us make Friends.

CHAP. XXX. Of their paintings.

• 1. THey paint their Garments, &c.
• 2. The men paint their Faces in War.
• 3. Both Men and Women for pride, &c.

Wómpi	White.
Mówi-súcki.	Black.
Msqùi.	Red.
Wesaûi	Yellow.
Askáski.	Green.
Peshaūi.	Blew, &c.

Obs. Wunnàm their red painting which they most delight in, and is both the Bark of the Pine, as also a red Earth.

Mishquock.	Red Earth.
Metewis.	•… lack Earth.

From this M'etewis is an Indian Town a day and a halfs Journey, or less (West, from the Massachusetts) called Metewêmesick.

Wussuckhosu.

A painted Coat.

Of this and Wússuckwheke, (the English Letters, which comes nearest to their painting I spake before in the Chapter of their clothing.

Aunakêsu.	He is painted.
Aunakeuck.	They are painted.
Tawhitch auna kean?	Why do you paint yourself?
Cheskhosh.	Wipe off.
Cummachiteoûwunash kuskeesuckquash.	You spoil your Face.
Mat pitch cowáhick	The God that made you
Manit keefiteónckqus	will not know you.

CHAP. XXXI. Of Sickness.

NUmmaūchnem	I am sick.
Mauchinaūi.	He is sick.
Yo Wuttunsin	He keeps his Bed.
Ac •… ie nummauchnem.	I am very sick.
Noonshem metesimmin.	I cannot eat.
Mach ge nummete simmin.	I eat nothing.
Tocketu •… sinammin?	What think you?
Pitch nkeeteem?	Shall I recover?
Niskee •… aqush mauchinaash.	My eyes fail me.
Ncussawontapam.	My head aches.
Npummaumpiteunck	My Teeth ache.
Nchesammattam, Nchesammam.	I am in pain.

Obs. In these cases their Misery appears, that they have not (but what sometimes they get from the English) a raisin or currant or any physic, Fruit or spice, or any Comfort more than their Corn and Water, &c. In which bleeding case wanting all Means of recovery, or present refreshing I have been constrained to, and beyond my power to refresh them, and I believe to save many of them from Death, who I am confident perish many Millions of them (in that mighty continent) for want of Means.

Nupaqqóntup Kúspissem.	Bind my head.
Wauaúpunish	Life up my head.
Nip •… aquontup.
〈◊〉 nsete.	My Foot is sore.
M •… chàge nickow êmen	I sleep not.
Nnanotissu.	I have a Feaver.
Wame kussopita nohock.	My body burns.
Ntátupe note, or chickot.	I am all on fire.
Yo nteatchin.	I shake for Cold.
Ntatuppe wunnêpog.	I shake as a leaf.
Puttuckhumma.	Cover me.
Paútous nototam min.	Reach me the drink.

Obs. Which is only in all their extremities, a little boiled water, without the addition of crumb or drop of other comfort: O England's mercies, &c.

Tahaspunâyi?	What ayles he?
Tocketúspanem?	What aile you?
Tocketuspunnaúmaqun?	What hurt hath he done to you?
Chassaqúnsin?	How long hath he been sick?
Nnanowwêteem.	I am going to visit.

Obs. This is all their refreshing, the Visit of Friends, and Neighbors, a poor empry •… isit and presence, and yet indeed this is very solemn, unless it be in infectious diseases, and then all forsake them and fly, that I have often seen a poor House left alone in the •… ld Woods, all being fled, the living not able to bury the dead: so terrible is the apprehension of an infectious disease, that not only persons, but the Houses and the whole Town takes flight.

Nummockquese.	I have a swelling.
Mocquesui	He is swelled.
Wame wuhock▪ Mockqu •… sui.	All his body is swelled.
Mamaskishaûi.	He hath the Pox.
Mamaskishaûonck.	The Pox.
Mamaskishaûmitch.	The last pox.
Wesauashaûi.	He hath the plague.
Wesauashaûonck.	The plague.
Wesauashaùmitch.	The great plague.

Obs. Were it not that they live in sweet Air, and remove persons and Houses from the infected, in ordinary course of subordinate Causes, would few or any be left alive, and surviving.

Nmunnadtommin.	I vomit
Nqunnuckquus.	I am lame.
N •… psa.	I am d •… afe.
Npóckunnum.	I am blind.
Npockquanámmen.	My disease is I know not what.
Pesuponck.	An Hot-house.
Npesuppaûmen.	I go to sweat.
Pesuppaûog.	They are sweating.

Obs. This Hot-house is a kind of little Cell or Cave, six or eight foot over, round, made on the side of a hill (commonly by some Rivulet or Brooke) into this frequently the men enter after they have exceedingly heated it with store of wood, laid upon an heap of stones in the middle. When they have taken out the fire, the stones keep still a great heat: Ten, twelve, twenty more or less, enter at once stark naked, leaving their coats small breeches (or aprons) at the door, with one to keep all: here do they sit round these hot stones an hour or more, taking Tobacco, discoursing, and sweating together; which sweating they use for two ends: First, to cleanse their skin: Secondly, to purge their bodies, which doubtless is a great means of preserving them, and recovering them from diseases, especially from the French disease, which by sweating and some potions, they perfectly and speedily cure: wh •… n they come forth (which is matter of admiration) I have seen them run (Summer and •… inter) into the B •… ooks to cool them, without the least hurt.

M •… qu •… eash.	The veins.
Msq •… , neepuck.	Blood
Nsau •… paushaumen.	I have th •… bloody Flixe.
Matux 〈◊〉 auwaw.	•… e cannot go to stool.
Poww •… w.	Their Priest.
Maunêtu.	A Con urer.
Powwaw nippetea.	The priest is curing him.
Yo Wutteantawaw.	He is acting his •… ure.

Obs. These Priests and onjurers (like Simon 〈◊〉 ) do bewitch the people, and not only take their Money, but do most certainly (by the help of the Devil) work great Cures though most certain it is that the greatest part of their Priests do merely abuse them and get their Money, in the times of their sickness and to my knowledge, long for sick times: and to that end the poor people store up Money, and spend both Money and goods on the Powwâws, or Priests in these times, the poor people commonly die under their hands, for alas, they administer nothing but howl and roar, and hollow over them, and begin the song to the rest of the People about them, who all join (like a Choir) in Prayer to their God's for them.

Maskit ponamiin.	Give me a Plais •… er.
Maskit	Give me some physic
Cotatámhea.	Drink.

Both which they earnestly desire of the English, and do frequently send to myself, and others for, (having experimentally found some Mercy of that kind (through God's blessing) from us.

Nickeetem.	I am recovered.
Kitummayi nick êekon.	I am ju •… now recovered.

CHAP. XXXII. Of Death and Burial, &c.

As Pummissin.	He is not yet departed.
Neene.	He is drawing on.
Pausawut kitonckquêwa.	He cannot live long.
Chachewunnea.	He is near dead.
Kitonckquêi.	He is dead.
Nipwi mâw.	He is gone.
Kakitonckquêban.	They are dead and gone.
Sequttôi.	He is in black,

That is, He hath some dead in his house (whether wife or child &c.) for although at the first being sick, all the Women and Maides black their faces with soote and other blackings; yet upon the death of the sick, the father, or husband, and all his neighbors, the Men also (as the English wear black mourning clothes) wear black Faces, and lay on soote very thick, which I have often seen clotted with their tears.

This blacking and lamenting they observe in most doleful manner, divers weeks and months; yea, a year, if the person be great and public.

Sequt.	Soote.
Michemeshâwi.	He is gone forever.
Mat wonck kunnawmone.	You shall never see him more.
Wunnowaúntam Wullóasin.	Grieved and in bitterness.
Nnowántam, •… lôasin.	I am grieved for you.

Obs. As they abound in lamentations for the dead, so they abound in consolation to the living and visit them frequently, using this word Kutchimmoke, Kutchimmoke▪ Be of good cheer which they express by stroking the cheek and head of the father or mother, husband or wife of the dead.

C •… epassotam.	The dead Sachim.
Mauchaúhom.	The dead man.
Mauchauhomwock Chepeck.	The dead.
Chepa •… quaw.	A dead woman.
Yo a papan.	He that was here.
Sachimaupan.	He that was Prince here.

Obs. These expressions they use, because, they abhor to mention the dead by name, and therefore, if any man bear the name of the dead he changeth his name and if any stranger accidentally name him, he is checked, and if any willfully name him he is fined; and and amongst States, the naming of their dead Sachims, is one ground of their wars; so terrible is the King of Terrors, Death, to all natural men.

Aquie mishash aquic mishómmokc.	D •… e not name.
Cowewênaki.	You wrong me, to wit, in naming my dead.
Posakunnamun.	To bury.
Aukùck pónamun.	To lay in the earth.
Wesquaubenan.	To wrap up,

in winding mats or coats, as we say, winding sheets.

〈◊〉 , One of chiefest esteem, who winds up and buries the dead commonly some wise, grave, and well descended man hath that office.

When they come to the Grave, they lay the dead by the Grave's mouth and then all sit down and lament; that I have seen tears run down the cheeks of stoutest Captains, as well as little children in abundance: and after the dead is laid in Grave, and sometimes (in some parts) some goods cast in with them, They have then a second great lamentation, and upon the Grave is spread the Mat that the party died on the Dish he eat in; and sometimes a fair Coat of skin hung upon the next tree to the Grave, which none will touch, •… ut suffer it there to rot with the dead: Yea, I saw with mine own eyes that at my late coming forth of the Country, the chief and most aged peaceable Father of the Country, Caunoūnicus, having buried his son, he burned his own Palace, and all his goods in it, (amongst them to a great value) in a sollemne remembrance of his son, and in a kind of humble Expiation to the God's, who (as they believe) had taken his son from him.

The TABLE.

CHAP.	PAGE.
I. OF Salutation.	1
II. Of Eating and Entertainment.	10
III. Of Sleep.	17
IV. Of their Numbers.	•… 2
V. Of Relations of Consanguinity, &c.	27
VI. Of House, Family, &c.	31
VII. Of Parts of Body.	48
VIII. Of Discourse and News.	54
IX. Of Time of the day.	62
X. Of Seasons of the Yeere.	65
XI. Of Travel.	68
XII. Of the heavenly Lights.	79
XIII. Of the Weather.	82
XIV. Of the Winds.	85
XV. Of Fowl.	88
XVI. Of the Earth and Fruits thereof.	92
XVII. Of Beasts and Cattle.	104
XVIII. Of the Sea.	108
XIX. Of Fish and Fishing.	113
XX. Of their Nakednesse and Clothing.	110
XXI. Of their Religion, Soul, &c.	114
XXII. Of their Government.	132
XXIII. Of their Marriages.	138
XXIV. Of their Coyne.	144
XXV. Of their Trading.	151
XXVI Of their Debts and Trusting.	159
XXVII. Of their Hunting	163
XXVIII. Of their Sports and Gaming.	169
XXIX. Of their Wars.	174
XXX. Of their Paintings.	183
XXXI. Of their Sickness.	185
XXXII: Of their Death and Burial:	192

I have further treated of these Natives of New-England, and that great point of their Conversion in a little additional Discourse apart from this.

I Have read over these thirty Chapters of the American Language, to me wholly unknown, and the Observations, these I conceive inoffensive; and that the Work may conduce to the happy end intended by the Author.