The Life and Death of Alexander the Great

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THE LIFE, & DEATH OF ALEXANDER the Great, KING OF MACEDONIA.

A LEXANDER, surnamed the Great was the Son of Philip, King of Macedonia, and of his Queen Olympias. He was born on the sixth day of our June, called by the Macedonians, Lous. Upon the very same day that the Temple of Diana in Ephesus was burned down; whereupon the Priests, Magicians, and South-sayers ran about the City, crying, that some great Plague and mischief to Asia was surely born that day. Three messengers came to King Philip, presently after he had won the City of Potidaea, upon the same day, who brought him great News, the first, that Permenion his General, had won a notable Battle of the Illyrians: the second that his Horse had won the prize at the Olympian Games: and the third, that his wife Olympias had brought him a Son, that was named Alexander, born at Pella in Macedonia.

Philip being marvelous glad to hear these newses, the Soothsayers much added to his joy; assuring him, that his Son that was thus born, should be invincible. He had naturally a very fair white color, mingled with red, which chiefly appeared in his face and breast: His skin had a marvelous sweet savor, and his breath was very sweet, which shown his excellent constitution. He was naturally hot and Cholerick, which made him to be addicted to drink, and hasty, and yet was chaste withal. His Father was very careful of his Education, and therefore gat for him excellent Tutors, as Leonidas, which had the chiefest Government of him. Then Lysimachus, an Acarnanian: and Aristotle, the Best Philosopher of his time, to whom Philip allowed a very Honorable stipend.

He delighted much in hunting divers kinds of wild Beasts, and playing at the Staff. On a time while he was young, Ambassadors were sent to his Father from the King of Persia, and it fell out that Philip was in some journey out of his Kingdom. Alexander therefore entertained them familiarly, not using any childish questions to them, nor enquiring about trifling, and trivial matters, but what distance it was from one place to another, and which way they went into the higher places of Asia; Also about the King of Persia himself, how he behaved himself towards his enemies, and what power he had, &c. insomuch as they were ravished with delight to hear him, judging him to be of great Courage, and of a Noble mind, and one that was like to attempt great enterprises. When at any time news was brought him that his Father had taken some famous City, or had won some great Battle, he was no whit glad to hear it, but would say to his play-fellows: Sirs, My Father will do all, I shall have nothing left me to Conquer with you that will be ought worth.

Upon a time Philonicus, a Thessalian brought a brave Horse, called Bucephalus, to sell unto King Philip, demanding thirteen Talents for him, and they went into the Field to try him: But the Horse was found to be so unruly, and churlish, that they which should have ridden him, said, that he would never be made serviceable: For he would let no man get upon his Back, nor abide any of the Gentlemens voices that were about Philip, but would yerk at them with his heels; whereupon Philip, being afraid, bad them take him away as a wild, untamable, and unprofitable Beast: which they had done accordingly, had not Alexander, that stood by, said, O God's! what a Horse do they turn away for lack of skill, and courage to handle and break him? Philip heard what he said, but held his peace. Alexander often repeating those words, and seeming sorry that the Horse should be sent back, Philip said, Why doest thou control them that have more skill and experience than thyself; and that know better how to handle a Horse than thou doest; Alexander answered, and yet methinks I could handle him better than all they have done. But if thou canst do no more than they (replied Philip) what wilt thou forfeit for thy folly? I am content (said Alexander) to forfeit the price of the Horse. Everyone laughed to hear his answer, and the match was made between the Father and the Son. Then ran Alexander to the Horse, and took him by the Bridle, and turned him towards the Sun. It seems he had observed how mad the Horse was to see his own shadow, which was before, always before his eyes as he stirred too and fro. Then Alexander speaking gently to the Horse, and clapping him on the back with his hand, till he had left his fury and s • orting, softly let fall his Cloke from him, and lightly leaped on his back, and so gat up without any danger, and holding the reins of the Bridle hard, without striking or stirring the Horse, made him to be gentle enough. And when he perceived that the fury of the Horse was calmed, he put him forward, and began to Gallop; Then he put him to his full carrier, spurring, and switching him. Philip at first, seeing his sons confidence, began to fear lest he should catch any hurt: But when he saw him readily to turn the Horse at the end of his carrier, and showing bravery for what he had done, all the Spectators gave a great shoot for joy: and the Father fell a weeping for joy: and when Alexander was allighted from the Horse, his Father went and kissed him, saying, O Son! thou must have a Kingdom that is meet for thee; for Macedonia is not sufficient for thee: Considering also that he was not to be rigorously dealt with, and that by gentle means and persuasions he could make him do what he would, he ever sought rather to persuade than to Command him what he would have done.

Alexander in these his younger days was very mild, and of a patient disposition, insomuch as being told that some of his Friends used in secret, to speak against him, he said, Regium est male audire cùm benefeceris. Its a Kingly thing to hear ill, when one doth well.

King Philip being dead, his son Alexander succeeded, being a Prince no less Valiant by Nature than by Education, being well instructed, & enriched with all sorts of Learning. He began his Reign in Macedonia, four hundred and seventeen years after Rome was built, being himself about twenty years old.

Upon this change of the King the neighbor Nations, whom Philip had oppressed, adventured to endeavor the recovery of their former liberty by force of Arms, the young years of Alexander giving some hope of prevailing, & his suspected severity increasing the courage of others, who could easilier resolve to die, than to live in slavery: But Alexander gave no respite to these discontented humors; For after revenge taken upon the Conspiratours against his Father, whom he slew upon his Tomb, and the celebration of his Funerals, he first engaged his Macedonians to him by freeing them from all exactions, and bodily slavery, other than his service in the Wars, and to others that contemned his youth, he used such an sterity, and such clemency to the rest; that having calmed these nearer discontents, he presently went into Peloponnesus, and so insinuated himself amongst them, that by the Council of the States of Greece, he was chosen Captain General to manage the War against the Persians, as his Father had been before him, who was so intent upon that War, that he had sent over into Asia part of his Army under the Conduct of Permenion, and Attalus, with order to take in some place which might secure the descent of the rest.

Upon this enterprise against the Persians was Alexander wholly busied, his restless thoughts both sleeping and waking, presenting to him the Riches, Honor, and large Dominions which he hoped to attain thereby. Yet was he again crossed, and retarded by the Athenians, Thebans, and Lacedemonians, who had united themselves against him, hoping by the assistance of the Persians, to recover their former liberty; and they were to this, encouraged by Demosthennes, whom the Persian Gold had bribed thereunto. This unexpected rub, and loss of time was very grievous to Alexander, who was troubled that he should turn his Sword from the base and effeminate Persians, against the manly, and famous Grecians, of whose assistance in his intended Wars he had assured himself; He therefore made such expedition against them, that himself, with his Army at his heels, brought them the first news of his preparations. This celerity of his made them begin to stagger, and the Athenians, as they were the first that moved, so were they the first that fainted, and by their Ambassadors sought to pacify him. Alexander was not long in resolving, but admitted their excuses, and made peace.

Having now quieted his Borderers on the South, he resolved also to assure himself of those Nations which lay on the North of Macedonia, viz. the Thracians, Triballes, Poones, Getes, Agrians, and others, who by their frequent incursions had much molested his Father; and withal those, after he had given them divers overthrows, he made peace, or brought them into his Subjection: and yet could he not find the way out of Europe.

The Thebans, which had one thousand Macedonians in Garrison in their Citadel, being impatient of slavery, endeavored to force it; which Alexander being informed of, hastened to their succor with thirty thousand Foot, all old Soldiers, and three thousand Horse, and presenting himself before their City, he gave the Thebans time to resolve whether they would have peace or War, only demanding that they should deliver up to him the two chief Incendiaries, Phoenix, and Prothytes, which they took in such scorn, that they demand Philotas, and Antipater, two of his chief Captains. This so incensed Alexander, that whilst he assailed the City before, the Macedonian Garrison did the like behind, and so breaking into the City, he slew ninety thousand of them, and sold thirty thousand more for slaves, and this he did for a terror to the other Grecians.

Many Arguments were used by Cleadas (one of the Prisoners) to dissuade him from destroying the City, of Thebes but all proved fruitless; for he razed the City, only out of his respect to learning, he pardoned all of the race of Pindarus the Poet, and set at liberty Timoclea, the sister of Theagines, who died in the defense of the liberty of Greece against his Father Philip. This Noble Woman, being taken by a Thracian, and ravished, he threatened to kill her unless she would discover her Treasure to him: She led him to a Well, and told him that she had cast it therein, and when he stooped to look into the well, she thrust him in, and stoned him to Death.

Alexander shortly after at a Common Council of Greece, being chosen General a second time against the Persians, went to visit Diogenes the Philosopher, there. Then returned into Macedonia, where, in a Town called Dios, as he was wholly taken up with thoughts of subduing Asia, there appeared to him in his Sleep the resemblance of the High Priest of Jerusalem, who bad him be courageous and bold, and speedily with his Army to put over into Asia, promising that he would be his Conducter in the Conquest of the Persian Empire, as Alexander himself reported.

All being now quieted at home, Alexander leaving the Government of Macedon, and Greece to Antipater, in the beginning of the Spring he passed the Hellespont, and being ready to dis-imbark, he threw a Dart towards the Asian shore, as a token of defiance, commanding his Soldiers not to wast, and destroy the Country, or to burn those buildings which themselves were presently, and in future to possess. Then landed he his Army consisting of thirty two thousand foot, and five thousand Horse, all old Soldiers, near unto Troy, where he offered a Sacrifice upon the Tomb of Achilles, his Maternall Ancestor.

But before he left his own Country, he put to death, without any offense given him, all his Mother in Laws Kinsmen, whom his Father had greatly advanced, not sparing such of his own as he suspected, thinking by unjust cruelty to secure himself for the present, and future: Yet the end fell out contrary to the Policy which his Ambition taught him, though well agreeing with the Justice of God: For within a few years all that he had planted was rooted up; those whom he most trusted were most Traiterous: His Mother, Friends and Children fell by such another merciless Sword as his own, and all manner of confusion followed his dead Body to the Grave, and left him there.

When Darius, the King of Persia, was informed that Alexander was landed in Asia, he so much scorned the Macedonian Army, and contemned Alexander himself, that writing to him, he styled him his Servant, and reprehended him for his presumption, and disloyalty (For Darius Intitled himself King of Kings, and kinsman of the God's) and withal, he wrote to his Leiutenants in the Lesser Asia, that they should take Alexander alive, whip him with Rods, and then convey him to his presence; that they should sink his Ships, and send his Macedonians prisoners beyond the Red Sea.

Notwithstanding these brags Alexander soon discovered what manner of men the Persians were: For two of Darius his Generals [Spithredates, and Rhaesaces] at the River of Granick (which severs the Territories of Troy from Propontis) with a huge Army both of Horse and Foot, sought to stop his passage, taking the higher ground, and the bank of the River to defend, which Alexander was forced to climb up unto from out of the Channel, yet was his victory so easily, that the Persians flying, he slew twenty thousand of the Foot, and two thousand five hundred Horsemen, with the loss of twelve of his own Foot, and two and twenty of his Horsemen, which shows that the Persians were rather killed in their backs whilst they ran away, than hurt in their bosoms by resisting.

It was wisely done of Alexander to pass this River of Granick in the face of the enemy, without seeking any other place, or means to convey his men over. For having beaten the Asiaticks upon their own ground, he did thereby cut off no less of their reputation, than of their strength, leaving the partakers of such cowards without hope of Succor.

Presently after this victory, he recovered Sardis, Ephesus, and the City of the Trallians, and Magnesia, all which were soon rendered to him, the Inhabitants he received with great grace, suffering them to be Governed by their own Laws: and about the same time, by Permenion, he wan Miletus, and by force took in Halicarnassens, which because it resisted obstinately, he razed it to the ground. From thence he went into Caria, were Ada, the Queen, who had been cast out of all that she held (except the City of Alinda) by Darius his Leiutenants, presented her self to him, and adopted him for her Son, and Successor, which Alexander took so kindly that he left the whole Kingdom to her disposal. Then entered he into Lycia, and Pamphilia, and assured to him all the Sea-Coasts, and subjecting to him Pisidia, he steared his course towards Darius, who (as he was informed) was marching towards him with a marvelous great Army) by the way of Phrygia, and this he might the easilier do, for that his first victory had laid under his feet all the Provinces of Asia the less, which bordered upon the Sea-coast.

Then gave he order for the se • l • ng and Government of Lycia, and Pamphilia, and so marching towards the North, he entered Celenas, seated on the River Maeander, which was abandoned to him, only the Castle held out, which yet after forty days, was surrendered to him also: for so long time he gave them to attend succout from Darius. From Celenas, he passed on thorough Phrygia towards the Euxine Sea, till he came to the City of Gordium, sometimes the Regal City of King Midas, where he found the Gordian Knot, which when he knew not how to undo, he cut it asunder with his Sword: For there was an old Prophesy which promised him that could untie it, the Lordship of all Asia: whereupon Alexander, not respecting the manner so it were done, assumed to himself the fulfilling of the Prophesy by hewing it in pieces.

Now before he left this part of Asia to go to the East, he took care to clear the Sea-coast on his back, and to thrust the Persians out of the Islands of Lesbos, Chio, and Coos, the charge whereof he committed to two of his Captains, giving them such directions as he judged most meet for that service, and delivering to them fifty Talents for defraying the charges thereof: and withal, out of the spoil gotten by his first victory, he sent sixty Talents more to Antipater, whom he had left for the Government of Macedonia and Greece. From Celenas he went to Ancira, standing on the same River of Sanguarius, which runs through Gordium: there he mustered his Army, and so entered into Paphlagonia, whose Inhabitants submitted themselves to him, and thereby obtained freedom from Tribute. There he left Catus Governor, with one Regiment of Macedonians newly come to him.

Here he heard of the Death of Memnon, Darius 's Lieutenant, which much encouraged him to pass on towards him: For of this one Commander he had more respect than of all the multitude assembled by Darius, and of all the Captains he had besides. Then did he travel hastily towards Silicia, with a desire to recover the Streights thereof before Darius should arrive there. The Governor of Silicia hearing of Alexanders hasty march, left some Companies to keep the Streights, which were indeed very defensible, and now (though too late) began to prize, and put in Execution the advise of Memnon, who in the beginning of the Wars, had counseled to wast all the provisions both for Man, and Horse that could not be conveyed into strong holds, and always to give ground to the Invader, till he found some such notable advantage as might secure to him the victory. For the fury of an invading army is best broken by delays, change of diet, and want, and other inconveniences bringing, and breeding many diseases upon all Nations out of their own Country. And had Darius kept the Macedonians but a while without meat, and sleep, refusing to give or take Battle, and had wearied them with his light Horsemen (as the Parthians afterwards did the Romans) in all probability he might have saved both his life, and Estate. For it was one of the greatest encouragements given by Alexander to his Macedonians before the third, and last fatal Battle, that they were now to fight with all the strength of Persi • at once.

But where God hath a purpose to destroy, wise men are taken away, and the charge of things is committed unto such as either cannot see what is for their good, or that know not how to put in execution any sound advice; the course which Memnon had propounded, must in all liklyhood have brought the Macedonians into great straits, and stopped them at those narrow passages of Silicia. For had Cappadocia, and Paphlegonia been wasted when Alexander was far off, and the Streights of Silicia been defended by Arsenes with his best Soldiers, hunger would not have suffered the enemy to stay the trial of all means for the forcing of that passage: Or if the place could not have been defended, yet might Cilieia at leisure have been thoroughly spoiled, that the heart of Alexanders Army should have been broken, whilst they sought out miseries by painful travel.

But Arsenes leaving a small number to defend the Streights, took the best of his Army with him to wast and spoil the Country; or rather, as it seemed, to make himself some work, under which pretence he might with honesty run the further from Alexander; And in truth he so handled the matter, that he gave cause to the Cicilians to wish for Alexanders coming, and as great cause to the Keepers of the Passage not to hinder it. For cowards are wise in apprehending all forms of danger. These Guardians of the Streights, hearing that Arsenes hasted to join himself with Darius, burning down all as he went, as one despairing to defend it, began to think, that surely their General (who gave for lost the Country behind their backs) had exposed themselves to certain ruin, as men that were fit only to dull the swords of the Macedonians; Wherefore, not being ambitious to die for their Prince and Country (which honor they saw that Arsenes himself could well forbear) they presently followed the footsteps of their General, gleaning what he had left. And thus Alexander without hazard, got, both the entrance into Silicia, abandoned by the cowardliness of his enemies, and also that whole Province whose minds were now alienated from the Persians through the imprudent carriage of Arsenes.

When Alexander with great speed was come to Tarsus, taking pleasure in the River Cydnus, which ran through the City, all hot as he was, he threw off his Armor, and leaped into the cold water, whereupon he grew instantly so benumbed in all the Nerves of his Body, that he lost the use of his Tongue; and so far was he from hope of recovery, that nothing was expected but present Death: But one Philip a Physician, gave him a Potion, which he took, and it cured him out of hand, though Permenion had forewarned him, that this Philip was set on work to poison him.

In the mean time Darius approached, having gathered together an Army of two hundred and ninety thousand men out of divers Nations (saith Q. Curtius) or of three hundred thousand Foot, and one hundred thousand Horse, (as Justine numbers them) Or of six hundred thousand, as Plutarch relates.

The manner of his coming was rather like a Masker, than a man of War; and like one that took more care to show his Glory and Riches, than to provide for his own safety. For before his Army there was carried the holy Fire, which the Persians worshipped for their God; attended by their Priests, and after them three hundred sixty and five young men, answering to the days of the year, clothed in Skarlet. Then the Chariot of Jupiter, drawn with white Horses, with their Riders clothed in white, and carrying Rods of Gold in their hands. Next after them came the Horse of the Sun, and after him ten sumptuous Chariots Inlay'd and garnished with God & Silver: and then the Vaunt Guard of their Horse, compounded of twelve several Nations, which, the better to avoid confusion, did hardly understand one another's Language, and these, marshalled in the head of the rest, being beaten, might serve very fitly to disorder all that followed them. In the tail of these, marched the Regiment of foot styled by the Persians, Immortal, because if any died, their place was presently supplied by others; and these were armed with chains of Gold, and their coats embroidered w ^th the same, having their sleeves garnished with Pearl: Baits fit either to entice the poor Macedonians, or to persuade them that it were great incivillity to cut or deface such goodly Garments.

Then marched after them fifteen thousand, more rich and glittering than the former, but appareled like Women, and these were honored with the title of the Kings Kinsmen. Then came Darius himself with the Gentlemen of his Guard-robe, riding before his Chariot, which was supported by the God's of his Nation, cast and cut in pure Gold: the head of this Chariot was set with precious Stones, with two Golden Idols, covered with an open winged Eagle of the same metal. The hinder part being raised high, whereon Darius sat, had a covering of inestimable value.

This Chariot of the Kings was followed with ten thousand Horsmen, having lances plated with Silver, and their heads guilt. He had for the proper Guard of his own Person, two hundred of the blood Royal: blood too Royal, and precious to be spilled in any Noble adventure, & these were backed with thirty thousand Footmen, after whom again were led four hundred spare Horses for the Kings own use. Then followed the Rearward, being led by Sisygambis, the Kings Mother, and by his Wife, drawn in glorious, and glittering Chariots, followed by a great train of Ladies on Horseback, with fifteen rich Wagons of the Kings children, and the Wives of the Nobility, waited upon by two hundred and fifty Concubines, and a World of Nurses, and Eunuchs most sumptuously apparrelled: Between these, and a Company of slight Armed Slaves, was the Kings Treasure, loaden on six hundred Mules and three hundred Camels.

In this sort came this May-game King into the field, encumbered with a most unnecessary train of Sumpters, attended with Troops of divers Nations, speaking divers Languages, impossible to be well Marshalled by reason of their numbers, and for the most part so effeminate, and so rich in Gold and costly Garments, as the same could not but have encouraged the Nakedst Nation against them.

When Alexander met with these effeminate Asiaticks, it may easily be guessed what a cheap Victory he had over them. Some say that he slew in this Battle sixty thousand Footmen, and ten thousand Horsmen. Q. Curtius saith, an hundred thousand Foot, with as many Horsemen, and took forty thousand Prisoners, whilst of Alexanders Army there miscarried but two hundred and eighty of all sorts, of which number some Historians cut off almost one half. He took Prisoners also Darius his Mother, Wife, Daughters, and other the Kings Children. Darius by this time found it true, that Charidemus, a banished Grecian of Athens, had told him when he made a view of his Army about Babylon, to wit, That the multitude which he had assembled of divers Nations, richly attired but poorly Armed, would be found more terrible to the Countries through which they should pass, than to the Macedonians whom they meant to assail, who being all old, and Well-disciplined Soldiers, imbattelled in gross Squadrons, which they called their Phalanx, well covered with Armor for defense, and furnished with advantageous Weapons for offense, would make so little account of his delicate Persians, ill Armed, and worse Disciplin'd, that except he would (having such abundance of Treasure) entertain a sufficient number of the same Grecians, and so encounter the Macedonians with men of equal courage, he would repent overlate, as taught by the miserable success like to follow.

But so unpleasing was this discourse to Darius, (who used to hear nothing but his own praises) that he caused this poor Grecian to be presently slain, who whilst he was under the Tormentors hand, said, to the King, that Alexander, against whom he had given this good counsel, should certainly revenge his Death, and deservedly punish Darius for refusing this advise. Darius likewise slighted the counsel given him by the Grecian Soldiers that served under him, who entreated him not to fight in those straight places where Alexander could bring as many hands to fight as Darius could: and these old blades, when Darius was overthrown with all his cowardly, and confused Rabble, under their Captain Amyntas, held firm, and made a brave retreat in despite of the vanquishers.

These Grecians also after their retreat, advised Darius to draw back his Army into the plains of Mesopotamia, where he might have environed the Macedonians on all sides with his multitudes; they counseled him also to divide his huge Army into parts, and not to cast his Empire upon one Battle, &c. But this advise was so contrary to the cowardly spirits of the Persians, that they persuaded Darius to environ these Greeks with his Army, and to cut them in pieces as Traitors. But Darius was so infatuated that he would needs fight with Alexander in such a straight place, near unto the City of Issus, where he could bring no more hands to fight than Alexander could (who by the advice of Parmeni • staid there as in a place of advantage) whereby he was utterly overthrown, his Treasure lost, his Wife, Mother, and Children (whom the Grecians had persuaded him to leave in Babylon) taken prisoners, and all their train of Ladies spoiled of their rich Garments, Jewels, and Honor. Indeed the Queen, with her Daughters, who had the good hap to be brought to Alexanders presence, were entertained with all respect due unto them, their Honors preserved, and their Jewels, and rich Garments restored; and though the Queen was a most beautiful Lady; and her Daughters of excellent features, yet Alexander mastered his affections towards them all: Only he embraced the Wife of the Valiant Memnon, who was lately dead, she being taken by Permenion, as she fled from Damascus, at which time the Daughters of Ochus, who reigned before Darius, and the Wives and Children of almost all the Nobility of Persia, fell into Captivity, together with the Treasure of Darius (not taken at Issus) was seized upon, amounting to six thousand and two hundred Talents in ready Coin, and in Bullion, five hundred Talents, with a world of Riches besides.

Permenion also in his Letter to Alexander sent him word, that amongst other things, he had taken at Damascus three hundred twenty nine of the Kings Women, which were Skilfull in Music; forty six Weavers, or Knitters of Crowns; Pastry Women two hundred seventy seven; Cook Maids twenty nine; White-meat-makers thirteen; Makers of drinking Cups seventeen; Wine-cellar men seventy; Apothecaries, and Confectioners forty. Thirty thousand Men, and seven thousand Camels.

Darius himself leaving his Brother dead (casting the Crown from his head) with divers others of his Chief Captains, hardly escaped by flight.

After this overthrow given to Darius, all Phoenicia (the City of Tyre excepted) yielded unto Alexander, who made Permenion Governor of it. Also Aradus, Zidon, and Biblos, which were Maritine Cities of great importance, of which one Strato was King (but hated of his People) submitted unto Alexander: Yea, good success attended him everywhere. For Antigonus, who was his Lieutenant in Asia the Less, overthrew the Cappadocians, Paphlagonians, and others lately revolted. Aristodemus also, who was Darius his Admiral, had his Fleet partly taken, and partly drowned by the Macedonians. Likewise the Lacedemonians, who rose up against Antipater, were beaten: and four thousand of those Greeks, that made so brave a retreat at the last Battle, being led by Amyntas into Egypt, intending to hold it for themselves, were there slain: for the time to divide Kingdoms was not yet come.

Alexander to honor his beloved Ephestion, gave him power to dispose of the Kingdom of Zidon, and Ephestion, to show his gratitude, offered to bestow it upon his Host with whom he quartered; But the Man, not being of the Kingly Race, refused it, saying, It is not our Country-fashion, that any should be King, but such as are of the Kingly Line. And such an one (saith he) lives hard by, a good, and a wise man, but very poor, and one that lives by his hard labor. Then did Ephestion (taking Kingly apparel along with him) go to this poor Man, and saluted him King, bidding him, wash off his dirt, and put off his rags, and put on that Royal Apparel; The poor Mans name was Abdolominus, who thought he had been in a dream, but being by the standers by, washed, and adorned, Ephestion led him into the Palace, saying, When thou sittest on thy Throne, and hast power over the lives of all thy Subjects, forget not thy former condition. Alexander hearing of it, sent for him, and asked him, with what patience, he, being of so Noble an Extraction, could bear his former poverty? To whom Abdolominus answered; I pray God that I may bear the Kingdom with the same mind. For (said he) these hands have provided for my necessities, and as I had nothing, so I wanted nothing.

While Alexander staid in those parts, he received a Letter from Darius, wherein he desired to ransom his Wife, Mother, and Children, with some other conditions of peace, but such as rather became a Conqueror, than one who had been so shamefully beaten, not vouchsafing in the Endorsment to give Alexander the title of King. Alexander disdained his offers, and sent him word, that he was not only a King, but the King of Darius himself.

When Alexander came near the City of Tyre, he received from them the present of a Golden Crown, and great store of Victuals, with some other things, which he took very thankfully, sending them word, that he desired to offer a Sacrifice to Hercules, the Protector of their City, from whom he was descended. The Tyrians, not liking his presence within their walls, returned answer, that the Temple of Hercules, was seated where the old City stood; but Alexander was resolved to enter Tyre by force, though in most men's Judgments the City was impregnable; for the Island whereon it was built, was eight hundred furlongs from the land, yet with the labor of many hands, having great store of stone from old Tyre, and Timber sufficient from Libanus, he stopped up the passage between the Island and the Main, being more than once carried away by Storms, and sometimes fired by the Tyrians, yet with the help of his Navy, he overcame all difficulties, and prevailed, having spent seven months in that attempt. The Tyrians in the beginning of the Siege, hard barbarously drowned some messengers sent by Alexander to persuade them to yield, in respect whereof, and of his great loss of time and men, he put eight thousand to the sword, and caused two thousand of those that had escaped the first fury, to be hanged on Crosses upon the Sea-shore, and reserved for slaves thirteen thousand, some say thirty thousand, and many more of them had died, if the Zidonians, that served Alexander, had not conveyed great numbers of them by shipping to their own City. Alexander gave the Government of this Territory to Philotas, the Son of Permenion. Ephestion had the charge of the Fleet, and was commanded to meet Alexander at Gaza in the way to Egypt.

Whilst Alexander lay at the Siege of Tyrus, he sent to Jaddus, the High Priest at Jerusalem, demanding of him supplies, and provisions for his Army; and withal, such Tribute as they formerly paid to Darius: But when Jaddus answered, that he was tied by a former Oath of Allegiance to Darius, from which he could not be free so long as Darius lived: Alexander growing wroth at this answer, swore, that as soon as he had taken Tyrus, he would march against Jerusalem.

At the same time also came Sanballat, the Cuthaean to Alexander; who, having forsaken Darius, brought with him eight thousand men: Him did Alexander receive very graciously; Whereupon he asked leave of him to build a Temple upon his own Land, and to make High Priest thereof, his Son in Law, Manasseh, who was Brother to Jaddus, the High Priest at Jerusalem; and having obtained leave, because he now grew old, he fell presently to work, and built a Temple, and made Manasseh High Priest of it, thinking hereby to leave a great Honor to the Posterity of his Daughter.

In the mean while Darius sends again to Alexander, setting before him all difficulties he should meet with in his passing on to the East, laying the loss of the late Battle to the streightness of the place: He bids him to consider how impossible it was for him to pass the Rivers of Euphrates, Tigris, Araxes, &c. with all such other dreadful things as he thought might discourage him. Moreover he proffered to him all the Kingdoms which lay between the River Halis, and the Hellespont, as a Dower with his beloved Daughter: But Alexander rejected all, saying, That he proffered him nothing but what already was his own, and what Victory, and his Virtue had possessed him of. That he was in a capacity to give conditions, and not to receive any: and that having passed the Sea itself, he disdained to think of resistance in transporting his Army over Rivers. Indeed Permenion, who was now old, and full of Honor and Riches, told the King, that if he were Alexander he would embrace the offers of Darius; to which Alexander answered, that so would he if he were Permenion.

Then did Alexander march on towards Egypt, and when he came to Gaza, Getes the Governor, a faithful servant to Darius, shut the Gates against him, and defended the Town with a Noble Resolution, at the siege whereof Alexander received a wound in the shoulder which was dangerous, and a blow on his leg with a stone. He found better men in this place than he had done in the former Battels: For he left so many of his Macedonians buried in the sands of Gaza, that he was fain to send for a new supply into Greece. Here it was that Alexander began to show his cruelty: For after he had taken Gaza by assault, and Getis the Governor, who was weakened with divers wounds, and who never gave ground to the Assailants, Alexander caused holes to be bored through his feet, and himself to be dragged about the streets whilst he was yet alive, who being as valiant a man as himself, scorned to ask him either for life, or the mitigation of his Torments.

From Gaza Alexander led his Army towards Jerusalem, a City for the Antiquity, and great fame thereof, well known unto him; while he lay before Tyre, he had sent for some supplies thither, which Jaddus the High Priest, being Subject, and Sworn to Darius, had refused him. The Jews therefore fearing revenge, and unable to resist, committed the care of their Lives and Estates to Jaddus, who had recourse to God by supplications and Sacrifices for the Common safety; and was by him warned in a Dream that he should make Holy-day in the City, and set the Gates wide open, and that he and the rest of the Priests, everyone in his Priestly Raiment, and the People all clothed in white, should go forth and meet Alexander; and accordingly, he Issued out of the City, arrayed in his Pontifical Robes, to wit, an upper garment of Purple, Embroidered with Gold, with his Mitre, and the Plate of Gold, wherein was engraved the Name of God, the Priests and Levites also in their rich Ornaments, and the People in White Garments, in a manner so unusual, stately, and grave, as Alexander greatly admired it; and when he came near to the High Priest, he fell to the ground before him, as reverencing the Name of God, and when Permenion reproved him for it, Alexander told him, that in Dios, a City of Macedonia, his mind being busied about the Conquest of Asia, he saw in his sleep such a person as Jaddus, and so appareled, by whom he was encouraged to pursue his purpose, with assurance of Victory; and now beholding with his bodily eyes him who before was only represented to his fancy, he was so exceedingly pleased, and encouraged, as (contrary to the expectation of the Phoenicians, who hoped to have sacked, and destroyed Jerusalem) he gave the Jews all, and more than all that they desired; During his abode there, Jaddus shown him the Prophesy of Daniel, wherein he saw himself; and his Conquest of Persia so directly pointed at, as that nothing from thenceforth could either affright, or discourage him therein.

The next day Alexander assembled the People, and bad them ask what they would of him: But they asked nothing but that they might live according to the Laws of their own Country, and that every seventh year (wherein they were to have no harvest) they might be exempted from paying any Tribute, all which he granted. And when they asked further, that he would suffer the Jews, which dwelt in the Countries of Babylon, and Media, to live according to their own Rites and Laws, he answered, that he would satisfy their desires in that point also, so soon as he should get those Countries into his power. And when he told them, that if any of them would follow him in his Wars, they should use their own Rites wheresoever they came, many listed themselves to serve him.

From Jerusalem Alexander turned again towards Egypt, and entering into it, Astaces, who was Darius 's Lieutenant, received him, and delivered into his hands, Memphis, with eight hundred Talents of Treasure, & all other the Kings Riches; and when Alexander had set things in order in Egypt, he began to affect a Deity, at the Temple of Jupiter Hammon, so foolish had prosperity made him. He was to pass over dangerous and dry Sands, where, when the water which he brought on his Cammels backs was spent, he must need have perished, had not an extraordinary shower of Rain fallen, just when his Army was in extreme despair. Indeed it never Rains in Egypt; but the purposes of Almighty God are secret, and he bringeth to pass whatsoever pleaseth him. Its said also that when he had lost his way in those vast Desarts, a flight of Crows flew before his Army, making sometimes more, sometimes less hast, till they had guided him over those pathless sands to Jupiter's Temple.

When Alexander came near the place, he sent some of his Parasites to corrupt the Priests attending the Oracle, that their answer might be given in all things according to his mad ambition, who affected to be accounted the Son of Jupiter: and accordingly, he was saluted Jupiter's Son, by the Devils Prophet, for which he was richly rewarded, and presently a rumour was spread abroad, that Jupiter had owned him for his Child: and the better to confirm his followers in the belief of his Deity, he suborned the Priests to give answer to such as consulted with the Oracle, that it would be very pleasing to Jupiter to Honor Alexander as his Son. But this is certain, and very observable, that at Christ's coming, and the first preaching of the Gospel, the Devil in this, and in all other his Oracles, became speechless.

From the Temple of Hammon, Alexander returned to Memphis, where, among many other learned men, he heard the Philosopher Psammones, who understanding that he affected the title of Jupiter's Son, told him, that God was the Father King of all men: and, refining the pride of this haughty King, he brought him to acknowledge, that God was the Father of all mortal men, but that he acknowledgeth none for his children, save good men.

The charge of the several Provinces of Egypt, Alexander gave to several Governors, following thereing therein the Rules of his Master Aristotle, that a great Dominion should not be continued in the hands of any one man; Then gave he order for the building of Alexandria upon the most Westernly branch of Nile; and thus having settled (as he could) the State of Egypt, with the Kingdoms of the Lesser Asia, Phoenicia, and Syria, he Conducted his Army towards Euphrates, which passage (though the same was committed to Mazeus to be defended by him) yet did he abandon it, and Alexander without resistance, passed it. From thence he marched towards Tigris, a River, for the swiftness thereof, called by the Persians, The Arrow: Here might Darius easily have repelled him; for the violent course of the stream was such, as it drave before it many weighty stones, and those that moved not, but lay in the bottom, were so round, and smooth by continual rolling, that no man was able to fight upon so slippery a standing: Nor were the Macedonian Footmen able to wade through the River, otherwise than by joining their hands, and interlacing their Arms each in others, making thereby one entire, and weighty Body to resist the impetuousness of the stream: and besides this, the Channell was so deep towards the Eastern shore, where Darius should have opposed him, that the Footmen were enforced to lift their Bows, Arrows, and Darts over their Heads to keep them from being made unservicable by the water. Indeed it cannot be denied, that as all Estates of the World, by the surfeit of misgovernment, have been subject to many grievous, and sometimes, mortal diseases: So had the Empire of Persia at this time brought itself into a burning Feavour, and thereby became frantic, and without understanding, foreshowing manifestly the death, and dissolution thereof.

But Alexander had now recovered the Eastern shore of Tigris without any opposition but what the Nature of the River made, were Mazeus, who had the charge to defend the banks, both of Euphrates, and it, presented himself to the Macedonians, being attended with certain Troops of Horsemen, as if with uneven forces, he durst have charged them upon even ground, when as, with a multitude far exceeding them, he forsook those advantages which no valor of the enemy could easily have overcome. But its commonly seen that timorous and cowardly persons do ever follow those ways, and counsels, whereof the opportunity is already lost.

Its true, that he set all provisions on fire wherewith the Macedonians might be assisted in their passage over Tigris, thinking thereby greatly to have distrested them: but the execution of good counsel is fruitless, when unseasonable. For now was Alexander so well furnished with carriages, that no conveniences were wanting to the Army which he conducted. Those things also which Mazeus now sought to destroy, Alexander being in sight, by his Horsmen, saved and recovered them. This Mazeus might have done some days before at good leisure; yea, at this time he might have done it with so great a strength of Horsmen, as the Mecedonians might not have dared to pursue, leaving the Body of their Foot out of sight, and so far behind.

Darius, upon Alexanders first return out of Egypt, had assembled all those Forces which the Countries next to him could afford; and now also were the Arians, Scythians, Indians, and other Nations come to him. Nations (saith Curtius) that rather served to make up a number, than to make resistance. Some reckon them to amount to the number of ten hundred thousand Foot, and four hundred thousand Horse, besides armed Chariots, and some few Elephants. Crutius numbers them but two hundred thousand Foot, and about fifty thousand Horse, which is more probable: And yet seeing Darius had more confidence in the number, then in the Valour of his Soldiers, probably he had brought together some three or four hundred thousand of all sorts, with which, he hoped in those fair plains of Assyria, to have overborn the small number of the invading Army. But its most true, That in every Battle skill and practice do more to wards attaining the victory, than multitudes, and rude audacity.

Whilest Alexander rested, and refreshed his Army after their heard passage over Tigris, there happened an Eclipse of the Moon, at which the Macedonians (being ignorant of the cause, and reason of it) were much troubled; taking it as a certain presage of their ruin and destruction, insomuch as they began not only to murmur, but to speak boldly, that to satisfy the ambition of one man, and of such an one as disdained Philip for his Father, and would needs be called the Son of Jupiter, they should all perish: For he enforced them, not only to War against a world of enemies, but against Rivers, Mountains, and the Heavens themselves.

Hereupon Alaxander, who was now ready to advance, made an halt, and to quiet the minds of the multitude, he called before him the Egyptian Astrologers, that by them the Soldiers might be assured that this Eclipse of the Moon, was a sure persage of his good success. But they never informed them that it came to pass by natural causes, but reserved that as a secret fit to be kept amongst themselves. These Astrologers gave no other reason for it than this, That the Grecians were under the Aspect of the Sun, and the Persians under that of the Moon, and therefore the Moon losing her light, did foreshow that the state of Persia was now in danger of falling, and their Glory of being obscured. This being noised through all the Army, every man was satisfied, and quieted, and their courage redoubled.

As Alexander drew near the Persian Army, certain Letters were intercepted, written by Darius to the Grecians, proffering and promising them a great sum of money, if they would either kill, or betray Alexander. But these, by the advice of Parmonio, were suppressed.

About this time also Darius his beautiful Wife, being oppressed with sorrow, and wearied with travel, died: which accident Alexander seemed to bewail no less than Darius. who, upon the first report of it, suspected, that some dishonorable violence had been offered to her; but being satisfied by an Eunuch of his own that attended her, of Alexanders kind, and Kingly respect towards her from the very time of her being taken, he prayed the immortal God's, that if they had decreed to set a new Master over the Persian Empire, that then it would please them to confer it on so just and chaste an enemy as was Alexander, to whom, once more before the last trial by Battle, he offered these conditions of peace.

That if he would marry his Daughter, he would deliver, and resign up to him all Asia the less, with Egypt, and all those Kingdoms between the Phaenician Sea and the River Euphrates. That he would pay him for the Ransom of his Mother, and other Daughters, thirty thousand Talents, and that for performance thereof he would leave his Son Ochus in Hostage; and they sought by sundry Arguments to persuade Alexander to accept hereof. Alexander causing the Ambassadors to withdraw, advised with his Council, yet heard no man speak but Permenion, who was the very right hand of his good Fortune, and he persuaded him to accept of such fair conditions: He told him, that the Empire between Euphrates and the Hellespont, was a large addition to Macedonia: That the retaining of those Persian prisoners was a great cumber to him; and that the Treasure offered for them was of far better use than their persons, with divers other Arguments, yet Alexander, rejected all; though it was very probable, that if he had followed his advice, and set bounds to his ambition within those limits, he might have been as famous for his virtue, as he was for his great successes, and might have left a successor of fit age to have enjoyed his estate, which afterwards, indeed he much enlarged, rather to the greatening of others than himself, who to assure themselves of what they had Usurped, left not one of his issue alive within a few years after. Besides, Alexander by going so far into the East, left behind him the reputation which he brought with him out of Macedonia, of a just and prudent Prince: A Prince temperate, advised, and grateful; and learned by abundance of prosperity, to be a lover of wine, of Flatterers, and of extreme cruelty.

But the Persian Ambassadors waited for their answer, which was to this effect: that what curtesies soever he had bestowed upon the Wife, and Children of Darius, proceeded from his own natural clemency, and magnanimity, without all respect to their Master, but thanks to an enemy was improper: That he made no Wars against adversity, but against those that resisted him: Not against Women, and Children, but against armed enemies: And also that by the reiterated practices of Darius, to corrupt his Soldiers, and by great sums of money, to debauch his Friends to attempt something against his Person, he had reason to doubt whether the peace offered were really intended, yet could he not (were it true and faithful) resolve in hast to accept of it, seeing Darius had Warred against him, not as a King, with Royal and overt forces, but as a Traitor, by secret, and base practices. Besides, the Territories which he offered him were already his own; and if Darius, could beat him back again over Euphrates, he would then believe that he offered him something that was in his power to give: Otherwise he propounded to himself, as a reward of his enterprises, all those Kingdoms which Darius as yet had in his possession; wherein, whether he was abused by his own hopes or no, the Battle which he meant to fight the day following, should determine. And in conclusion, he told them, that he came into Asia, to give Kingdoms, and not to rer • ive them: That the Heavens could not hold two Suns, and therefore if Darius could be content to acknowledge Alexander his Superior, he might perchance be persuaded to give him condition fit for a second person, and an Inferior.

The Ambassadors being returned with this answer, Darius prepares to fight, and sent Mazeus to defend a Pass, which yet he never dared so much as to hazard. Alexander consulting with his Captains, Parmeni • , persuaded him to force the Camp of Darius by night, that the multitudes of his enemies might not affright his Macedonians, being comparitivly but a few. But Alexander replied, that he s • orned to steal a victory, and resolved to bring with him Daylight to witness his Valour. Indeed the success commended Alexanders resolution, though the Counsel given by Permenion was more sound. Yet when he came to view the multitude of his enemies, he began to stagger, and entrenched himself upon a Ground of advantage, which foolishly the Persians had abandoned. And when as Darius, for fear of a Camizado, had stood with his men in A • mour all the day, and forborne all sleep in the night; Alexander on the contrary, gave his men rest, and store of food, knowing, that Soldiers do better stand to it in fight, if they have their bellies full of meat and drink: for hunger within, fights more eagerly than steel without.

The numbers which Alexander had, were about forty thousand Foot, and seven thousand Horse, which were of the Europaean Army: And besides these, he had E • yptians, Syrians, Judaeans, and Arabi • ns which followed him out of those Countries. He used but a short speech to his Soldiers to encourage them, neither need he; For one victory begets another, and puts courage into the Conquerors, and taketh away spirits from those that have been beaten.

Some make large descriptions of this Battle, fought at Gaugamela, but in conclusion they tell us but of three hundred of Alexanders men that were slain, and some say less; but of the Persians there fell forty thousand: But what can we judge of this great encounter, other than (as in the two form Battels at Granick, and in Silicia) that the Persians, upon the first charge, ran away, and that the Macedonians pursued them. For if that every man whom Darius brought into the field, had but cast a Dart, or a stone, the Macedonians could not have bought the Empire of the East at so ease • y a rate, as six or seven hundred in three such notorious Battels. Certainly if Darius had fought with Alexander upon the banks of Euphrates, and had Armed but fifty or sixty thousand of this great multitude, only with Spades (for most of his men were fit for no other weapon) it had been impossible for Alexander to have passed that River so easily, much less the River of Tigris. But as a man, whose Empire God was putting a Period to, he abandoned all places of advantage, and suffered Alexander to enter so far into the bowels of his Kingdom, as all hope and possibility of escaping by retreat being taken from the Macedonians, they were put to the choice, either to die or Conquer, to which Election Darius could no way constrain his men, seeing they had many large Regions to run into from their invaders.

Darius, after the rout of his Army, fled to Arbela that night, better attended in his flight than in the fight, and to them that fled with him, he propounded his purpose of retreating into Media, persuading them that the Ma • edonians, who were greedy of spoil and riches, would rather attempt Babylon, Susa, and other Cities filled with Treasure, than to pursue the vanquished. This miserable resolution his Nobility rather obeyed, than approved.

Soon after the departure of Darius, came Alexander to Arbela, which, with a great mass of Treasure, and many Princely Ornaments, was surrendered to him. For the fear which accompanied Darius, took nothing with it but shame, and dishonor. He that had been twice beaten before, should have sent his Treasure into Media rather than to have brought it to Arbela, so near the place where he intended to wait the coming of his enemy. If he had been victorious, he might have brought it back at leisure: But being overcome, he knew it impossible to drive Mules and Camels loaden with Gold, from the pursuing Enemy, seeing himself, at the overthrow which he had in Silicia, cast the Crown from his head, to run away the lighter: But its easier to reprehend, than to amend what is past.

From Arbela, Alexander marched towards Babylon, where Maz • u • , in whom Darius had most confidence, rendered to him, himself, his Children, and the City. Also the Captain of the Castle where the Treasure was kept; strewed the streets with Flowers, burnt Frankincense upon the Silver Altars, as Alexander passed by, and delivered to him whatsoever was committed to his trust. The Magi also, who were the Chaldean Astrologers, followed this Captain to entertain their new King: After these, came the Babylonian Horsemen, infinitely▪ rich in attire, but exceeding poor in Warlike furniture. Between these and himself, Alexander caused his Macedonian footmen to march. When he entered the Castle he admired the Glory thereof, and the abundance of Treasure which he found therein, amounting to fifty thousand Talents of Silver uncoined. In this City, rich in all things, but most of all in voluptuous pleasures, the King rested himself and his whole Army thirty four days, spending that time in Banquetting, and in all sorts of effeminate exercises, which so much softened the minds of the Macedonians, not acquainted till now with such delicacies, as the severe Discipline of War, which taught them to endure hunger and thirst, painful travel, and hard lodging, began rather to be forgotten than neglected. Alexander, as he was rowed upon a Lake near Babylon in his Gally, a sudden tempest arising blew off his Hat, and Crown fastened upon it, into the Lake, whereupon one of the Mariners, leaping into the water, swam, and fetched it to him, and to keep it the drier, he put it upon his own head. Alexander rewarded him with a Talent for saving his Crown; but withal, caused his Head to be cut off, for presuming to put his Crown upon it.

During his abode here, Alexander instituted those Regiments consisting of a thousand Soldiers, appointing Collonels over them, who thereupon were called Chiliarks. This new order Alexander brought in, was to honor those Captains, which were found by certain select Judges, to have deserved best in the late War.

While Alexander was yet at Babylon, there came to him a great supply out of Europe. For Antipater sent him six thousand Foot, and five hundred Horse out of Macedonia; and of the Thracians three thousand Foot, and as many Horse, and out of Greece four thousand, and four hundred Horse, by which his Army was greatly strengthened. For those that were infected with the pleasures of Babylon, could hardly be brought again to change their soft beds for hard boards, and the cold ground.

Alexander left the City and Castle of Babylon, with the Territories adjoining, in charge with three of his own Captains, Aga • hon, Minetus, and Appolidorus, leaving a thousand Talents to supply their wants: But to grace Maz • us, who delivered up the City to him, he gave him the title of his Lieutenant General, and took along with him Bagistines, who surrended the Castle to him; and having distributed to every Soldier a part of the Treasure, he left Babylon and entered into the Province of Satrapene, marching from thence towards Susa in Persia, situated on the River Euleus, which City was sometime Governed by the Prophet Diniel. Here Abulites, the Governor of this famous City, gave it up to the Conqueror, with fifty thousand Talents of Silver in Bullion, and twelve Elephants for the War, with all other the Treasure of Darius there; such as the Persian Kings had for a long time, heaped up together, leaving it from Father to Son; all which in one hour came into his hands who had never cared for it. In this sort did those Vassals of Fortune; those lovers of the Kings prosperity, not of his Person, purchase their own peace, and safety with their Masters Treasure; and herein was Alexander well advised, that whatsoever titles he gave to the Persians, yet he left all places of importance in trust with his own Captains, as Babylon, Susa, Persepolis, with other Cities, and Provinces that were Conquered by him: for had Darius but beaten the Macedonians in one Battle, all the Persian Nobility would have turned again to their natural Lord.

Whilest Alexander was ransacking Arbela, Mazeus might have furnished Darius from Babylon; and whilst he stayed those thirty four days at Babylon, Abulites might have holpen him from Susa: and whilst he was Feasting, and Frolicking there; Teridates from Persepolis might fully have supplied him: for the chiefest bulk of his Treasure was laid up in that City: But benefits bind not the ambitious but the honest; for those that are selfish, do in all changes, consult only the conservation of their own greatness.

The Government of Susa, with the Castle and treasure, Alexander committed to his own Macedonians, making Abulites, who rendered it to him, his Lieutenant, as he had done Mazeus before, giving them Honorable Titles, but neither trust nor power. For he left three thousand old Soldiers to Garrison that City, and with them, the Mother, and Children of Darius to repose themselves there.

From Susa Alexander marched with his Army towards Persepolis; but when he sought to pass those Mountains that • under Susiana and Persia, he was soundly beaten by Ariobarzanes, who defended those Streights▪ against him, called Pylae Persidis, and after the loss of many of his Macedonians, he was forced to save himself by retreat, causing his Foot to march close together, and to cover themselves with their Targets from the Stones that were tumbled upon them from the Mountain-tops. Yet in the end, he found out another passage, which was discovered to him by a Lycian that lived in that Country, and thereby, coming suddenly upon Ariobarzanes, who now was enforced to fight • pon even ground, he overthrew him, who from thence fled to Persepolis: But the Citizens refusing to admit him, he returned and gave a second charge upon the Macedodonians, in which he was slain.

Many Greeks (for Authors agree not upon their number) having been taken Prisoners by the Persians, presented themselves here to Alexander. These had the Barbarians so maimed, by cutting off their Hands, Ears, Noses, and other Members, as that they could not have been known to their own Country men, but by there Language. To each of these Alexander gave three hundred Crowns, with new Garments, and such Lands as they liked to live upon.

Tiridates, one of Darius his falshearted Grandees, hearing of Alexanders approach to Persepolis, made him know that Persepolis was ready to receive him, and entreated him to double his pace, because there was a determination amongst the People to Plunder the Kings Treasury. This City was forsaken by many of her Inhabitants upon Alexanders arrival, and they that staid, followed the worst Counsel. For the City was given up to the Liberty of the Soldiers t2o spoil, and kill at their pleasure. There was no place in the world at that time, which, if it had been lain in the Ballance with Persepolis, would have weighed it down, Indeed, Babylon, and Susa were very rich; but in Persepolis lay the bulk, and greatest store of the riches of Persia. For after the spoil that had been made, of money, curious Plate, Bullion, Images of Gold, and Silver, and other jewels, there remained to Alexander himself one hundred and twenty thousand Talents, and as much other Treasure as twenty thousand Mules, and ten thousand Camels could carry away, much whereof had been reserved there from the days of Cyrus. Here it was that Alexander, setting himself down upon Darius his Throne, it was so high that his feet could not reach the ground, whereupon one of his attendants brought him a little Table, and set it under his feet. One of Darius 's Eunuchs standing by, sighed, and wept grievously, which Alexander taking notice of, asked him the reason of it? the Eunuch answered, I weep to see a Table that was so highly prized by my Master Darius, now to be made thy footstool. Here he left the same number of three thousand Macedonians, in Persepolis, as he had done in Susa, and gave the same formal honor to the Traitor Tiridates, as he had done to Abulites; but he committed the charge of the place to Nicarides, a Creature of his own.

The Body of his Army he left here for thirty days, under the care of Permenion, and Craterus, and with a thousand Horse, and certain chosen Bands of Foot, he would needs view in the winter time, those parts of Persia which now were covered with Snow: A fruitless and foolish enterprise. Some speak it in his praise, that when his Soldiers cried out against him, because of the extreme Frost and Snow, through which they could not make way but with great difficulty, that Alexander forsook his Horse, and marched on foot before them: But what can be more ridiculous than for a man to bring other men into extremity, thereby to show how well him self can endure it; Being his walking on foot did no otherwise take off their weariness that followed him, than his sometime forbearing to drink, did quench their thirst that could less endure it.

Alexander being returned to Persopolis, those Historians that were most enamored of his virtues, complain, that the opinion of his Valour, of his Liberality, of his Clemency towards the vanquished, and all other his Noble conditions, were drowned in Drink. That he smothered in his carousing cups all the reputation of his former actions, and that by descending as it were, from the awful Throne of the greatest King, into the company, and familiarity of the bastest Harlots, he began to be despised both of his own, and of all other Nations. For when he was enflamed with Wine, and being persuaded by the infamous Strumpet Thais, he caused the most sumtuous, and goodly Castle and City of Persepolis to be consumed with fire, notwithstanding all the Arguments that Permenion could use to the contrary, who told him, that it was a dishonor to destroy those things by the persuasion of others, which by his proper virtue, and force, he obtained: and that it would be a certain evidence to the Asiaticks, to think hardly of him, and thereby alienate their hearts from him. For they might well believe, that he which demolished the goodliest Ornaments they had, meant nothing less, than after such vastations, to hold the possession of them.

About this time Alexander received another supply of Soldiers out of Cilica, and advanced to find out Darius in Media. Darius had there formed his fourth, and last Army, which he meant to have increased in Bactria, had he not heard of Alexanders coming on, with whom (trusting to his present numbers, which yet were but thirty or forty thousand) he intended once again to try what he might do against him. He therefore called together his Captains, and Commanders, and propounded his resolution to them, who despairing of good success, stood for a while silent: But at last Artabazus one of his eldest men of War, who had sometime lived with King Philip the Father of Alexander, brake the silence, protesting that he could never be beaten by any adversity of the Kings, from the faith that he had ever ought him, with firm confidence that all the rest were of the same mind, whereof they likewise assured Darius, by the like protestation, and so they approved of the Kings resolution. Two only, and they the greatest, to wit, Naburzanes, and Bessus, who was Governor of Bactria, had conspired against their Master, and therefore advised the King to lay a new foundation for the War, and to pursue it for the present by some such person against whom neither the God's, nor Fortune had in all things declared themselves to be an enemy.

This preamble Naburzanes used, and in conclusion advised the Election of his fellow Traitor Bessus, with promise that when the War should be ended, the Empire should be again restored to Darius. The King, swollen with disdain, pressed towards Naburzanes to have slain him; but Bessus, and the Bactrians, whom he commanded, being more in number than the rest, with held him. Hereupon Nahurzanes withdrew himself and Bessus followed him, making their Quarters apart from the rest of the Army. Artabazus, the the Kings faithful servant, persuaded him to be advised, and to comply for the time, the rather because Alexander was at hand, and that he would at lest make show of forgeting the offense: which the King (being of a gentle disposition) easily yielded to. Then came Bessus to the King and made his submission: But Patron, who commanded a Brigade of four thousand Greeks, which had in all the former Battels served Darius faithfully, and had always made their retreat in despit of the Macedonians, offered himself to Darius to guard his Person, protesting against the Treason of Bessus. (But God had otherwise determined of the Empire, and therefore so far was the King infatuated, that he ever rejected their Counsel from the beginning of the War, who were most faithful to him.) And now hearkened to Bessus, who told him, that the Greeks, with Patron their Captain, were corrupted by Alexander and practiced the division of his faithful servants: Yet, even this while, Bessus had corrupted, and drawn to himself thirty thousand of the Army, promising them all those things by which, the lovers of the world and themselves, are wont to be allured, to wit, Riches, honor, and Safety.

Now the day following Darius plainly discovered the purposes of Bessus, and being overcome with passion, as judging himself unable to make head against these ungrateful and unnatural Traitors, he prayed Artabazus, his faithful servant, to depart from him, and to provide for his own safety. In like manner he discharged the rest of his attendants, all save a few of his Eunuchs. For his Gaurds had voluntarily abandoned him. His Persians, being most base cowards, durst not undertake his defense against the Bactrians, though they had four thousand Greeks to assist them, who of themselves were able to beat both the Parties. But its most true, That him that forsakes himself, will no man follow. It had been far more manlike, and Kinglike to have died in the head of those four thousand Greeks, who offered him the disposal of their lives, (to which Artabazus also persuaded him) than to have lain upon the ground bewailing himself, and suffering himself to be bound like a slave, by those ambitious Monsters that laid violent hands on him; whom neither the consideration of his former great estate, nor the Honor he had conferred upon them, nor the trust he had reposed in them, nor the world of benefits he had bestowed on them, could move to pity: No, nor his present adversity, which above all things should have prevailed with them, could pierce their viperous, and ungrateful hearts.

Darius, thus forsaken, was bound by them, and laid in a Cart covered with Hides of Beasts, that he might not be discovered; and to add despite, and derision to his adversity, they bound him with Chaines of Gold, and so drew him amongst their ordinary Carriages. For Bessus, and Naburzanes persuaded themselves that they might redeem their lives, and be settled in their Provinces that they held, either by delivering him a Prisoner to Alexander, or if that hope failed, to make themselves Kings by his murder, and then to defend themselves by force of Arms. But their expectations were frustrate in both. For it was against the Nature of God, who is most just, to suffer such villainy to go unpunished, yea, though against an Heathen King, and an Idolater.

Alexander hearing that Darius was retreated towards Bactria, not daring to abide his coming, hastened after him by a violent march, and because he would not force his Footmen beyond their strength, he mounted on Horseback certain select Companies of them, and those which were best Armed, and with six thousand other Horse, he rather ran than marched after Darius. Now such as hated the Treason of Bessus, secretly forsook him, and gave intelligence to Alexander of all that had happened, informing him of the way that Bessus took, and how near he was unto him. Hereupon Alaxander again doubled his pace, and his Vantguard being come within sight of Bessus his Reare, Bessus brought a Horse to the Cart where Darius lay bound, persuading him to mount thereon, and to save himself by flight. But the unfortunate King refusing to follow those that had betrayed him, they cast Darts at him, and gave him some mortal wounds: they wounded also the Beasts that drew him, and slew two poor servants that attended his Person. This done, they all fled that could, and left the rest to the mercy of the Macedonians.

Polystratus, a Macedonian, in his pursuit after Bessus, being extreme thirsty, as he was refreshing himself, with some water that he had found out, espied a Cart drawn by wounded Beasts, that were now scarce able to go, whereupon he searched it, and there found Darius bathed in his own blood: and by a Persian Captain that Polystratus had, he understood that it was Darius, and was informed of that Barbarous Tragedy. Darius also seemed greatly comforted (if dying men, ignorant of the living God can be comforted) that he vented not his last sorrows unheard, but that by this Macedonian, Alexander might be informed of the truth, and take vengeance on those Traitors, who had dealt no less unworthily; than cruelly with him, recommending the revenge thereof to Alexander by this messenger, beseeching him to pursue the Traitors, not for Darius, his sake, but for his own Honor, and for the safety of all that did, or should hereafter wear Crowns. He also having nothing else to present to Alexander, rendered him thanks for his Kingly Grace, and favor used to his Wife Mother and Children, desiring the immortal God's to subject to him the Kingdom of the whole World. As he was thus speaking, importunate Death pressing out his few remaining spirits, he desired a little water, which Polystratus presented unto him, after which he lived but to tell him, that of all the good things which of late he was Master of, he had nothing remaining but his last breath, wherewith to desire the God's to reward his compassion.

The Macedonians began now to hope that their travels were near an end: and therefore every man was preparing for his return, whereof when Alexander was informed, he was much troubled at it. For the bounded Earth suffized not for his boundless ambition. Many Arguments he therefore used to draw on his Army farther into the East: But that which prevailed most was, that Bessus, a base Traitor to his Master Darius, having at his devotion the Hyrcanians, and Bactrians, would in a short time, if the Macedonians should now return, make himself Lord of the Persian Empire, and reap the fruit of all their former travels. In conclusion, Alexander wan their consents to go on: Which done, leaving Craterus with certain Regiments of Foot, and Amyntas with six thousand Horse, in Parthia, he entered (not without some opposition) into Hyrcania. For the Mardons, and other Barbarous Nations, defended certain passages for a while. But at last prevailing, he passed the River of Zioberis, which, taking its rise in Parthia, empties itself into the Caspian Sea. It runneth under the ledg of Mountains which bound Parthia, and Hyrcania, where, hiding itself under ground for three hundred furlongs, it then riseth again, and follows its former course as is said before. In Zadracarta the Metropolis of Hyrcania, Alexander rested fifteen days, Banquetting, and Feasting therein.

About this time Phataphernes, one of Darius his greatest Commanders, with some others of his followers submitted themselves to Alexander, and were restored to to their places, and Government. But above all other, he Graced Artabazus most highly, for his approved and constant Faith and Loyalty to his Master Darius. Artabazus brought along with him ten thousand and five hundred Greeks, the remainder of all those that had served Darius. He treated with Alexander for their pardon before they came; but in the end, they rendered themselves simply without promise or composition: Alexander pardoned all but the Lacedemonians, whom he imprisoned, their Captain having slain himself: He was also prevailed with (though to his great dishonor) to pardon Nabarzanes, that had joined with Bessus in the murder of Darius.

Here (as some write) Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons came to visit him, and her suit was (which she easily obtained) that she might accompany him, till she proved with child by him: which done she refused to go along with him into India, but returned into her own Country.

Now as Alexander had begun to change his conditions after the taking of Persepolis: So at this time Prosperity had so much corrupted his virtue, that he accounted clemency to be but baseness, and the temperance, which all his life before he had used, to be but a poor, and abject humor, rather becoming the instructors of his youth, than the condition, and state of so mighty a King, as the World could not equal. For he persuaded himself that he now represented the greatness of the God's; and he was pleased when those that came before him, would fall on the ground and adore him. He wore the Garments, and Robes of the Persians, and commanded his Nobles to do the like. He entertained into his Court, and Camp, the same shameless Rabble of Curtizans, and Catamite, • as Darius had done, whom he imitated in all the proud, voluptuous, and detested manners of the Persians, whom he had vanquished, and became a more foul and fearful monster than Darius, from whose Tyranny, he vaunted, to have delivered so many Nations; Insomuch as they that were nearest and dearest to him, began to be ashamed of him, entertaining each other with this, or the like scornful discourse. That Alexander of Macedonia was become one of Darius licentious Courtiers: That by his Example, the Macedonians, after so many, and tedious travels, were more impoverished in their virtues, than enriched by their victories, and that it was hard now to judge, whether the Conqueres, or Conquered were the baser slaves. Neither were these things so whispered in corners, but that they came to Alexanders ears: He therefore with great Gifts sought to stop the mouths of the better sort, and of such of whose Judgments he was most jealous.

Then did he make it known to the Army, that Bessus had assumed the title of a King; and called himself Artaxerxes, and that he had compounded a great Army of the Bactrians and other Nations, whereby he persuaded them to go on, to the end that all which they had already gotten, together with themselves (so far engaged) might not be cast away, and lost. And because they were pestered with the plunder of so many rich Cities, that the whole Army seemed but the guard of their carriages, he commanded that every man's Fardel should be brought into the Market place, which when it was done, he, together with his own, caused all to be consumed with fire. This, in probability, might have proved very dangerous unto him: For the Common Soldiers had more interest in that which they had purchased with their painful travel, and with their blood, than in the Kings Ambition; had not his happy temerity overcome all difficulties.

As he was upon his march, news was brought that Satribarzanes, whom he had established in his former Government over the Arians, was revolted; Whereupon, leaving the way of Bactria, he sought the Traytour out: But the Rebel hearing of his coming, fled with two thousand Horse to Bessus: Then marched Alexander on against Bessus, and by setting a great Pile of Wood on fire, with the advantage of a strong wind, he won a passage over an high, and unaccessible Rock, which was desended against him by thirty thousand Foot, the extremity of the fire, and smoke, forcing them to quit the place, which otherwise had been invincible: After which, he found no resistance till he came into Aria, on the East of Bactria, where y ^e chief City of that Province, called Artacoana, was a while defended against him, by the revolt of Satribarzanes; but in the end, he received the Inhabitants to mercy. At this place his Army was recruited with a new supply of five thousand, and five hundred Foot, and near five hundred Horse out of Greece, Thessaly, and other places.

At this time it was that the Treason of Dimnus was discovered, of which Philotas, the Son of Permenion, was accused, at least as accessory if not principal. This Dimnus, with some others, having conspired against the life of Alexander, went about to draw Nicomacus, a young man whom he loved, into the conspiracy; The youth, although he was first bound by Oath to secrecy, when he heard so foul a matter uttered, began to protest against it so vehemently, that his Friend was like to have slain him, to secure his own life; and so, constrained by fear, he made show as if he had been won by persuasion, and by seeming at length, to like well of the business, he was told more at large who they were that had undertaken it. There were nine or ten of them, all men of rank, whose Names Dimnus (the better to countenance the enterprize) reckoned up to him. Nicomacbus had no sooner freed himself from the company of this Traytour Dimnus, than he acquainted his own Brother, C • ballinus, with the whole design, whereupon it was agreed between them, that Ceballinus (who might do it with the least suspicion) should go to the Court, and utter all. Ceballinus meeting with Philotas, told him the whole business, requesting him to acquaint the King with it, which he promised to do, but yet did not.

Two days passed, and Philotas never brake with the King about the matter, but still excused himself to Ceballinus by the Kings want of leisure. This his coldness bred suspicion, and caused Ceballinus to apply himself to one Metron, Keeper of the Kings Armory, who forthwith brought him to Alexanders presence. Alexander finding by examination what had passed between Ceballinus, and Philotas, fully persuaded himself that this concealment of the Treason argued Philotas to have a hand in it; when Dimnus therefore was brought before him, he asked him only this Question; Wherein have I so offended thee, that thou shouldst think Philotas more worthy to be King than myself? Dimnus, when he was first apprehended, perceiving how the matter was like to go, had so wounded himself, that he lived no longer than to give his last groan in the Kings presence.

Then was Philotas sent for, and charged with the suspicion which his silence might justly breed. His answer was, that when the Treason was revealed to him by Nicomachus, he judged it to be but frivolous, and therefore forbore to acquaint Alexander with ir, till he could procure better information. This error of his (if it were but an Error) though Alexander, for the notable services done by his Father Permenion, and his Brother Nicanor, lately dead, and by Philotas himself, had freely pardoned him, and given him his hand for assurance: Yet, by the instigation of Craterus, he falsified his Princely promise, and made the Enemies of Philotas his Judges. Craterus indeed persuaded himself, that he could never find a better occasion to oppress his private enemy, than by pretending Piety, and Duty to his Prince. Whence a Poet saith,

Now the King, following the advice of Craterus, had resolved the next day to put Philotas to the Torment, yet in the very evening of the same night in which he was apprehended, he called him to a Banquet, and discoursed as familiarly with him as at any other time. But when in the dead of the night, Philotas was taken in his lodging, and that they which hated him began to bind him, he cried out upon the King in these words: O Alexander, the malice of mine enemies hath surmounted thy mercy, and their hatred is far more constant than the Word of a King. Many circumstances were urged against him by Alexander himself; and this was not the least (not the least offense indeed against the Kings humor, who desired to be adored as a God) that when Alexander wrote unto him concerning the title given him by Jupiter Hammon, he answered, That he could not but rejoice that he was admitted into the Sacred fellowship of the God's, and yet he could not but withal grieve for those which should live under such a one as would exceed the nature of man. This, said Alexander, assured me that his heart was estranged, and that he despised my Glory.

Philotas was brought before the multitude to hear the King • Oration against him. He was brought forth in vile Garments, and bound like a Thief, where he heard himself, and his absent Father, the greatest Captain in the World, accused, and also his two other Brothers, Hector, and Nicanor, who had lost their lives in these Wars; wherewith he was so overcome with grief, that, for a while, he could utter nothing for tears, and sorrow had so wasted his Spirits, that he sank between those that led him. In the end, the King asked him in what Language he would make his defense? He answered, In the same wherein it had pleased the King to accuse him: which accordingly he did, to the end that the Persians, as well as the Macedonians, might understand him. But here of the King made this advantage, persuading the Assembly that he disdained the language of his own Country, and so, withdrawing himself, he left him to his merciless enemies.

This proceeding of the Kings, Philotas greatly lamented, seeing the King, who had so sharply invieghed against him, would not vouchsafe to hear his answer. For hereby his enemies were emboldened against him, and all the rest, having discovered the Kings mind, and resolution, contended amongst themselves, which of them should show the greatest hatred towards him. Amongst many Arguments which he brought for his own defense, this was not the least, that when Nicomachus desired to know of Dimnus, of what quality, and power his partners in the conspiracy were, seeming unwilling to adventure himself amongst mean, and base Companions, Dimnus named unto him, Demetrius, of the Kings Bed-Chamber, Nicanor, Amyntas, and some others, but spake not a word of Philotas, who, being Master of the Horse, would greatly have graced the cause, and encouraged Nichomacus. And to make it more clear that he knew nothing of their intents, there was not any one of the Conspirators, that in their torments, would accuse him. Yet at the last, himself being put to extreme torments by the devise of his professed enemies▪ Craterus, Cenus, Ephestion, and others, Philotas accused himself, hoping that they would have slain him immediately: But he failed even in that miserable hope, and suffering all that could be inflicted on flesh and blood, he was forced to confess, not what was true, but what might best please them, who were far more merciless than Death itself. Cruelty is not a human vice: It is unworthy of man: Its even a beastly rage to delight in blood and wounds, and casting away the nature of man, to become a savage Monster.

Now whilst Alexanders hands were yet died in blood, he commanded that Lyncestes, Son in Law to Antipater, who had been three years in Prison, should be slain. The same dispatch had all those that were accused by Nicomachus. But Permenion was yet living. Permenion, who had served with great fidelity, as well Philip the Kings Father, as himself. Permenion that first opened Alexanders way into Asia: That had cast down Attalus, the Kings enemy: That had always, and in all hazards the leading of the Kings Vaunt-gard: That was no less Prudent in Counsel, then successful in all his enterprises. A man, beloved of the men of War, and to say the truth, he that had purchased for the King the Empire of the East, and of all the Glory and fame which he had attained to. That he might not therefore revenge the Death of his Son, though not upon the King (for it was unlikely that he would have stained his fidelity in his •••• ge, having now lived seventy years) yet upon th •• , who by base Flattery had possessed themselves of the Kings affection, It was resolved that he should die also: and Polydamus was employed in this business, a man whom of all others Permenion trusted most, and loved best. Who (to be short) finding him in Media, and having Cleander, and other Murtheres with him, slew him as he was walking in his Garden, and reading the Kings letters. This was the end of Permenion (saith Curtius) who had performed many notable things without the King; but the King without him did never effect anything worthy of Praise.

These things being ended, Alexander marched on with his Army, and subdued the Araspitans, and made Amenides (sometime Secretary to Darius) their Governor. Then he Conquered the Arachosians, and left Menon to command over them. Here the Army (that was sometime led by Permenion) found him, which consisted of twelve thousand Macedonians and Greeks, with whom (though with much difficulty) he passed through some cold Regions. At length he came to the foot of y ^e Mountain Taurus, towards the East, where he built a City, which he honored with his own Name, and peopled it with seven thousand of his old Macedonians, worn out with age, and the travels of War. The Arians, who since he left them were revolted, he again subdued, by the industry, and valor of Caranus, and Erigius: and now he resolved to find out the new King Bessus in Bactria, who hearing of his coming, prepared to pass over the great River of Oxus, which divides Bactria from Sogdiana. Bessus having now abandoned Bactria, Alexander made Artabazus Governor of it, and himself marching forward with his Army, they suffered great want of water, insomuch as when they came to the River Oxus, there died more of them by immoderate drinking, than Alexander had lost in any one Battle against the Persians. He found upon the Banks of this great River no manner of Timber, or other materials wherewith to make Bridges, or Boats, or Rafts▪ but was forced to sew together Hides that covered his Carriages, and stuffing them with straw, he was six days in passing over his Army after that manner, which Bessus might easily have distressed, if he had dared but to look the Macedonians in the face. He had formerly complained of Darius for neglecting to defend the Banks of Tigris, and other Passes, and yet now, when this Traiterous slave had styled himself a King, he durst not perform anything worthy of a slave: and therefore they that were nearest to him, and whom he most trusted, to wit, Spitamenes, Dataphernes, Catanes, and others, the Commanders of his Army, moved, both by the care of their own safety, and the remembrance of Bessus his Treason and cruelty against Darius, bound him as he had done his Master, only his chain was closed about his neck, like a Mastiff Dog, and so they dragged him a long to present him to Alexander.

In the mean time Alexander was arrived at a certain Town inhabited by Greeks of Miletum, brought thither by Xerxes, when long before he returned out of Greece, whose children had now almost forgoten their Country Language. These entertained him with great joy: but he most cruelly put them all to the Sword, and destroyed their City. At this Place he received Bessus, and having rewarded Spitamenes, and his Associates, he delivered the Traitor into the hands of Oxatre, Brother to Darius, to be tormented by him.

But now when he thought himself most secure, and out of danger, some twenty thousand Mountainers assaulted his Camp, in repelling whom, he received a shot in his leg, the Arrow head sticking in the flesh, so that he was fain to be carried in a Horslitter for some time after.

Shortly after he came unto Maracanda, judged by some to be the same with Samarcand, the Imperial City of the Great Tamerlan, which was in compass seventy furlongs. Here he received the Ambassadors of the Seythians (called Avians) who offered to serve him

Presently after, the Bactrians, with the S • gdians, were again stirred up to Rebellion by the seme Spitamenes, and Catanes, who had lately delivered Bessus into Alexanders hands. Many Cities were stoutly defended against him, all which, after he had subdued them, he utterly defaced, killing all therein. At the Siege of one of these he received a blow in the neck, which struck him to the ground, and disabled him from action many days after: In the mean while Spitamenes had recovered Samareand, against whom he sent Menedemus, with three thousand Foot, and eight hundred Horsmen.

In the heat of these affairs, Alexander marched to the River Jaxartes, that runs between Sogdiana, and Scythia, which he pasted over while Menedemus was employed in the recovery of Samarcand. Upon the Banks of this River he built another Alexandria, sixty furlongs in compass, which he beautified with Houses seventeen days after the walls were built: But the Scythian King, persuading himself that this City was built on purpose to keep him under, made some attempts to hinder the erection of this new City; but being naked of defensive Arms, he was easily beaten-away, Sixty of the Macedonians are said to be slain in this conflict, and eleven hundred wounded, which might easily be done in passing a great River defended against them by good Archers. Of the Scythian Horses eighteen hundred were brought into the Camp, and many Prisoners.

Whilest Alexander was securing himself against those Scythians, bordering upon Jaxartes, he received the ill news that Menedemus was slain by Spitamenes, his Army broken, and most of them killed, to wit, two thousand Foot, and three hundred Horse. He therefore intending revenge upon Spitamenes, made all the hast he could, but Spitamenes fled into Bactria. Whereupon Alexander killed, burned, and laid wast all before him, not sparing the innocent Children, and so departed, leaving a new Governor in that Province.

To repair this loss, he received a great supply of nineteen thousand men out of Greece, Li • ia, and Syria, with all which, and his old Army, he returned towards the South, and passed the River of Oxus, on the Southside whereof he built six Towns, near each to other for their mutual security. But he found a new up-start Rebel, one Arimazes (a Sogdian) who was followed by thirty thousand Soldiers, that defended against him a strong piece of ground on the top of an high and steep Hill. Alexander sought (but in vain) to win him with fair words: wherefore he made choice of three hundred young men, and promised ten Tallents to the first, nine to the second, and so proportionably to the rest, that could find a way to creep to the top thereof. This they performed with the loss of thirty two of their number, and then made a sign to Alexander, that they had accomplished his Commandment. Hereupon he sent one Cophes to persuade Arimazes to yield up the place, who, being shown by Cophes, that the Macedonians were already gotten up, he yielded simply to Alexanders mercy, and was, with all his kindred, scourged, and Crucified: which punishment they well deserved for keeping no better a watch in so dangerous a time. For the place might have been defended against any power.

After these Sogdian, and Scythian Wars, Alexander committed the Government of Samarcand, and the Country about it, to Clytus whom yet he slew soon after, for preferring the virtue of Philip the Father, before that of Alexander the Son, or rather because he objected to the King the death of Permenion, and derided the Oracle of Hammon: for therein he touched him to the quick; his Speech being in public, and at a drunken Banquet. Clytus, indeed, had deserved as much at the Kings hand as any man living, having saved his life, which the King well remembered when he came to himself, and when it was too late to repent. As Clytus in his Cups, forgot whom he offended, So Alexander in his drunkenness forgot whom he slew, for grief whereof, he afterward tore his Face, and sorrowed so inordinately, that had he not been overperswaded by Calisthenes, he would have slain himself. Drunkenesse both kindles, and discovers every vice: It removes shame which gives impediment to bad attempts. Where Wine gets the mastery, all the evil, which before lay hidden, breaks out. Drunkenness indeed rather discovers vices than makes them.

Soon after this, Spitamenes, who slew Bessus, and had lately revolted from Alexander, was murdered by his own Wife, and his Head was presented to: Alexander, Spitamenes being thus taken away, the Dabans also seized upon his fellow conspirator, Dataphernes, and delivered him up: So that Alexander being now freed from all these petty Rebels, and disposed of the Provinces that he had quieted, marched on with his Army into Gabaza, where it suffered so much Hunger, Cold, Lightning, Thunder, and such storms, that in one of them he lost a thousand men. From hence he invaded the Sacans, and destroyed their Country. Then came he into the Territories of Cohortanes, who submitted himself to him, and presented him with thirty beautiful Virgins, amongst whom, Roxane, afterwards his Wife, was one; which, although all the Macedonians stomached, yet none of them durst use any freedom of speech after the death of Clytus. From hence he directed his course towards India, having so increased his numbers, as amounted to one hundred and twenty Thousand Armed men.

In the mean while he would needs be honored as a God, whereunto, that he might allure his Macedonians, he implied two of his parasites, Hagis, and Cleo, whom Calisthenes opposed. For amongst many other honest Arguments which he used in the Assembly, he told Cleo, that he thought that Alexander would disdain the title of a God from his Vassels: That the opinion of Sanctity, though it did sometimes follow the Death of those, who in their Life-time had done the greatest things, yet it never accompanied any one as yet living in the world: He said, that neither Hercules, nor Bacchus, were Deified at a Banquet, and upon drink (fought this matter was propounded by Cleo at a Carousing Feast) but for the more than manly acts preformed by them in their Life-time, for which they were in succeeding Ages numbered amongst the God's. Alexander stood behind a partitian, and heard all that was spoken, waiting but for an opportunity to be revenged on Calisthenes, who being free of speech, honest, Learned, and a lover of the Kings Honor, was yet shortly after tormented to Death. For upon occasion of a conspiracy made against the King, by on Hermolaus, and others, who confessed it, he caused Calisthenes, without confession, accusation, or trial, to he torn asunder upon the Rack.

This deed, unworthy of a King, is thus censured by Seneca. This (saith he) is the eternal crime of Alexander, which no virtue, or felicity of his in War shall ever be able to blot out. For as often as any man shall say, He slew many thousands of Persians, it will be replied, He did so, and he slew Calisthenes too. When it shall be said, that he wan • all as far as to the very Ocean, whereon also he adventured with unusual Navies, and extended his Empire from a corner of Thrace, to the utmost bounds of the East; it shall be said withal; But he killed Calisthenes. Let him have outgone all the ancient Examples of Captains, and Kings, none of all his Acts make so much to his Glory as the Death of Calisthenes to his roproach.

With the Army before mentioned, of one hundred twenty thousand Foot and Horse, Alexander entered into the Borders of India where such of the Princes as submitted themselves to him, he entertained lovingly, the others he enforced, killing man, woman, and child, where they resisted. He then came before Nisa, built by Bacchus, which after a few days was rendered to him. From thence he removed to a Hill at hand, which on the top had goodly Gardens, filled with delicate fruits, and Vines, dedicated to Bacchus, to whom he made Feasts for ten days together. And when he had drank his fill, went on to Dedula, and from thence to Acadera, Countries spoiled and abandoned by the Inhabitants, by reason whereof, victuals failing, he divided his Army. Ptolemy led one part, Cenon another, and himself the rest. These took in many Towns, whereof that of greatest fame was Muzage, which had in it three hundred thousand men, but after some resistance, it was yielded to him by Cleophe the Queen, to whom he again restored it. At the Siege of this City he received a wound in the leg.

After this Nola was taken by Polisperchon; and a Rock of Great strength by Alexander himself: He wan also a passage from one Eryx, who was slain by his own men and his Head presented to Alexander: This was the sum of his Actions in those parts, before he came to the great River Indus. And when he came thither, he found there Ephestion, who (being sent before) had prepared Boats for the transportation of his Army, and before Alexanders arrival, had prevailed with Omphis, King of that part of the Country, to submit himself to this great Conqueror. And hereupon soon after Alexanders coming, Omphis presented himself, with all the strength of his Country, and fifty six Elephants, unto him; offering him his service, and assistance: He told Alexander also that he was an enemy to the two next great Kings of that part of India, named Abiasares, and Porus, where with Alexaender was not a little pleased, hoping by this their disunion, to make his own victory by far the more easy.

This Omphis also presented Alexander with a Crown of Gold, the like did the rest of his Commanders, and with all, he gave him eight Talents of Silver coined, which Alexander not only refused, but to show that he coveted Glory, not Gold, he gave Omphis a thousand Talents of his own Treasure, besides other Persian rarities.

Abiasares being informed that Alexander had received his enemy Omphis into his protection, he resolved to make his own Peace also. For, knowing that his own strength did but equal that of Omphis, he thought it but an ill match, when Alexander, who had already subdued all the greatest Princes of Asia, should make himself a party, and head of the quarrel. So then now Alexander had none to stand in his way but Porus, to whom he sent a command, that he should attend him at the Borders of his Kingdom, there to do him Homage: But the gallant Porus returned him this manly answer: That he would satisfy him in the first demand, which was, to attend him on his Borders, and that well accompanied, but for any other acknowledgment, he was resolved to take counsel of his Sword. To be short, Alexander resolved to pas • e over the River of Hydaspes, and to find out Porus at his own home: But Porus saved him that labor, attending him on the farther bank, with thirty thousand Foot, ninety Elephants, and three hundred armed Chariots, and a great Troop of Horse. The River was half a mile broad, and withal, deep and swift, It had in it many Islands, amongst which there was one much overgrown with Wood, and of good capacity.

Alexander sent Ptolemy, with a good part of the Army up the River, shrowding the rest from the sight of Porus under this Island, by this devise, Porus being drawn from the place of his first encamping, set himself down opposite to Ptolemy, supposing that the whole Army of Alexander was there, intending to force their passage: But in the mean while Alexander with his men, recovered the farther shore without resistance, and ordering his Troops, he advanced towards Porus, who at first imagined them to be Abiasares his confederate, come over Hydaspis to asist him: But finding it to be otherwise, he sent his Brother Hagis, with four thousand Horse, and a hundred armed Chariots to entertain him. Each Chariot had in it four to fight, and two to guid it: But they were at this time of little use, by reason that much rain having fallen, the Fields were so soul that the Horses could hardly trot.

In this fight the Scythians, and Dahans had Alexanders vantgard, who so galled the Indians, with their Darts and Arrows, that the Horses brake their reins, and overturned the Chariots, and those that were in them. Perdiccas also charged the Indian Horsemen, who were by him forced to recoil. Then did Porus move forward with the Gross of his Army, that his Vantgard, who were scattered, might retreat into his Reare. Alexander being followed by Ephestion, Ptolemy, and Perdiccas, charged the Indian Horsmen in the left wing, commanding Cenon to set upon the right. He directed also Antigonus, and Leonatus to charge Porus his Battle of Foot, strengthened with Elephants, Porus himself riding upon one of the biggest of them. By these Beasts the Macedonian Foot received the greatest damage; but the Archers and Darters being well guarded with the long, and strong Pikes of the Macedonians, so galled them, that the Elephants being enraged, turned head, and ran over their own Footmen that followed them. In the end, after a long and doubtful fight, by the advantage of weapons, and the skill and courage of the Macedonian Captains, the victory fell to Alexander, who also far exceeded Porus in number of men. For besides the Macedonians, and other Eastern, and Northen Nations, Alexander was assisted by Porus his Confederates, and Country people: Yet for his own Person, he never gave ground, otherwise than with his Sword towards his enemies, till being weakened by many wounds, and abandoned by his Army, he became a Prisoner to the Conqueror, from whom again he received his Kingdom, with a great enlargement,

I forbear to mention other petty victories which Alexander obtained after this, in his failing down the River of Indus. The description of places about the Head, and branches thereof, are better known to us by reason of our late Navigations, and discoveries, than they were in former times. The magnificence and Rights of those Indian Kings we could in no sort be persuaded to believe, till our own experience had taught us, that there are many stranger things in the world than we see in our own Country.

Alexander having by this time overwearied his Army, he discovered the rest of India by fame. The Indian Kings whom he had subdued, informed him, that a King called Aggrame •• s, ruled over many Nations beyond the River Gang •• , who was able to bring into the Field two hundred thousand Foot, twenty thousand Horse, three thousand Elephants, and two thousand armed Chariots. With this report, though Alexander was more enflamed than ever, to proceed in his Discoveries and Conquests, yet all his Oratory could not prevail with his Soldiers to adventure over those wast Desarts beyond Indus, and Ga • ges, which were more terrible to them, than the greatest Army that the East could gather. Yet at last they were overcome by many persuasions to follow him towards the South, to discover such parts of the Ocean, as were nearer at hand, unto which the River Indus was their infallible guid.

Alexander seeing it would be no otherwise, devised a pretty trick by which he hoped to beguile after-ages, and make himself seem greater than he was. For which end he enlarged his Camp, made greater Trenches, greater Cabins for Soldiers, greater Hors-stalls, and higher Mangers than Horses could feed in. Yea, he caused all furniture both for Men, and Horses, to be made larger than would serve for use, and scattered these Armors and Bridles about his Camp, to be kept as relics, and wondered at by those Barbarous People. Proportionable unto these he raised up twelve great Altars to be Monuments of his jorneyes end.

This done, he returned again to the banks of Asesines, and there determined to build his Fleet, where Ausines, and Hydaspes meet; and to testify by a surer Monument, how far he had passed towards the East, he built by those Rivers, two Cities: the one he called Nicaea, and the other Bucephalon, after the name of his beloved Horse Bucephalus. Here again he received a new supply of six thousand Thracian Horsemen, seven thousand Foot, and from his Lieutenant of Babylon, twenty five thousand Armours, garnished with Silver, and Gold, which he distributed amongst his Soldiers.

About these Rivers he wan many Towns, and committed great slaughter on those that resisted. Its said, that besieging a City of the Oxidracans, he leaped from the top of the wall into it, and fought long against all the Inhabitants, till his Soldiers, forcing a Gate, came in to his rescue. Finally he passed down the River with his Fleet, at which time news was brought him of a Rebellion in Bactria, and then of the arrival of a hundred Ambassadors from a King in India, who submitted himself to him. These Ambassadors he Feasted upon a hundred Beds of Gold, with all the sumptuousness that could be devised, who soon after their dispatch, returned again, and presented him with three hundred Horses, and one hundred and thirty Wagons, and in each of them four Horses, a thousand Targets, with many other things rare and rich.

Then sailed Alexander towards the South, passing through many obscure Nations, which all yielded to him, either quietly, or by force: Amongst these, he built another Alexandria. Of the many places which he took in his passage, one was called Samus, the Inhabitants whereof fought against him with poisoned Swords, with one of which, Ptolemy (afterwards King of Egypt) was wounded, and was cured by an Herb which Alexander dreamed he had seen in the mouth of a Serpent.

When he came near to the out-let of Indus (being ignorant of the Tides of the Sea) his Gallies on a sudden were shuffled one against another by the coming of the Flood, and in the Ebb, they were left on the dry ground, and on the Sandy banks in the River, wherewith the Macedonians were much amazed: But after he had a few days observed the course of the Sea, he passed out of the Rivers mouth some few miles, and then offering Sacrifice to Neptune, he returned; and the better to inform himself, he sent Nearchus, and Onesicritus to discover the Coast towards the mouth of Euphrates.

Neer the out-lets of this River, he spent some part of Winter, and from thence in eighteen days march, he recovered Gredosia, in which passage his Army suffered such misery through the want of food, that of one hundred and twenty thousand Foot, and twelve thousand Horse, which he carried into India, not a fourth part returned alive.

From Gredosia, Alexander led his Army into Caramania, and so drawing near to Persia, he gave himself wholly unto Feasting and Drinking, imitating the Tryumphs of Bacchus. And though this Swinish vice be hateful enough in itself; Yet it always inflamed this King to cruelty For (saith Curtius) the Hangman followed the Feast: For Haspastes, one of his Provincial Governors, he commanded to be slain; so as, neither did the excess of Voluptuousness quallifie his Cruelty, nor his cruelty at all hinder his Voluptuousness.

While he refreshed his Army in these parts, there came a new supply to him of five thousand Foot; and a thousand Horse, which were conducted to him by Cleander and his fellows, that had been impolyed in the murder of Permenion. Against these murderers great complaints were made by the Deputies of y ^e Provinces, in w ^ch they had commanded; and their offenses were proved to be so outrageous, that Alexander was persuaded, that, had they not altogether despaired of his return out of India, they durst not have committed them. All men were glad of the occasion, remembering the Virtue of him whom they had slain. The end was, that Cleander, and the other chief, together with six hundred Soldiers, who had been the instruments of their ravages, were delivered over to the Hangman; Everyone rejoicing that the wrath of the King was at last poured out upon the Ministers of his Anger.

Nearchus, and Onesicritus were now returned from searching the Coast, and made report of an Island they had discovered, rich in Gold, and of other strange things; whereupon they were commanded to make some farther discovery, after which they should come up Euphrates, and meet the King at Babylon.

Alexander drawing near to Babylon, went to visit the Sepulcher of Cyrus in Pasagardes, where he was presented with many rich gifts by Orsanes, one of the Princes of Persia, of the race of Cyrus. But because Bagoas, an Eunuch, who was in special favor with the King, was neglected, he suborned some loose fellows to accuse Orsanes for robbing Cyrus his Tomb, for which he was condemned to die, and Bagoas assisted the Hangman with his own hands to torment him. At this time also Alexander caused Phradites to be slain, suspecting his greatness Hence (saith Curtius) he began unreasonably to shed blood, and to believe false reports. Indeed, he took the way to make all men weary of him, and his Government, seeing tyranny is more dreadful than all adventures that can be made against it.

About this time Calanus the Philosopher burnt himself having lived seventy three years, and Historians say, that before his Death, he foresaw, and foreshowed the Death of Alexander, promising to meet him shortly after at Babylon.

From Pasagardes, Alexander went to Susa, where he Married Statira, the Eldest Daughter of Darius, giving her younger Sister to his beloved Ephestion, and eighty other Persian Ladies to other of his Captains. To his wedding Feast, he invited six thousand Guests, to each of which he gave a Cup of Gold.

Unto this place came to him three thousand young Soldiers out of his Conquered Provinces, whereat the Macedonians greatly murmured. Harpalus, his Treasurer in Babylon, having lavishly consumed the money in his keeping, fled with five thousand Talents, and six thousand hired Soldiers; But when he came into Greece, he was there slain. Alexander much rejoiced at the fidelity of the Greeks, who would not be corrupted with Harpalus his Bribes: Yet he sent a command to them, that they should receive their banished men again, whereunto they all for fear, yielded, except the Athenians, though they saw that it was a manifest preparation to their bondage.

After this there followed a marvelous discontent in his Army, because he had resolved to send into Macedonia all those old Souldies which could no longer endure the travel of the War, and to keep the rest in Asia. He made many Orations to satisfy them, but all his words were in vain during the height of their fury; Yet when their first passions were evaporated, they became more tractable. And with such as were licenced to depart, he sent Craterus, to whom he gave the Lieutenantship of Macedonia, Thessaly, & Thrace, which Antipater had Governed from the time of Alexanders departure out of Europe, who (during that time) had subdued the rebellious Greeks, discharged the trust committed to him with great fidelity, and sent him from time to time so many strong supplies into Asia.

Certainly if Alexander had not taken counsel of his Cups, he would have cast some better color upon this alteration, and given Antipater some stronger reasons of his remove, than to employ him in conducting a new supply of men to Babylon, the War being now at an end. For Antipater could make no other construction of this remove, but that he had a purpose to send him after Permenion, and the rest. The truth is, the King notwithstanding his undantedness, had no great mind to grapple with Antipater.

Alexander having thus sent for Antipater, made a journey into Media to settle things there, were Ephestion whom he loved, and favored above all others, died. The King greatly lamented his loss, hanged the Physician that could not cure him, and built him a Monument that cost twelve thousand Talents. After which he returned to Babylon. Thither Antipater came not, but sent, and that, not to excuse, but to free himself; And if we may believe Curtius, he suborned his Sons Cassander, Philip, and Jolla, who were Alexanders Cup-bearers, to give him poison; Thessalus (who was one of the conspiracy) having invited him to a Drinking-Feast for that purpose. Others say that by his inordinate drinking, he fell into a Feavour whereof he died.

A little before his Death, his Friends about him, asked him to whom he would leave his Empire? He answered, To the most worthy man. Then asked they him, when they should give him Divine Honors? He answered, When they themselves were happy; which were the last words that he spake, and so he died, having lived not all out thirty three years, nor reigned thirteen.

As soon as he was Dead, his great Captains sought to enrich themselves by his Spoils, and whilst they were sharing the World amongst themselves, his dead Body lay many days in that hot Country unburied, stinking above ground: A notable Emblem of the Vanity of all earthly things. Besides this, his vast Empire was divided amongst his great Captains; To Ptolomaeus Lagi was allotted Egypt, and Africa; To Laomedon, Syria, and Phoenicia; To Python, Media; To Eumenes, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia; To Antigonus, Pamphilia, Lycia, and Phrygia the Greater; To Cassander, Caria; To Menander, Lydia; To Leonatus Phrygia the Less; To Lysimachus, Thracia, with the neighbouring Countries; To Antipater, Macedonia, and the neighbouring Nations. But these men, not contented with their shares, fell out amongst themselves, making War one upon another to their own destruction; For Perdiccas, warring upon Egypt was slain by his own Soldiers; Antipater died; Eumenes was betrayed by his own Soldiers, and slain by Antigonus; Olympias, the Mother of Alexander, was slain by Cassander; Cleopatra, sister to Alexander, was slain by the treachery of Antigonus; Antigonus himself was slain in Battle by Cassander & Lysimachus; Roxane, the beloved Wife of Alexander, together with her Son Alexander; and Barsine, another of his Wives, which was Daughter to Darius, were all slain by Cassander. And presently after the whole Family of Cassander was rooted out; Ptolemy died in Egypt; Lysimachus was slain by Seleucus; and Seleucus himself presently after by Ptolemy. So that all the Family of Alexander, within a few years after his Death, was wholly extirpated; And all his Friends, and great Captains, by their Ambition, and mutual contentions, came most of them to untimely ends.

When the dead Body of Alexander had lain seven days upon his Throne, at last the Chaldeans, and Egyptians were commanded from thenceforth to take the care of it; But when they came about it, they durst not at first approach to touch it: But anon after, saying their Prayers, that it might be no sin unto them being but mortals, to lay their hands upon so Divine a Body, they fell to work, and dissected it, the Golden Throne whereon he lay, being all stuffed with Spices, and hung about with Pennants, and Banners, and other Emblems of his high State, and Honor.

The care of his Funeral, and of providing a Chariot wherein to carry his Body to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon, was committed to Aridaeus, who spent two whole years in making provision for it, which made Olympias, his Mother, (seeing him lie so long unburied) in great grief of heart to cry out, and say; O my Son! Thou that wouldst needs be accounted amongst the God's, and keptest such ado about it, canst not now have that which every poor man hath, a little Earth, and Burial.

Long after when Julius Caesar had Conquered Pompey, and was idle in Egypt, Lucan tells us, that he visited the Temples, and the Cave, wherein the Body of Alexander the Great lay, In these verses,

Alexander was very Learned, and a great Lover of Learning and Learned men, insomuch as he rewarded his Master Aristotle with eighty Talents for his History of Living Creatures. He so prized Homers Iliads, that in all his Wars, he carried it in his pocket, and laid it under his Pillow anights. He loved his Master Aristotle as if he had been his Father, and used to say, We have our being from our Parents, but our well-being from our School-Masters.

His Mother Olympias was very severe and morose in her carriage; and once Antipater, his Vice-Roy in Europe, wrote large Letters of complaint to him against her; to whom he returned this answer: Knowest thou not that one little tear of my Mothers, will blot out a thousand of thy Letters of complaint; When he heard the Philosophers conclusion concerning the unity of the world, he wept, because there were no more worlds for him to Conquer but one. An evident note of his great ambition: which also manifested itself hereby; That when he came to the Tomb of Achilles, he fell a weeping, considering that Achilles had a Homer to sing his praises, and to perpetuate his memory, whereas he had no such Poet to set forth his Commendations. Also he commanded that no man should draw his Picture, but Apelles, the most exquisite Painter in the world, and that none should make his Statue in Brass but Lycippus, the most excellent Workman in that kind.

Alexander used to carry his Head on one side inclining to the left, wherein his Court-Parasites (to ingratiate themselves with him) imitated him. One desiring to see his Treasures, and his Jewels, he bad his Servants show him, not his Talents of Gold, and Silver, and such other precious things, but his Friends.

When he had overcome Darius, and gotten possession of all his Dominions, and Treasures, he began to degenerate into the Asian Luxury. His Chastity and moderation were turned into Pride, and Lust. He judged his Country manners, and the Discipline of the former Macedonian Kings too sordid and mean for him. He imitated the pride of the Persian Kings, he made him a Crown and Robs like unto Darius. He grew so proud and insolent, that he suffered his Soldiers to fall down and worship him like a God. Yea, he comanded his servants, and slaves to do so. He clothed his Captains and Horse-men like unto the Persians, which though they disliked they durst not refuse. He gat him three hundred sixty five Concubines, of the beautifullest virgins that could be found in Asia, after the manner of the Persian Kings, one of which lay with him every night. He had his Troops of Eunuchs, with Musicians, Jesters, Singing women &c. He spent whole days and nights in profuse Feasting, and Revelling All which was very offensive to his old Captains, and Soldiers.

When he was a Boy, he took both his hands full of perfumes, and cast them into the fire as he was Sacrificing, whereupon Leonidas, one of his Schoolmasters said to him: O Alexander, wben thou hast Conquered those Countries wherein these odors grow, then thou mayest be so liberal, but in the mean time be more sparing. Afterwards, when he had Conquered Arabia Felix, he sent to Leonidas a hundred Tallents of Myrrh, and five hundred of Frankincense, bidding him to be hereafter more Liberall in his service of the God's.

He was of so bountiful a disposition, that it was a greater trouble to him not to be asked than not to give. He wrote to Phocian, that he would make use of his friendship no more if he refused his Gifts. Serapion, a young Boy that used to play at Ball with him, gat nothing because he asked nothing; whereupon the next time he played, he threw the Ball to all but Alexander, the King marvelling at it, asked him why he threw not the Ball to him? Forsooth (said Serapion) because you asked it not. Alexander laughing at the jest, sent him a liberal Gift.

As he was travelling through the Deserts of Persia, himself and his Army were in great straits for want of water: One of his Soldiers having two Sons ready to die of thirst, sought up and down, and at last found a little water, wherewith he filled a leather Bottell, and was running with it to his Sons: but meeting Alexander by the way, he filled it out into a dish, and proffered it to him. Alexander asked him, whither he was carrying it the man told him that his two Sons were ready to die with thirst: But (said he) pray you Sir, do you drink it; For if my Sons die I can get more, but if you die, we shall not have such another King. Alexander hearing this, gave him the water again, and bid him carry it to his Sons.

Alexander in his younger days was so moderate, and temperate, that he would often open his chests, and look upon his Garments, to see if his mother had not provided him, either delicate or superfluous Apparel.

Also when the Queen of Caria, to show her great love to him, sent him daily variety of Dishes and Dainties, and at last sent her Cooks, and Bakers to him, he returned them back again, saying, That he had no need of their service; for his Master Leonidas had provided him better Cooks, by teaching bim to dine and sup Frugally, and sparingly. Also when he had any rare, and dainty Fruits, or Fishes sent him from the Sea, he used to distribute them amongst his Friends, reserving very little or none for his own use.

One craving a small gift of him, he gave him a whole City, and when the Poor man said, That it was too much for him to receive: Yea (said Alexander) but not for me to give.

As he was advanceing to Conquer a Kingdom in India, Taxilis, who was King thereof, came and met him, saying, O Alexander, What need we fight, if thou comest not to take away my food and water, for which its only fit for wise men to fight? If thou seekest after Riches, if I have more than thou, I will give thee part of mine: if thou hast more than I, I will not refuse part of thine. Alexander being much taken with his speech, said to him, Go to, I will contend with thee in bounty, and so they mutually gave and received many Gifts. At last Alexander gave him a Thousand Tallents, which much grieved his Friends, and rejoiced the Barbarian.

He shown an admirable Example of his Chastity in the heat of his youth, when having taken the Mother, Wives, and Daughters of Darius, women of admirable beauty, yet, neither by word, nor deed did he profer them the least indignity, thinking it a greater honor to overcome himself than his Adversaries: And when he looked upon other Captive Ladies that excelled in stature and beauty, he merrily said, Persides oculorum dolores esse: That the Persian women were a disease of the eyes, and yet he looked on them but as one so many Statues. When he was informed that two of his Captains under Permenion, had ravished two of the Persian Ladies, he wrote to him to inquire after the matter, and if he found it true, he should cut off their Heads, as of Beasts born for the hurt of mankind. He also sent him word, that himself was so far from contemplating the Beaut • of Darius his Wife, that he would not so much as suffer her to be commended in his presence; and that he was so careful of their Chastity, that they lived in his Camp, shut up in their Tent, as if they had been in a Temple.

At the Death of Ephestion, his Favorite, he did not only clipp the hair of his Horses, and Mules, but plucked down also the Battlements of the City walls, that they might seem to mourn for his Mi • ions Death, showing now deformity instead of their former Beauty.

Porus, an Indian King, fighting valiently against him, received many wounds, and at last, being overcome, and falling into his enemies hands, they brought him to Alexander, who hearing of his coming, went forth, with some of his Friends, to meet him, and asked him what he would have him to do for him, Porus answered, My only desire is, that thou use me like a King: Alexander, admiring his magnimity, replied, This I will do for my own sake: but what wouldest thou have me do for thine? Porus answered, That all was contained in his former demand of Kingly usage: Alexander was so pleased with this, that he restored him to his Kingdom, and gave him another bigger than his own.

THE LIFE & DEATH OF CHARLES the GREAT, King of FRANCE, and Emperor of GERMANY.

P EPIN, surnamed The short, the 23d. King of France (a wise and valiant Prince) had two Sons, Charles and Caroloman, and five daughters: Birthe, who was married to Milon Earl of Mans, by whom she had great Rowland: Hiltrude, married to Rene Earl of Genes, by whom she had the renowned Oliver; Rohard, Adeline, Idubergue, Ode, and Alix.

Pepin being toiled out with great Wars, much broken with the care of Public affairs, and now grown Old, that he might employ his last days in the maintenance of Justice and Peace, the burden of War he laid upon his Eldest Son Charles, a wise and a valiant young Prince, of whose modesty and obedience he was well assured: And then retiring to Paris, he was not long after surprised with sickness, in which he recommended his two Sons to the Estates of France, to give them portions at their pleasures, and so ended his days Anno Christi 768.

He was a Religious Prince, wise, moderate, valiant, loving to his Subjects and beloved of them, happy in his Father, and his Children, and in his Government; An excellent Pattern for other Princes, who by his Example, hold it for an undoubted Maxim, That the strongest Fortress, and best security for a Prince, is the love of his Subjects, and the surest bond of his Authority, a respect gotten, and preserved by virtue.

Pepin being dead, the Estates of France assembled together, and by their joint consents, divide the Kingdom betwixt his two Sons Charles, and Caroloman, by equal portions. Brothers these were of divers humors, who had certainly ruined each other by this equality of power, had not the death of Caroloman, within three years after, devolved the Goverment of the whole Realm upon Charles.

Charles was endowed with singular gifts both of Body and Mind, which were much improved by the sedulous care of his Prudent Father, manifested in the virtuous education of him: For which end he procured Paul of Pisa, a learned man, to instruct him in the Greek and Latin Tongues, and one Aymon to read to him Philosophy, and the Mathematics: Himself also trained him up in Feates of Arms, and Warlike exercises. But above all, and as the ground of all virtues, he was careful to have him trained up, and well instructed in Religion, which all his life after he loved, and honored with great Reverence the Church and Pastors thereof. He called the study of Human Sciences his Pastimes, and the companions of his Sword, and did sometimes recreate himself therein. He loved Learning and Learned men by Nature. He delighted in Poesy, as some of his writings do show; but especially in History, wherein he was exceeding well read. Charity, Temperance, Equity, care of Justice to relieve his Subjects, to keep his Faith and promise, both to Friend and Foe, and to use a Victory modestly, were the notable effects of his excellent knowledge, as remarkable in him as in any Prince that ever lived. The Universities of Paris, and Pisa (either Founded, or endowed by him) witness the great love and honor that he did bear to learning.

During the Life of his Father Pepin, he shown how much he had profited in Arms under so good a Schoolmaster, having great Commands under him, which he discharged with notable reputation; and the improvement of his skill and ability after he came to his Kingdom, show plainly, that there was never any Soldier that carried Sword with more valor, nor great Captain that commanded with more Obedience, or that performed Noble Actions with greater success, or that used his Victories with more mildness, and judgment. Neither did ever King or Prince rule with more authority, nor was more reverently obeyed by his Subjects and Soldiers then our Charles; who therefore well deserved the name of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, by reason of his great virtues. He was of a lively disposition, quick, active, and vehement: Quicquid egit, valde egit: Yet modesty, and wisdom did so season, and moderate his vivacity, and vehemency, as gave a great luster to both, and kept them within their due bounds: And this mixture of divers humors so tempered with moderation, made him as admirable for his Judgment, as venerable in his Person and countenance.

There appeared in him a grave, sweet Majesty in a goodly Personage: His Body was large and strong: He was very patient of labor: Had a quick spirit, was clear and sound, both in apprehension, memory, and Judgment: Resolution never failed him in difficulties, nor a Reply in Discourses. Terrible he was to some, Amiable to others, according to the Cause, Persons, and Occurents; which virtues purchased him such great esteem, as that he was beloved, respected, and reverenced of all men, which effects the story of his reign will show: For having received a great Kingdom from his Father, he enlarged it with wonderful success; God having raised him up to be a Bulwork to Christians against the inundation and rage of Barbarous Nations in the decay and ruin of the Empire. And in prosecuting the Narrative hereof, I shall first set down his actions during the Life of his Brother Caroloman, then what he did from the time of his death, till he was made Emperor, and lastly what his Deportment was from thence to his Death.

Caroloman, being Crowned King at Soissons, as Charles was at Wormes, began to be extreme jealous of his Brothers greatness, whom, with grief, he saw to be beloved, honored, and obeyed by all the French, and that deservedly for his singular virtues and endowments both of Body and mind. This jealousy (too ordinary a concomitant of Princes) made him seek by all means to undermine, and overthrow the affairs of Charlemagne, whose eyes were fixed upon Italy, as the fittest, and most glorious Theatre wherein to exercise his valor, and to maintain his authority and power amongst Christians; and Caroloman did all that possibly he could to cross his designs therein. But before I bring him upon that stage, give me leave to show you what at this time was the State of Italy, and Rome.

Rome (sometimes the Head of the World) was of late become the Chaos of all confusion, the Randevouz of all Barbarous Nations, as if they had vowed the ruin thereof by turns, having already sacked it three times. For under the Empire of Honorius, Anno Christi 414. The Goths, under their King Alaricus, after two years seige, took it, and sacked it, but did not dismantle it. Forty five years after, during the Empire of Martian, Anno Christi 459. the Vandals, under the conduct of Genserick their King, took it again, sacked it, spoiled and disgraced it, leading the W • ddow of the Emperor Valentinian the third, away in Triumph. And in the time of Justinian the Emperor, the Goths, under the command of Totila, having weakened it by a long seige, took it, sacked, and dismantled it. Thus Rome was no more Rome, but a spectacle of horrid confusion: after so many devastations retaining nothing of her ancient beauty, but only the traces of her old buildings, and the punishment of her Idolatry and Tyranny; Afterwards the Longobards, or Lombards held Italy, for the space of two hundred years, till by our Charlemagne they were subdued, and expelled.

Presently after the Death of Pepin, the Church of Rome fell into great confusions by the practices of Didier King of Lombardy, who having corrupted some of the Clergy, caused Constantine, Brother to Toton, Duke of Nepezo, to be chosen Pope, which he persecuted with such violence, that he procured Philippicus, who was already Canonically chosen, to be deposed: But the better party, seeing themselves contemned by the Lombards, assembled together, and by common consent, chose Steven the third (a Sicilian by birth) Pope; who being conscious to his own weakness, resolved to call in the King of France, and to oppose him against his too-powerful enemies.

Charles being thus solicited by the Pope, sent twelve Prelates speedily to Rome, that he might strengthen the Popes party against the other, intending in a greater need to apply a greater remedy; and the matter succeeded according to his desire. For a Council being assembled at Lateran, they confirmed Steven, lawfully chosen, and deposed Constantine, who was set up by disorder and violence. But Didier would not rest satisfied with this affront, and seeing that force had succeeded no better, he resolved to try Policy, intending to undermine Steven with fair pretences: For which end he sent to congratulate his Election, purged himself in reference to the Anti-Pope Constantine, now degraded: accused both him and his Brother Toton of ambition, and protested to live with Steven in amity; and to manifest this his good meaning, he desired him to be pleased with his repair to Rome, that there he might confer with him in private. The Pope (who never seeks to the French but in case of necessity) was easily persuaded by Didier, who came to Rome, conferred with the Pope, and made great Protestations of his Obedience to him. But these his fair shows continued not long.

There was at this time at Rome a Governor for the Eastern Emperor, called Paul Ephialte, him Didier corrupted, and the administration of Justice being in his hands, he made use of him so cunningly, as that in the presence of Pope Steven, he caused him to seize upon two of his chief Secretaries, Christopher, & Sergius (whom Didier accused of some pretended crimes) and presently to hang them in an infamous manner. Their greatest offense was, because they favored the French. Neither did he rest here, but caused all the principal Citizens to be banished, whom he observed to be of the French faction, that so, having removed all hindrances, he might be Master of Rome in despite of the Pope.

Steven was not so dull but he discovered the Lombards practice exceedingly to tend to his prejudice: whereupon he sent to Charlemagne, beseeching him to prepare an Army against Didiers force. This Charlemagne easily assented to, and fully resolved upon: But Didier had provided a divertisment in France by the means of Caroloman, to stop Charles his passage into Italy, making work for him in Guienne, where there arose a perilous War upon this occasion.

Though the Country of Guienne depended upon the Crown of France, yet were there many Tumults raised by the practices of some Noblemen of the Country, who frequently stirred up the people (mutinous enough of themselves) to Rebellion. The cause of these Troubles was, the abuse of the former Kings Clemency and Bounty, who suffered such people as he Conquered, to enjoy their privileges and liberties. Eudon (a Nobleman of Guienne) began first under Martel, Jeffery and Hunult his Children, and heirs of his discontent, had continued it under Pepin; and Jeffery being now dead, Hunalt succeeded him with the like hatred, which Caroloman fomented, that he might employ him against his Brother Charles.

Guienne was a part of Charles his portion: But Hunalts design was, to withdraw that Country wholly from the Crown of France, and for that end he pretended a Title to the Dukedom thereof, laboring to procure the people to Elect him, having the promise, and assistance of Caroloman to further him therein. Indeed the countenance of Caroloman could do much; but the wisdom and courage of Charlemagne prevailed more: For being advertised of Hunalts practice, and of his Brothers secret designs, he armed with such speed, as that he surprised the Towns of Poitiers, Xante, and Angoulesm, and all the Country adjoining, Hunalt (who had reckoned without Charles) finding himself thus prevented, fled to a Noble man of that Country called Loup, whom he held, not only to be firm to his faction, but also his trusty and affectionate friend.

Charlemagne being informed hereof, sent presently to Loup, requiring him to deliver Hunalt into his hands, who was guilty of high Treason; and in the mean time he built a Fort in the midst of the Country, where the Rivers of Dordonne, and Lisle do join, which he called Fronsac, the better to secure his Country against such Invaders. Loup, not daring to refuse, delivered up Hunalt, and all his Family into the hands of Charles, who pardoned Loup, and all that obeyed him; thus ending a dangerous War without blows: And to Hunalt he granted life, and liberty, and the enjoyment of his goods; leaving a memorable example to all Princes how to carry themselves in a Civil War, preventing a mischief by prudence, and diligence, and not to thrust their vanquished Subjects into despair by rigor.

Caroloman seeing his practices against his Brother to succeed so ill, undertook a journey to Rome, with an intent to cause some alterations there, which yet he covered with a pretence of devotion. He also took his Mother Berthe along with him, and in their passage, they were honourably entertained by Didier King of the Lombards, where Berthe treated, and concluded a marriage between her Son Charlemagne, and Theodora, Sister, or Daughter to this Didier, who was one of the greatest enemies to her Sons good Fortune. Yet Charlemagne (to please his Mother) received his Wife, but soon after, put her away, as neither suiting with his affects, or affairs, and so, that which was intended as a cause of love, bred a greater hatred betwixt these two Princes. Caroloman having effected nothing at Rome answerable to his desire, but only discovered his foolish, and malicious jealousy, too apparent under his feigned devotion, returned into France, and there soon after died. Anno Christi 770. Leaving the entire Kingdom to his Brother, who had now no Corival.

Charlemagne having put away his Wife Theodora upon suspicion of incontinency, he married Hildegard, or Ildegrade, Daughter to the Duke of Sueve, his Vassall, by whom he had Charles, Pepin, and Lewis, and three Daughters, Rotrude, B • rthe, and Gille, who were the Nursery of his Noble Family. But Carolomans jealousy died not with him, but survived in his Wife Berthe, who (being impatient of her present condition, and thrust headlong with a spirit of revenge against her Brother in Law, Charles) retired with her two Sons to Didier, King of Lombardy, as to the most bitter, and irreconcilable enemy of her Brother Charles. Didier entertained her and her Children very courteously, hoping by them to promote his design: But it proved the leaven of his own destruction. His practice (together with the Widows) was to procure the present Pope, who (Steven being dead) was one Adrian, a Roman Gentleman, to Crown, and confirm the Sons of Caroloman for Kings of France, wherein the Lombard had two designs. First, by this means to bring the Pope in disgrace with Charlemagne, that he might the easilier suppress him, being destitute of the French aides, whereon he chiefly relied; and Secondly to set France in a flame, by setting up new Kings in it. Didier therefore earnestly besought the Pope to grant this favor to the Sons of Caroloman for his sake: But Adrian (well acquainted with the Lombards humor) was so resolute in denying his request, as that they fell into open hatred. And Didier being much displeased with this repulse, took Arms, and with his Forces entered into the Exarchy, being a Signory under the Popes jurisdiction, and besieged Ravenna, the chief City of the Exarchie: Whereupon the Pope sent his Nuncio to him, to expostulate the cause of this so sudden War against his Subjects; desiring him to restore what he had taken, and not to proceed in this Hostile manner without any reasonable cause, and that upon the pain of Excommunication.

At the same time there fell out a great occasion to increase the hatred between Charlemagne and Didier: For that Hunalt (who had been before vanquished in Guienne, and to whom Charles had showed so much favor) very ingratefully retired himself to Didier, who did not only receive him courteously, but honored him by making him General of his Army which he had raised against the Pope. And Didier suffered himself to be so far abused by the insinuations, and persuasions of Hunalt, touching the means to attempt something against the Estates of Charlemagne, that holding Italy undoubtedly for his own, he plotted a War, and assured himself of a certain victory in France. Thus Ambition and Covetousness hasten men's ruin. The Pope having no other defense to secure his Estate but his Excommunication, which against Didier proved but Brutum fulmen, a mere scarecrow, he was forced to have recourse to Charlemagne, as to his Sacred Anchor, or last Hope, entreating speedy aide from him in this his great necessity. Charlemagne had great reason to Arm against Didier, who had always crossed his affairs; fed and fomented his Brothers jealousies, entertained his Widow, and Children, and labored to have them chosen Kings of France, and all to trouble or ruin his estate. He had also received his rebellious Subjects, and with their aid, practiced to make a War against him.

The solicitation, and request also of the Roman Church was a great incentive to induce him to Arm, against him, who professed himself to be an open enemy to the Christian Religion, whereof the former Kings of France had shown themselves Protectors, and Guardians. But that he might not attempt anything rashly, he first sent his Ambassadors to the Pope, to assure him of his good will, and promising not to • wanting to him in his necessity: Yet withal, to tell him, that he thought it best, first to use mildness, before he attempted force against the Lombard. He therefore sent also his Ambassadors to Didier to summon him to restore what he had taken from the Pope, and to suffer him to live in Peace. Didier (who relied much upon his Policy) gave good words to the Ambassadors, promising them to perform all that Charles required, but in effect, he would have the Pope to accept of conditions of Peace from him, and that the Children of Caroloman should be declared Kings of France.

These demands were judged so unreasonable, that the Treaty was broken, and the French Ambassadors returned home: And Didier prosecutes his War against the Church more eagerly then he did before; and having spoiled all the Territories of Ravenna, he took Faenza, Ferrara, Comachia, Campagnia, and Romandiola, Towns of the six Governments, or Hexarchy. Charlemagnes Ambassadors, upon their return, inform their Master, that the War with the Lombard could not be avoided: and they found Charles in a Posture fit to invade Italy: For he had Levyed a goodly Army to suppress the rebellious Saxons, who (impatient of the French yoke) revolted daily from his Obedience, which Army was now ready to be employed against the Lombard.

Yet was not Charlemagne willing to attempt anything in a matter of such importance without the advise of his Estates, and therefore he presently summoned a Parliament, and (being loath to lose time) in the mean season he caused his Army to March, and to make there Rendevouz at Geneva, (a Town under his Obedience, and in the way to Italy) and having divided his Army into two Parts, he seized upon the Passages of Mount- Cenis, and St. Bernard, which are the two entrances from France into Italy.

The Estates at their meeting having found the Causes of War against Didier, King of Lombardy, to be just, Charlemagne caused his Army to advance with all speed, and to join near to Verceil. There Didier attended him and gave him Battle: But at the first encounter he was vanquished by Charlemagne. After which, the Lombard rallying, and reenforcing his Army, fights him again, and was again beaten, and so shattered were his Troops, that he was enforced to suffer his Enemy to be Master of the Field; which proved an infallible Harbinger to his total Ruin. Thus having tumultuously trussed up what he could in such haste, he sent his Son Aldegise to Verona, with the Widow and Children of Caroloman: and cast himself into Pavia, which he had diligently Fortified, as the Fortress, or Dungeon rather of his last Fortune.

Charlemagne pursues him at the heels, and with all his Forces besieged him in Pavia, resolving to have it at what price soever. And to make his resolution the more manifest, he sent for his Wife and Children into Italy, to the end that the Italians (who hitherto were doubtful to whom to adhere) might know his mind, and without attending any new occurrence, might resolve to obey the Victor.

Having thus cooped up Didier in Pavia, and seised upon all the avenues, he resolved to attempt Verona also, which they held to be the strongest place in all Lombardy. So leaving his Uncle Bernard to continue the siege of Pavia, he marched with part of his Army to Verona.

His beginnings being so successful, and this Check given to Didier, (who was now, as it were, shut up in Prison,) gave a great alteration to the affairs of either party amongst these people of diverse humors. The Spoletines, and Reatines, and those of Ancona, of Fermo, and of Ossino (striving as it were, which should be first) yielded to Charlemagne, and detested the wretched, and forlorn estate of Didier, as a worthy reward of his Treachery, Injustice, and Violence. The Venetians (who were Neuters, and spectators of this Tragedy, and had never dealt in any sort with Didier) offered amity and succors to Charlemagne, who desired them to keep the Seas quiet, lest the Emperor of Constantinople should espouse Didiers quarrel, and cause any new disturbance.

Charlemagne staid not long about Verona before the City began to think of yielding: and Berthe, the Widow of Caroloman, was the chief Instrument to draw them to a surrender, the French Forces being (as she said) very formidable. Aldegise, the Son of Didier, seeing the Citizens so unanimous in their resolutions to open their Gates to the Conqueror, and being unable to relieve his Father, he secretly stole away, and fled to the Emperor of Corstantinople. Then did Verona yield to Charlemagne upon composition, who received both the Inhabitants, and Berthe to mercy, keeping his agreement punctually with them; upon Berthe & her Children, he inflicted no punishment; but only blamed them for their uncivil rashness, and enjoined them to return into France, there to do better, and to live more honorably. This being about Easter, Charlemagne took the opportunity to go to Rome, where yet he stayed only eight days to visit the most remarkable places, and to confet with Pope Adrian. The Pope made Charles a Patrician of Rome, which was a step to mount him to the Empire. From thence he hasted, and came to Pavia, which had now been besieged for the space of ten months: and being pressed by War without, and by the Famine, and Pestilence within, it at last yielded upon composition: and Didier (who had hated Charles without cause, and attempted War rashly) fell into his enemies hands, who yet shown himself Prudent in undertaking the War, and mild and modest in his use of the Victory.

Thus Charlemagne having begun the War justly, and ended it happily, ruined the Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy, carrying Didier prisoner with him to Lions, or to Le • g; for Authors agree not of the certain place. This was Anno Christi 776. A notable date to present the Tragicall end of so great a Kingdom, which had continued in Italy for the space of two hundred and four years under Princes of diverse dispositions. But Pride, Injustice and Tyranny, had provoked the wrath of God against them, so as whilst they thought to take from another, they lost their own; To usurp the liberties of others, they fell into ignominious slavery themselves; and their subtlety proved the occasion, and hastener of their ruin. An excellent Pattern for Princes and great States not to attempt an unjust and unnecessary War, nor to usurp upon any other man's right, thinking to prevail over a good cause by Craft and Policy.

Charlemagne (as was said before) used his Victory with great moderation towards the Conquered Nation, which gave great content to all the Italians, who held it a gain to have lost their old Master, & to be rightly made free by being subject to so wise a Lord. For he left unto them their ancient liberties, and to particular Princes (such as were Vassalls to Didier) their Signeories. To Aragise, Son in Law to Didier, he left the Marquisat of Beneventum. He placed French Governors in Conquered Lombardy, whom he ordered to treat these his new Subjects with the like mildness, as he shown to those of his ancient Patrimony left unto him by his Predecessors.

During the Seige of Pavia, Pope Adrian held a Council at Rome, in favor to Charlemagne, to give him honors answerable to his merits of the Church, wherein it was declared, that the right to give all Benefices throughout all Christendom did belong to him.

No sooner was Charlemagne returned into France, but Aldegise (the Son of Didier) sought to disquiet Italy, being assisted by Constantine, the Emperor of Constantinople, and the practices of Rogand, to whom Charlemagne had given Friul, who now revolted from his Obedience. But the vigilancy, and care of the Governors whom Charlemagne had set over his new-conquered Subjects, soon put an end to these Rebellions: and Rogand being taken, suffered according to his demerits, being beheaded by the Kings commandment. Thus Italy remaining quiet to him, and his, (as conquered by a just War) it was afterwards incorporated into the French Monarchy in his posterity, being given in Partage to the Children of France, whilst the good Government of the French Kings maintained the dignity of the Crown.

But the end of this War proved the beginning of another in Germany, whereof the Saxons were the chief promoters, drawing other People of Germany in to their assistance. This War continued the space of thirty years, yet not without some intermissions: The Saxons having still a mind to oppose and Cross Charlemagne in his proceedings, especially when he was busied in other affairs of great consequence.

These Saxons were subject to the Crown of France, especially under Martel, and Pepin his Son. The motives of this War were diverse: The impatiency of a People desiring their ancient liberty, and not able to bear subjection to a forreigner: the hatred & jealousy of a Potent neighbor, threatening them with servitude: A controversy about the limits and bounds of their Lands: But the greatest, and most important cause was, the diversity of Religion: For the Saxons were obstinate in retaining and cleaving to their Pagan superstition, which they had received from their Forefathers, and Charlemagne urged them to forsake their Paganism, and Idolatry, and to make open profession of the Christian Faith; being moved with Zeal to the general advancement of the Truth, and the private Duty of a Prince to his subjects, to provide for their souls health. Upon this controversy about Religion the Saxons fought eight times with Charlemagne: especially taking advantage when they found him busied elsewhere, watching their opportunities either to cross him in his designs, or to frustrate his attempts. At such time as he was in Italy against Didier, they played Rex, not only in rejecting the French command, but also in making War against those Cities in Germany which obeyed Charlemagne. They had taken Eresbourg from the Crown of France even upon his return, and besieged Sigisbourg, robbing, and spoiling all the Country round about.

Charlemagne (who would never undertake any weighty matter without good advise) assembled a Parliament at Wormes, and by their Counsel and assistance, levied a great Army, to Charge the Saxons in diverse places at once. This resolution succeeded happily: For having vanquished the Saxons twice in one month in a pitched Field, he soon reduced them to their ancient obedience: Using his Victories with much modesty and discretion; desiring rather to show them the power of his authority, then the rigor of his force. The chief amongst the Saxons was Widichind, and as Religion was the chief motive of their frequent Rebellions; so Charlemagne, seeking the establishment of the Christian Religion in Saxony with great Zeal, after much reluctance, happily effected it. For having vanquished this Widichind, by reason and humanity, he brought him to the knowledge of the Truth; and by his grave and prudent conversation, he persuaded him without any Violence, to leave and forsake his Pagan superstition, which force of Arms could never have effected in him, nor in the Saxons. For men's souls are not be compelled with force of Arms, but with reason. And by the means and endeavors of this Widichine, the greatest part of the Saxons were brought to the knowledge of the true God, and the obedience of the French Monarchy: And the most obstinate were forced, either to submit, or to abandon their Country. And indeed great numbers of Saxons retired themselves into divers strange Countries.

Thus the War with the Saxons was happily ended (which had been long & dangerous) and the Conquered, by the Truth were the true Conquerors, by attaining to the knowledge of the true God. Charlemagne was very careful to have them well instructed in the Truth: For which end he appointed godly and learned men in all places, and gave them honorable maintenance, whereby he shown that his Piety was not inferior to his Valour, and happy success; and for a president to Princes to make Religion the Sovereign end of their Arms and Authorities.

This Widichind was very eminent, both for Wisdom, Valour, and Authority in his Country; and from him are descended many famous Families: as the two Henries, the one called the Fowler, and the other of Bamberg; and the two Othos, all of them Emperors: as also the Dukes of Saxony, the Marquesses of Misnia, the Dukes of Savoy, and the famous race of Hugh Capet in France.

From this War of Saxony did spring up many others in the Northen parts, of which we shall hear afterwards; but because in the Interim their fell out great Wars in Spain against the Sarazins, which (like a Deluge) threatened to over-run all Christendom, I shall intermit the former, till I have spoken something of this latter, that I may proceed with the more clearness in the remainder of this History.

The motive of the Spanish War, was more upon pleasure then necessity: But Zeal of Religion gave a color and show of necessity to the Heroical designs of Charlemagne, who sought to enlarge the limits of the French Monarchy by his Arms. But this his Spanish War, as it was undertaken upon lighter grounds, so was it, more painful, more dangerous, and less successful then that of Italy, whereunto necessity and Duty had drawn Charlemagne; yet did his wise and wary proceeding in the action, warrant him from all blame. The occasions wh • ch moved him to bend his Forces against the Sarazins in Spain were, the assurance of good success, the quiet and peace of his Realm, that he might have opportunity to employ his Soldiery, the hate of the Spaniards against the Sarazins, and the general fear of all Christians, least these Caterpillars should creep further into Europe.

This was the estate of Spain at this time. The Sarazins had conquered a great part of it, and were divided under diverse Commands which had the Title of Kingdoms. Yet these diverse Kings (being apprehensive of their common danger) resolved to unite their forces against Charlemagne, their common enemy; and foreseeing the Tempest, they sought to prevent it, and to cross the designs of Charlemagne: For which end, they suborned King Idnabala, a Sarazin, being a very subtle, and crafty man, to insinuate himself into the acquaintance, and familiarity of Charlemagne, which stratagem prevailed more then all their Power and Forces.

Charlemagne was much quickened to this War by Alphonso, surnamed the Chast, King of Navar, & by the Asturians, and Gallizians (Christian People of Spain) who suggested to him that the War would be easy, profitable, and honorable, and therefore most worthy the Valour, and Fortune of Charlemagne. This Idnabala also (under a show of friendship) labored to hasten him to the execution of this enterprise, from which he knew well he could not divert him, that he might the better betray him by discovering his Counsels to the Sarazins.

Charlemagne being well-affected of himself, and thus excited by others, assembled a Parliament at Noyon, and there concluded a War against the Sarazins in Spain. The army which he employed in this action was very great, both for number of men, and Valour of Commanders, and Cheiftaines, being the most choice and worthy Captains in all Christendom: amongst whom, these were of chiefest note, Milon Earl of Angers: Rowland the Son of Milon, and Berthe, Sister to Charlemagne; Renald of Montaubon. The four Sons of Aymon: Oger the Dane: Oliver, Earl of Geneva: Arnold of Belland: Brabin, and many others. The Valour of which persons hath been fabulously related by the Writers of those dark times (who for the most part were Friers, concerning whom the Proverb was, a Friar, a Liar,) with the addition of a thousand ridiculous Tales, so that the truth is hardly picked out from the midst of so much error: Yet what is most probable, and can be gathered out of the most authentic Authors shall be here set down. They say, that Charlemagne, to make this undertaking more honorable in show, did at this time institute the Order of the twelve Peers of France.

Charlemagne being entered into Spain with his brave Army, found no object for them whereon to exercise their Valour: For the Sarazins, resolving to make a defensive, rather then an offensive War, had withdrawn themselves into their Cities, which they had fortified strongly. The most renowned of the Sarazin Kings at this time, were Aigoland, Bellingan, Dmises, Marsile, and Idnabala: But this last, as was said before, made show of much friendship to Charlemagne, and of open hatred against the other Sarazin Kings; with whom notwithstanding he held secret and strict intelligence to betray Charlemagne unto them.

The first City that the French attempted was Pampelune, in the Kingdom of Navarre, the which they took by force, but with much pains, danger, and loss. Having sacked this City, and put all the Sarazins in it to the sword, they marched to Saragoce, which yielded to them upon composition, as did also many other small Towns, being terrified with the example of Pampelune. This prosperous beginning encouraged Charlemagne to advance forward, relying on his wonted Fortune and good success: But as he passed thorough the Provinces of Spain, like a Victorious Prince, without any opposition, he divided his Army, and gave part of it to be conducted by Milon of Angers, his Brother in Law, who in his March near unto Bayon, was set upon by Aigoland, the Sarazin King, who in this common danger had thrust an army into the Field, and now assaulted Milon, and his Troops, little expecting any enemy, and took him at such an advantage, as he defeated him.

This loss was very great: For Writers say that forty thousand of the French here lost their lives; Milon himself being also slain for a confirmation of the Sarazins Victory. Charlemagne was at this time afar off, and so notable by any diligence to prevent the loss. Yet he suppressed his grief and trouble, least he should discourage the whole Army: and so hastening thitherward, he gathered up the remainder of those broken, and dispersed Troops, withal, keeping the Conquered Cities, and such as were Friends in their due Obedience: But after this there fell out another accident.

Aigoland being puffed up with Pride through his late Victory, marched with his Army into Gascoine, and besieged Agen, to divert Charlemagne from his pursuit, and to draw him home to defend his own Country. So as Charlemagne, fearing least his own absence, and the Sarazins late Victory should cause any alteration in the minds of them of Guienne, being then Subjects of whom he had no great assurance, he returned into France. Aigoland had now continued some months at the siege of Agen, yet had prevailed little, but only in over-running the Country, which he did freely (without any considerable resistance) even unto Saintonge: the Country-men in the mean time retiring into the Walled Towns, expected the return of Charlemagne their King: Aigolands Army was very great, and puffed up with the remembrance of their late Victory: So as Charlemagne returning with his Forces from Spain well tired, he maintained his Countries more through his authority, then by present force; yet did he give life to the courage of his Subjects with his presence, and bridled the proud Sarazin, who could not be ignorant with whom he had to deal, nor where he was, being environed with the enemies on all sides, and in an enemies Country.

Hereupon Aigoland, pretending an inclination unto peace, gave Charlemagne to understand that he had been the first Invader, and that his own coming into France was only to draw his enemy out of Spain, and to cause him to leave to the Sarazins their conquered Countries free: and therefore (said he) the Treaty of an accord is easy, seeing all the question is only to leave to every man his own, and to suffer him to enjoy it quietly, the world being wide enough for us all. But to the end this Treaty might take good effect, after many messages to and fro, they resolve to come to a Parlee: and upon Charlemagnes Faith given, Aigoland came to his Camp.

Charlemagne, either really moved with a Zeal for Religion, or at least, making it the color of his Actions, gave the Sarazin to understand, that he should have his Friendship if he would leave his Pagan Superstition, be Baptized, and make open profession of Christianity. The Sarazin, although he had a goodly Army, yet not willing to hazard anything, and content with his former revenge upon Charlemagne, desired nothing more then to return quietly into Spain. And being now in the midst of his enemies Camp, to maintain his reputation, he made no show at all of fear, but talking to his own advantage (as if no force, but only reason should move him) he entered into a serious and cunning discourse with Charlemagne, showing, That unnecessary Wars were the ruin of mankind, and that he was grieved to see so much Blood spilled: That he had not begun, but followed, being urged by necessity to defend himself and his Country against the Forces of Charlemagne: That he was not yet so dejected, nor his Forces so weak as to refuse the Battle: But for that it would be an infinite loss to hazard the lives of so many men, he desired rather to make trial of the right by some Troops, and they that vanquished should be deemed to have the right, and true Religion on their side: Protesting to yield to that Religion which should appear to be best upon this trial. This Proposal, and condition was accepted by Charlemagne: The Combat was fought, the proof made, and the Christian Troop vanquished that of the Sarazin.

Then did Aigoland protest openly, that he would become a Christian, but in heart he had no such meaning, and therefore took this opportunity to fly from his promise. He gives Charlemagne a visit, and finds him at the Table, well accompanied with his chief followers, (for then it was the Custom of Kings not sit, and eat alone) but, casting his eye aside, he saw twelve poor men ill appareled, sitting upon the ground, near to the Table of the Noblemen; and demandding what those poor, miserable Creatures were which did there feed apart: One answered, That they were the servants of God: He then replied, surely your God is of small account, whose servants are so miserable, and contemptible: And thereupon takes an occasion to retire himself, having lost nothing, but made great advantage by this Treaty: Having hereby qualified the force of Charlemaegne, viewed his Army, made show of his own Courage and dexterity, and all, without an Ambassador.

Charlemagne on the other side, seeing himself thus deluded and affronted, was resolved to take revenge for so notable a loss of men, and so bold an attempt of the Sarazin, so that withal speed he raised an Army of a hundred and thirty thousand men, and being thus fraught with Choller and indignation, he returned into Spain. His first entry was prosperous: For in the encounter he defeated Aigolands Army near to Pampelune, and for a Seal of his Victory, he carried •• ay the head Aigoland his enemy, who was slain by the hand of Arnold of Belange, a Noble and Valiant Knight: But the sequel was not answerable to the beginning: For notwithstanding the overthrow of the Sarazin Troops, all the rest in Spain were not vanquished, where there were more Kings, and more men of War, who kept correspondence with Amurath, King of Babylon, which place was their Nursery, and Storehouse.

Marsile and Belingand, two Brethren, were the chief of the remainder of the Sarazin Army, wherein there was a great Babylonian Giant, called Ferragat, of an exceeding stature, him did Rowland slay, who was Nephew to Charlemagne; after which the Sarazins gathered together the relicts of their brooken Troops, and made a show of resolute men, vowing to sell their lives at a dear rate to Charl • magne, being favored by many great, and good Towns in the Country. Charlemagne makes a sudden stop and pursues not his Victory, God reserving to himself a Sovereign power over all men's designs, yea, over the greatest, and in matters of greatest consequence, to the end that all may learn to ask counsel and success of him, and it was his will, and pleasure that the French Forces should not conquer and possess Spain, the which he had reserved as a portion for another Nation.

Thus Charles, who should have prosecuted his late Victory vigorously, grew remiss, which encouraged Idnabala the Sarazin (who had free access into the Camp) to make a motion of Peace. He was a good Secretary of his own Companions minds, what show soever he made of speaking of himself. Charlemagne (finding by his late experience that the event of War is uncertain and doubtful, and that this War tended to the loss of his Subjects, who employed both their lives and goods for the purchass of an uncertain Victory, and seeing himself overburdened with great affairs in his other Estates, to the preservation whereof reason did summon him rather then to seek for new) he seemed not unwilling to hearken to the motion of Idnabala, who assured him that he found the Sarazins affairs to be so desperate, that they would be glad to embrace his friendship at whatsoever rate they purchased it. The Treaty hereupon began, and the chief Article was propounded, which was, that they should embrace the Christian Religion, and this Charlemagne seemed to urge with great vehemency: but finding the Sarazins obstinate in their refusal, he was content to grant them peace, paying him some great sums of money, as a token that they had been vanquished by him.

And accordingly he sent a Noble man of his Court, named Ganes, to treat with them, who (being by Bribes corrupted by Marsile, and B • llingand) undertook so to order businesses, that Charlemagne should return into France, and by the way, should receive a notable disgrace: yet they seemed to make such a Composition and agreement, which in show, was very honorable for Charlemagne: to whom they promised to pay (as an Homage, and acknowledgment for the peace he should grant them) what sums of money he would appoint, and that thereupon he should retire with his Army into France; yet leaving such Forces in Spain as he pleased, to see the condition which should be agreed upon, performed. But Ganes had discovered to them, that Charlemagne upon other accounts, was necessitated to return, and therefore desired to leave the smallest Forces that he could in Spain.

The Agreement being thus concluded, Charlemagne departed with his Army, attending a better opportunity to effect what he had designed: and he left his Nephew Rowland only with twenty thousand men, to see the conditions performed. And to make his passage into France the more easy, he commanded him to lodge in a place of advantage, in the Pyrenean Mountains, called Roncevaux: and so the French Army marched backwards to France, under the conduct of Charlemagne, who little dreamed of such an affront as he shortly after met with.

Whilst the French Army were upon their retreat, Marsile and Bellingand slept not, but gathering together all the Forces they could, they lodged them secretly in the hollow Caves of those Mountains, being places inaccessible, and wholly unknown but only to the Inhabitants of those Countries. They had intelligence given them by Ganes what number of men Charlemagne had left in Spain, under the command of Rowland, to whom the reputation of his Uncle, and the good will of the People of Spain in the Chiefest Towns, was of more use then his twenty thousand men, although they were the choice of all the Army. Rowland had no fear of an Enemy, when as returning to his Garrison, he was suddenly set upon by the Sarazins, who were far more in number then the French, who seeing themselves thus treacherously assaulted, and compassed in, defended themselves valiantly against those miscreants: But still fresh Troops of Sarazins issued forth of these Caves on every side in so great numbers as that in the end, the French (tired and spent in so long and painful a conflict) were oppressed by the multitudes, rather then overcome by the Valour of their enemies.

Rowland in so great and extreme a danger (gathering together the pieces of his shipwreck) performed both the Duty of a good Commander, and of a valiant, and resolute soldier, fighting gallantly, and having beaten •• wn a great number where the enemies were thickest; he at length came where King Marsile was, whom he slew with his own hands. But Belingand, holding the Victory absolutely his own, pursued the French with great violence; in so much as Rowland (not able to hold out any longer) retired himself apart, and finding his Death approaching, he endeavored to break his good Sword Durandall, but his strength failing him, he died of Thirst, through so long and difficult a combat in that hot Country: and with him died Oliver, Oger the Dane, Renald of Montaubon, Arnald of Belland, and other Nobles Personages, who are the subject of many fabulous stories: Yet the Fame of their singular virtues, and prowess is engraven in the Originals of true Histories, where it shall never be blotted out.

Charlemagne having intelligence brought him of this great and unexpected loss, returned suddenly to take his revenge upon the Sarazins, of whom he killed an infinite number in several places: and being informed of the Treason of Gaines, he caused him to be drawn in pieces by four Horses, as the only author of this miserable defeat. And being transported with a just disdain, and indignation for this so base an affront, he had purposed to have passed on in Spain to take further revenge. But the great and weighty affairs of his other Estates called him back into France to attend upon them. And so ended his Spanish Wars with small success, having troubled Charlemagne at divers times, for the space of fourteen years. For God had appointed the limits of his designs, as reserving to himself a Sovereign power over all men's enterprises, even of the greatest.

Charlemagne made a Tomb for his Nephew Rowland, and honored the memory of those other worthy warriors (who died in the Bed of Honor) with Monuments: after which he was necessitated to undertake divers other Wars, both in Italy and Germany, in all which it pleased God to give him better success. Italy (during Charles his Troubles in Spain) had rebelled, being provoked thereto by Adalgise, Duke of •• eventum, who endeavored to repossesse the Race of Didier: but that attempt was soon suppressed by Charlemagne, to the cost of the Lombard Rebells: yet shortly after ensued another War in Germany.

The like occasion also bred a War in Bavaria: For the King Tassillon, who was Son in Law to Didier, King of Lombardy (being eagerly pressed by his Wife, and wonderfully discontented with Charlemagne) shaked off the yoke of subjection, and betook himself to Arms: But Charlemagne surprised him with such celerity, that Tassillon was forced to sue for Peace; which Charlemagne granted upon condition of his subjection, and loyalty: But again Tassillon, not able to contain himself raised a new War in another place, as when we stop one breach, it finds • ent by another. He stirred up the Huns and Avars (a neighbouring People to Austria, which was one of the Estates of the French Monarchy) against Charlemagne, who yet suppressed them with happy success; and Tassillon himself being again vanquished by Charlemagne, and found guilty of Rebellion and Treason, was condemned to lose his Estate according to the Salique Law: and with him, the Kingdom of Bavaria ended, being now wholly incorporated into the Crown of France.

The Huns and Avars (of whose names joined together, the word Hungary hath been made) were also punished by Charlemagne, and brought under the yoke of the French Monarchy. They had formerly attempted by War to disquiet the Country of Austria, whom Charlemagne had at divers times opposed by his Forces, so that the War, at times; had continued for the space of eight years, and the final issue was, that all the Country obeyed him: The Danes also, the Sorabes, and Abrodites, and the Westphalians, (who had all joined in this War of Hungary) were also brought under the obedience of Charlemagne. The limits of the Northen Kingdom called Austrasia, were so enlarged, that it was divided into two Kingdoms, and the Realm of Austria which joins upon France, was called Westriech, that is to say, the Realm of the We •• and that which is towards Danubius, was called Ostrie •• 〈◊〉 that is the Kingdom of the East, Austria being then of a greater command then it is at this day. For it contained all Hungary, Valachia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Denmark, and Poland: Then was the French Monachy of a vast extent. But all these Nations have since, either returned to their first beginning, or new Lord's have seized upon them.

Thus the French Monarchy was greatly enlarged by the prowess and Valour of Charlemagne: and his Children were grown up, as in age, so in knowledge & experience, through the careful education which their prudent Father gave them; who framed them to the management of affairs, intending them to provide that they might first succeed him in his virtues, and afterwards in his Kingdoms. But man purposeth and God disposeth, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Hungary made the Roman Empire in the West, and Charlemagne being Master of these goodly Provinces, was in effect an Emperor, but only wanted the Title, and the soleme Declaration of this dignity. And shortly after, the Providence of God that gave him the former, ministered opportunity to him for the enjoyment of the latter, which came thus to pass.

Leo was at this time Pope of Rome, against whom there was strange sedition raised by Sylvester, and Campul, men of great credit in the Court of Rome. These men (with their adherents) upon a solemn day of Procession, seized upon Leo before St. Laurence Church, whom they stripped of his Pontifical Robes, cast him unto the ground trod him under their feet, and bruised his face with their fists, and having dragged him ignominiously through the dirt, they cast him into Prison: where yet he stayed not lo • g, being freed by a Groom of his Chamber called Albin: and so having recovered St. Peters Church, he sent to Vingise, Duke of Spoleto, entreating him to deliver him from this miserable Captivity. Vingise failed him not, but came to Rome, and carried the Pope along with him to Spoleto; where yet he stayed not long, but from thence went to Charlemagne into Fra •• whom he found full of Troubles. He complained 〈…〉 of the Romans sought to usurp his power into their han •• , and advised the King, to exact an Oath of Fidelity of them. Paschalis was there soon after him, and accused the Pope of Adultery, and other gross Crimes. Charlemagne dismissed them both, and promised to be at Rome within a few months, and accordingly prepared for his journey.

In December Anno Christi 800. Charlemagne was received in Rome with all shows of Honor, and within eight days he went into St. Peters Church, and in the presence of all the people and Clergy, he asked, who had any thing to say against Pope Leo? Paschalis, or Paschasires, and Campulus had published the Popes Crimes by Writ: but knowing how Charlemagne stood affected towards both parties, they appeared not; so none prosecuting these crimes against him, the Pope was absolved upon his Oath; wherein he swore by God and the four Evangelists, that all these things were false which they laid to his Charge: Whereupon the King declared him innocent, and condemned his accusers, and within few days three hundred of them were beheaded in the Lateran Field for their presumption, and affectation of liberty, on the eighteenth of December; and shortly after, Charles was chosen Emperor: but before I speak of that, I must represent you with a brief view of the present estate, and condition of the Emperor of Constantinople.

The seat of the Roman Empire, since the time of Constantine the great, remained at Constantinople, a City of Thrace, situated in a convenient place for the guard of the Eastern Provinces: After which, all the West being full of new Guests, who had expelled the Romans, the name, authority and power of the Empire remained in the East, where now the State was in a strange confusion, the mother being banded against her Son, and the People amongst themselves.

Constantine the Son of Leo the Fourth, was Emperor at this time, who from his Infancy was governed (together with the Empire) by his Mother Irene: But being now come to the age of twenty years, he assumed the Government into his own hands. There was then a great division in the East, which had been continued from Father to Son for fourscore years together, about bringing Images into the Churches. The Bishops would needs bring them in: But the Emperors together with the greatest part of the People opposed themselves against them. This contention had its beginning under Philip Bardanes, was continued under Leo Isaurus, and from him was derived to his Son Constantine, surnamed Copronimus, and to Leo the Fourth, Son to the said Constantine. This filled all the East with infinite scandals.

The same fire of contention continued in the minority of our Constantine, who was yet governed by his Mother, a woman of a violent spirit, who had undertaken the protect ō of Images, & held a Council of many Bishops for the defense thereof: But the people growing into a mutiny, by force expelled them from Constantinople, where their Assembly was held. But Irene, being resolved to carry on her design, assembled another Council at Nicaea, City of of Bithinia, honored for having entertained the first general Council under Constantine the Great, the first of that name: where it was Decreed, that Images should be placed in Churches for devotion. But Charlemagne did not allow of this Decree, and either him •••• or some other by his Command, did write a small Treatie against this Council, the which bears this Title, A Treatise of Charlemagne, touching Images, against the Greek Synod.

This crafty Woman made choice of the City of Nicaea, that the name of the ancient first Council held there, might honor this new invention with the pretext of Antiquity: For there are some that confound the first Council of Nicaea with the second, and Constantine the fourth with the first.

Constantine continued in the hereditary hatred of his Father, and Grandfather against Images, so as being of age, and in absolute possession of his Empire, he disannulled all these new decrees, and caused the Images to be beaten down in all places: Yet did he make all shows of respect to his Mother, yielding unto her a good part of his authority and command: which respect was the cause of an horrible Tragedy. For this Woman being transported for two causes (both by reason of her new opinion, and for despite that she had not the whole Government in her own power) grew so unnatural, that she resolved to dispossess her Son of the Empire, and to seize up on it herself: And indeed the authority which her Son had left her, and the free access which she had unto his Person, gave her opportunity for the execution of her design. For having corrupted such as had the chief Forces of the Empire at their command, and won them to her with her Sons Treasure, she seized on his Person, put out his eyes, and sent him into Exile (where, shortly after, he died of grief) and took possession of the Empire.

These unnatural and Tragic furies were practiced in the East, whiles that Charlemagne, by his great Valour built an Empire in the West. Irene, in her Son Constantine's life time would have married him with the eldest Daughter of Charlemagne: but this accident crossed that design.

After the Death of Constantine, Irene sent to Charlemagne to excuse herself of the murder, disavowing it, and laying the blame upon such as had done it (as she pretended) without her command. And to win the good liking of Charlemagne, she caused him to be dealt withal about mar •••• (For at that time Festrude was dead) with promise to consent that he should be declared Emperor of the West, and that she also would resign unto him the Empire of the East: But Charlemagne would not accept of her proffers. The Nobility and People of the Greek Empire did so hate Irene, as having suffered her the space of three years, in the end, they resolved to dispossess her.

This Woman, the unnatural murtheress of her own child, being thus publicly hated and detested, Nicephorus, a great and Nobleman of Greece, assisted by the Chiefest in the Court, and with the good liking, and consent of the People, seized upon the Empire, and took Irene, whom yet he only banished, to give her opportunity and means to live better then she had done: And afterward he treated, and agreed with Charlemagne, that the Empire of the East continuing under his command, the other of the West should remain to Charles.

By this Transaction of Nicephorus, and the consent of the Greeks, the possession of the Empire was ratified and confirmed to Charlemagne, and now began the Division of the Empire into the East and West. That of the west began in Charlemagne, and continued in his Posterity, whilst they were inheritors of their Fathers virtues: But afterwards it was translated to the Princes of Germany, who yet acknowledge Charlemagne to have risen from a German stock, being born at Wormes, Crowned at Spire, and interred at Aix, all Cities of Germany. Hitherto we have represented, what Charlemagne did whilst he was King of France only: Now we are come to consider what happened to him, worthy of Memory, whilst he was Emperor.

The deeds of Charlemagne after he came to the Empire.

The Romanists do boast that the Pope gave the Empire of the West unto Charlemagne: But the truth is, the Popes had not yet come to that hight as to pretend to a power of disposing of Empires and Kingdoms at their own pleasure: But the right of Charles came another way. For before he came to Rome Anno Christi 800. he had all France under his Government, together with Franconia, and Austrasia: He had subdued a great part of Spain unto the River Iberus, from the Sarazins: As also Saxony, West phalia, Dacia, Hungary, Istria, Dalmatia. He had likewise subdued all Italy, except Magna Greece, and therefore he was entitled, Charles by the Grace of God King of the Frenches, Emperor of the Lombards, and Patricius of Rome: So he stiles himself in his Epistle to Alcwin: and Alcwin in an Epistle to him stiles him, The Glorious Emperor [Gallicarum] of France, and Recto • & Defensor Ecclesiae: Both which Epistles are in the second Part of Alcwins Works. His Coronation was by the Decree and Prayers of the Roman People. Sigisbert in his Chronicon, shows the time, and cause, saying: The Romans, who in heart were long before fallen from the Emperors of Constantinople: Taking the opportunity that Irene had picked out the eyes of her own Son the Emperor, with one General consent they resolved to Proclaim King Charles for their Emperor, and to Crown him by the hands of the Pope: So on Decemb. 25. Anno Christi 800. they Crowned him by the hands of Pope Leo, as the Emperors were wont to be Crowned by the Bishops of Constantinople; and the People cried thrice, C •• olo Augusto, à Deo Coronato, Magno & Pacifico Imperatori, Vita & Victoria, And the Pope anointed him: As also his Son Pepin, whom Charlemagne, by a solemn Decree had made King of Italy. And the Pope knowing the dangers which had oft befallen himself and his Predecessors, entreated the Emperor that he would be Protector of the Church of Rome.

Thus Charlemagne, the King of France, was advanced to the Empire, partly by Inheritance, partly by the sword, by dedition, and the Title was given him by the People, and the Bishop of Rome: yet nothing was proper to the Bishop, but the Coronation and other Ceremonies, which he performed in the name of the People, according to the Custom at Constantinople. At the same time also it was agreed, that all the Chief men of the City, as well Ecclesiastical, as Secular, should give their Oath of Fidelity unto the Emperor. Secondly, That the Emperors Missus should reside in the Palace of St. Peter to decide Pleas amongst the People: and that there should be allotted for his maintenance, a part of the former Emperors Patrimony. Thirdly, That if any man's cause was perverted by the ordinary Judges, and the wronged person should implore the aid of the Missus, or Emperors Commissioner, for Justice; and the Missus should adjure the Judges, saying, By the Faith ye owe unto my Lord the Emperor, I require you to do this man Justice: Then none should dare to decline, either to the right hand or to the left, although the wrong were done by any of the Popes kinsmen. Fourthly, That the Mulcts which should be imposed upon any guilty person, should be equally divided between the Emperors Missus, and the Popes Missus. Fifthly, That if any goods fell under Escheat, they should appertain to the Church, without an express gift of the Emperor. Continu. Eutrop. Catal. Test. Verit.

Yet all this right was not sufficient for Charlemagne, nor did he enjoy the Empire without contradiction. For he was forced to overcome the envy of this assumed Title with great sums of money; Especially the Emperor of Constantinople envied it; but Charlemagne by his magnanimity prevailed against their contumacy, wherein he excelled the Greeks: and he sent many Ambassadors unto them: especially unto Irene, not only to treat for Peace, but about her marriage, that thereby he might the better confirm his Title: But before his Ambassadors came the second time to Constantinople (Irene being sick) the People had Crowned Nicephorus on the first of November Anno Christi 802.

Yet did Nicephorus renew the League with Charlemagne, which Irene had before made with him: but (as Sigonius saith) with express condition, that Venice should be free betwixt the two Empires. In the mean time Nicephorus was molested by the Sarazins, and was forced to agree with them upon hard conditions: He was also molested by the Bulgarians, over whom he obtained one great Victory; but when he refused all conditions of Peace, they assembled together again to fight for their Lives and Land, in which Battle they overthrew, and killed Nicephorus, and his son Stauracius was wounded in the fight, and fled to Adrianople, where he was afterward declared Emperor. But after three Months Michael Rangabis, his Brother in Law, shut him up in a Monastery. Then were mutual Ambassadors sent between the two Emperors, & a perpetual Peace was concluded betwixt them.

Charles the Great was Crowned Emperor in the thirty-third year of his Raign, upon the 25 ^th of December, and in the fifty eighth year of his age. He fought many Battels and was always victorious. He had (as was said before) Wars with the Heathenish Saxons, which, by times, lasted thirty years: He ofttimes overcame them, and granted them liberty, upon condition that they would embrace the Christian Faith; but upon every opportunity their Duke Wedekin, shaked off both Loyalty, and Christianity. At several times when Charlemagne had obtained a Victory, his manner was to erect a new Bishopric: So that he erected seven Bishoprics in that province, to which he annexed Princely Power, knowing well, that such fierce People might sooner be tamed by Religion then by Arms. The places where these were erected, were, Breme, Verda, Minda, Paterborne, Osnabourg, Hildesem, and Halberstad. But though he gave the Bishops power of Governing, yet the Nobles did not altogether loose the power of administering in Public affairs. At last, because the Saxons revolted again, he removed ten Thousand of them, with their Wives and Children, into Brabant, and Flanders, and sent some French to inhabit in their rooms.

Charlemagne lived fifteen years after that he had united the Roman Empire to the French Monarchy; yet not without many troubles. For Grimoald, Duke of Beneventum sought to disturb Italy in the behalf of the Lombards: but Charles prevented it betimes, employing against him his Son Pepin, a Worthy and a Valiant Prince: and Grimoald being vanquished, was entreated withal mildness, and being restored to his Estate, he became afterwards a very affectionate, and obedient servant to Charlemagne, who was a Prudent Conqueror, that knew as well how to use, as how to get a Victory.

After this it followed, that for some attempts made by the Venetians against the Empire of Charlemagne, in the behalf of the Emperor of Constantinople: or (as others say) upon the false information of Fortunatus, Patriarch of Grado, that Charlemagne commanded his son Pepin, King of Italy, to make Wars against them: which he accordingly began with great resolution, and took the Cities and Fortresses which the Venetians held within the main land, and at length besieged the City of Venice itself, both by Sea and by Land, to the relief whereof the Greek Emperor sent a Fleet: about which Authors agree not; for some say, that Pepin wholly took Venice: Others say, that he only took some Islands thereof, and that the Plac • 〈◊〉 is called Rioalto defended itself: How ever it was, this War continued long, Obeliers, and Becur, two great Personages, being the chief Commanders for the Venetians. At last Peace was concluded betwixt them, and the Venetians had liberty to live after their own Laws and customs, and the Venetians won great reputation for being able to defend themselves against so potent and Victorious an Enemy. Charlemagne would have the Country which he had Conquered from the Lombards, to be called Lombardy, that by retaining their Name, he might somewhat sweeten their servile condition, in the ruin of their Estate.

But now Charlemagne, finding himself old and broken, and his Children Valiant, Wise, and Obedient, he resolved to make his last Will and Testament, wherein he divided his Kingdoms between his three legitimate Sons, to wit, Charles his Eldest, Pepin, and Lewis: In which he made his eldest Son Charles King of the greatest, and best parts of France, and Germany. To Pepin he gave the Kingdom of Italy, and Bavaria, with some other Provinces. And to Lewis he bequeathed Provence, and that part of France which bordereth upon Spain, together with some other Provinces. But all succeeded after another manner then he intended, God the Sovereign disposer of Kingdoms, having decreed otherwise to dispose thereof. He endeavored also to reduce all his Kingdoms under one Law, making choice of the Roman Laws above all others, both for the dignity of the Empire, and because they seemed to him, to be most Just and equal: But the French, being loath to alter anything in their customary Laws, desired, and obtained of him that they might be governed by the same: So as Gaul, Narbonne, (which comprehends Daulphine, Languedoc, and Provence) do use the written Laws (as the ancient Provinces of the Romans) and the rest of France observe their customary Laws.

It afterwards happened that a great Fleet of Infidels which inhabited Spain, with the aid, and assistance of some Africans, invaded the Isles of Sardinia, and Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea, for the 〈…〉 whereof, the Emperor Charlemagne sent commandment to his Son Pepin that he should send thither against them a valiant Captain whose name was Buoaredus, who took so good order as that he drove those Infidels out of those Islands, and slew five thousand of them in one Battle. And with no less good success, the Emperor undertook another War against the Dukes of the Bohemians, and Polanders, which is a part of the ancient Sarmatia, who infested the Countries under his Dominions, against whom he sent his Son Charles with great Forces of Burgonias, Saxons, and Germans: And this young Charles, imitating his Father, Warred valiantly, and with discretion against them, and coming first to a Battle with the Bohemians, led by Leo their Duke, he overcame them, as he did also at other times, and at last slew Leo their Duke; the like success he had also against the Polanders, so as at length they all became his Fathers Subjects. And for these Victories of Charlemagne he was so much feared, and renowned through the World, that a great King of the East; and Amurath, the greatest of all the Mahomatists, sent their Ambassadors, with rich Presents unto him, desiring peace, and friendship: and the like did all Christian Kings.

Charlemagne thus living with honor, and in tranquility, Godfrey King of Demark (which was a dependence of the Realm of Germany, and part of Charles his Portion, as was hinted before) made War against him. This Godfrey was a mighty Prince, and commanded over a large Dominion, and with great Forces came into Friesland and Saxony, where he did great harm. Against whom, the Emperor addressing himself (though he was now Old, and unwieldy) speedily departed with a great Army: but by the way news was brought him that King Godfrey was dead, and that his Army was returned into their own Country. And upon the same day news came also, that his Son Pepin (who had reigned in Italy in great prosperity) was dead in the City of Milan, which was an occasion of great grief to the old Emperor. Then did he return to the City of Aken, or Aix, unto which place Ambassadors came to him from Hermigius, who succeeded Godfrey in the Kingdom of Denmark, humbly desiring Peace. The like came also to him from the Emperor of Constantinople, and others also from Ambulat, a King of the Moors, who reigned in a great part of Spain; to all which he returned gracious answers, and granted their Petitions: withal, giving hearty thanks to God for that he was generally so well esteemed of. But after this Sunshine, another storm returned, as the clouds return after the rain: For it pleased God to take away another of hs Sons, called Charles, who lay on the borders of Germany for the defense thereof; so as now his whole hope rested in his third Son Lewis.

Thus man purposeth and God disposeth. Thus the Sons die before the Father. Thus we see the greatest cannot free themselves from the common calamities of mankind. Thus both great Kings, and great Kingdoms have their Period.

Thus Charlemagne lost his Children, and his great Empire her best support under God: For these two Princes (like Stars of the greater magnitude) did shine bright by inheriting their Fathers virtues, and Valor, leaving behind them Lewis their Brother, with large Territories, and few virtues, to Govern so great an Estate.

After the Death of these two great Princes, many enemies rose up against old Charlemagne, who seemed (as it were) to have lost his two Arms: as the Sarazins in Spain, the Sclavonians, and the Normans in the Northern Regions: But he vanquished them all, and brought them into his obedience and subjection, old and broken as he was.

Charlemagne all his Life time held the Church in great reverence, and had employed his Authority to beautify it, and bountifully bestowed his Treasure to enrich it: But this great Plenty, joined with so long and happy a Peace, made the Church-men to live losely.

Charlemagne (being himself well instructed in Religion) knowing of what great importance it was, to have such as should instruct others to be sound in the Faith, and holy and exemplary in their lives, he at sundry times, called five Councils in sundry Places of his Dominions (For as yet the Popes had not challenged that Power to belong to them) for the Reformation and good Government of the Church: As at Mainz: at Rheimes: at Tours: at Chaalons: and at Arles: and by the advise of these Ecclesiastical Assemblies, he made and published many Orders for the good of the Church which were gathered together in a Book called, Capitula Caroli Magni. A worthy President for Princes who seek true honor by virtue, whereof the care of Piety is the chiefest Foundation.

In the Preface to this Book, he thus saith, that he had appointed these Constitutions with the Advice of his Presbyters, and Counsellers: and that herein he had followed the Example of King Josiah, who endeavored to bring the Kingdom which God had given him, to the worship of the true God: Some of his Constitutions are these. He commanded to look to, and to try the learning and Conversation of such as were admitted into the Ministry. He forbad private Masses, Also the Confusion of Dioceses, requiring that no Bishop should meddle in an others Diocese. He forbad that any Books should be read publicly, but such as were approved by the Council of Calcedon. He forbad the worshipping of Saints. He commanded Bishops not to suffer Presbyters to teach the People other things then what are contained in, or according to the holy Scriptures. And Lib. 2. Ch. 3. he saith, Although the Authority of the Ecclesiastical Ministry may seem to stand in our Person: Yet by the Authority of God, and Ordinance of man, its known to be so divided, that everyone of you, in his own place and order, hath his own power and Ministry: Hence its manifest that I should admonish you all, and you all should further and help us. He admonished Bishops especially, to teach both by Life and Doctrine, both by themselves, and the Ministers that were under them, as they would answer the Contrary in their accounts at the Great Day. He Ordained that the Bishop of the first See should not be called the Prince of Priests, or the highest Priest, or have any such Title, but only should be called, The Bishop of the first See. That none can lay another foundation, then that which is laid, which is Christ Jesus, and that they which lay Christ for their foundation, its to be hoped that they will be careful to show their Faith, by bringing forth good Works.

He held also a great Council in the City of Frankfort, of the Bishops of France, Germany, and Italy, which himself honored with his own presence; where, by general consent the false Synod of the Greeks (they are the words of the Original) untruly called the seventh, was condemned, and rejected by all the Bishops, who subscribed to the condemnation of it. This was that Co • cel (spoken of before) called by Irene at Nice, wherein the bringing of Images into Churches for devotion, was established. In a Word, if Charlemagnes meddling with Italy, and his advancing the Pope, for confirming that which he had taken, could be excused, he was unto all Princes a pattern of magnificence, of Zeal in Religion, of learning, eloquence, temperance, prudence, moderation, &c. Al • win saith of him, Charles was a Catholic in his Faith, a King in power, a High Priest in Preaching, a Judge in his equity, a Philosopher in liberal studies, famous in manners, and excellent in all honesty. He was so temperat, that notwithstanding his great revenues, he was never served at the Table with above four dishes at a meal, and those of such meat as best pleased his taste, which he used to the same end for which God created them, which was for sustenance, and to support his Body, not for show and pomp.

His ordinary exercise was hunting when he was at leisure, in time of War: and in times of peace, he attended to such as read Histories to him, and sometimes he heard Music, with which he was much delighted, having good skill therein himself: He was very charitable, and a bountiful Almesgiver, and so careful to provide for the poor Christians, that in Syria, in Africa, and in Egypt, and in other Provinces of the infidels, where Christians lived, he found means to have Alms houses, and Hospitals erected, and endowed for those that were Poor.

But there fell out a new accident, which drew our Great Charles again to Arms in his old age, and that was this; Alphonso, King of Navarre, surnamed the Chast, by reason of his singular, and signal temperance in that kind, did inform, and advertise him, that there was now a very fit opportunity, and means offered for him utterly to subdue the Sarazins in Spain. Charlemagne (who infinitely desired to finish this work, which he had so often attempted with no great success) gave ear to the information and advice, whereupon he raises an Army, and marches into Spain, relying on the Spaniards favor, and assistance, they being Christians. Indeed Alphonso meant plainly, and sincerely, but so did not his Courtiers, and Nobles, nor associates, who feared Charles his forces no less then they did the Sarazins, & if Charles prevailed, the most confident of Alphonso's servants and Officers doubted to be dispossessed of their places, and Governments by a new Master: and therefore they labored to cross Alphonso, and to countermand Charles; but the Lot was cast, his Army was in the Field, and he was resolved to pass on: But when he was entered into Spain, he encountered with so many difficulties, that being discouraged, he returned back into France, and so concluded, and put a period to all his Warlie enterprises; embracing again the care of the Church, and of Religion, as a fit subject for the remainder of his days.

Charlemagne was threescore and eight years old when he left the Wars, after which he spent three whole years in his study, to prepare himself for Death, in which time, he read much in the Bible, and read over also St. Augustine's works, whom he loved and preferred before all the other Doctors of the Church: He resided also at Paris, that he might have opportunity of conferring with learned men. There he erected a goodly University, which he furnished with as learned me • as those times could afford, and endowed it with great privileges: For he had an exceeding great care to make it a Nurcery for the holy Ministry, that from thence the Church might be supplied with able Teachers, whence also grew so many Colleges of Chan • ons, with sufficient revenues annexed thereunto.

Thus Charlemagne spent three years happily in the only care of his Soul, leaving an illustrious example to all Princes, to moderate, and ennoble their greatness with Piety, and so to enjoy their Temporal estates, as in the mean time not to neglect their eternal concernments, and to think of their departure out of this Life in time.

Foreseeing his Death (whereunto he prepared himself by these exercise) he made his last Will and Testamont, leaving his Son Lewis the sole heir unto his great Kingdoms, and bequeathed to the Church much Treasure. But all things and Persons in this World have an end: His Testament was but the Harbinger to his Death; for presently after, he was taken with a pain in his side, or Pluresie, and lay sick but eight days, and so yielded up his Spirit unto God that gave it, Anno Christi 814. and of his age seventy one, and of his Raign forty seven, including fifteen years of his Empire: His Body was interred in a sumptuous Church which he had caused to be built in the City of Aquisgrave, or Aix la Capelle, where he was born, and his memory was honored with a goodly Epitaph.

He was one of the greatest Princes that ever lived: His virtues are a pattern to other Monarchs, and his great successes the subject of their wishes. The greatness of his Monarchy indeed was admirable: For he quietly enjoyed all France, Germany, the greatest part of Hungary, all Italy; and a good part of Spain. At the time of his Death he was in peace with the other Kings of Spain, as also with the Kings of England, Denmark, Balgarie, with the Emperor Leo of Constantinople, and withal the Princes of that time.

This Noble Prince was endued with so many excellent virtues that we read of very few in ancient Histories that excelled him, so that he may be justly compared with the best of them: For in Martial Discipline, in Valour, in Dexterity, in feats of Arms, there are none that exceeded him. He obtained as many Victories, fought as many Battles, and subdued as many fierce and Warlike Nations as any one we read of, and that both before, and after that he was Emperor. He was tall of Stature, very well proportioned in all his members, passing strong: of a fair and grave countenance, Valiant, mild, merciful, a lover of Justice, liberal, very affable, pleasant, well read in History, a great Friend of Arts and Sciences, and sufficiently seen into them, and a man who above all, loved and rewarded learned men. He was very Charitable in his Kingdoms, yea, in his very Court, he harboured and relieved many Strangers, and Pilgrims. In matters of Faith and Religion he was very Zealous; and most of the Wars which he made, were to propagate and enlarge the Christian Faith.

He (being misled by the darkness of the times wherein he lived) superstitiously honored, and obeyed the Church of Rome, and the Pope that was Bishop thereof, together with other Bishops and Prelates, commanding his Subjects also to do the like. He was also very devout, and spent much of his time in Prayer, Hearing, and Reading. In his Diet he was very temperate, and a great enemy to riot and excess; and though he was Rich and Mighty, yet fed he his Body with what was necessary and wholesome, not rare, costly, and strange.

And yet his virtues were not without their blemishes (as the greatest commonly are not without some notable vices) For in his Younger days, he was much given to women, adding Concubines to his lawful Wives, by whom he had divers Children: But this was in the time of his youth: For afterwards he contented himself with his Wife, and for a remedy of this imperfection, though he was three or four times a Widdower, yet he ever married again the Daughter of some great Prince or other.

To conclude all, he was an excellent Emperor, that loved and feared God, and died when he was very Old, and full of Honor, leaving Lewis (the weakest of his Sons) the sole heir of his great Empire, but not of his virtues: So that this great building soon declined in his posterity.

He had engraven upon his Sword Pro Deo, & Religion, For God, and Religion: He used to set his Crown upon the Bible, as our Canutus sometime put his Crown upon the Rood, both of them thereby intimating, that as all honor was due to God, so true Religion was the best Basis of Government, and that Piety was the best Policy.

He had five Wives: the first was called Galcena, the Daughter of the King of Galistria, by whom he had no Children. The second was Theodora, the sister (or as others say) the Daughter of D • di • r, King of Lomb • rdy; whom he kept not long, but repudiated her for sundry reasons. The third was Hildeb anda, Daughter of the Duke of Suevia, whom he loved exceedingly, and had by her three Sons, viz. Charles his eldest, whom he made King of the greatest, and best part of France, and Germany: Pepin his second, whom he made King of Italy, Bavaria, &c. Lewis his youngest, to whom he left the Empire entire, his Brothers being both Dead, in their Fathers Life time. This Lewis was surnamed Debonaire, or the Courteous. He had also three Daughters; the eldest was called Rothruda: the second Birtha; and the youngest Giselia who would never marry. His fourth Wife he had out of Germany, called Fastrada: And his fifth and last, was also a German Lady, called Luithgranda, of the Suevian Race, by whom he had no Children.

He shown his love to Religion by having one, during his Meale-times, that either read to him some part of the Holy Scriptures: or else some part of Saint Augustine's Books, especially that De Civitate Dei: or some History. He was also a great Friend to Learning, and therefore erected three Universities: One was Padua in Italy; another was that at Boulognia: the third was that in Paris, whereunto he was excited by our Countryman Al • win, who was his Tutor.

His Sons he caused to be trained up in the Study of the Liberall Arts: and his Daughters to Learn to sow, and practice good Huswifery. He always wore a short Sword at his Girdle, in the Pummel whereof was engraven his Coat of Arms, with which he Sealed all his Laws, &c. And used to say, Behold the Sword which shall defend my Laws, and that shall be drawn and employed against those that break them. In the year eight hundred and four, The King of the Scots entered into the first League which was between the two Kingdoms of France, and Scotland, which was confirmed by succeeding Kings, which occasioned one of them to add unto their Coat of Arms a double streak of Gules with Flower de Lisses round their Escutchion, to show that their alliance with France conduced much to the support of their Kingdom.