The Annals of the World

Xen. Hellen. lib. • 1. Plutarch in Alcibia. ]

Mindarus with 60 sail of ships, [Year of the World b.] in the later end of Winter, went to Cyzicum, and joining with Pharnabus his land army, took the place by force; and against him with 86 ships went Alcibiades, Thrasybulus, and Theramenes: and routed him first at sea, and then in a second fight at land; in which Mindarus himself, bravely fighting, died. The Syracusians, seeing no means left to escap, set their own ships on fire. The rest of the Fleet came all entirely into the Athenians hands, who carried them all away to Proeconnesus. This fight is more amply described [ by Xenophon Hellen. lib. 1. by Diodorus. lib. 13. by Plutarch in the life of Alcibiades, and by Polyaenum, stratag. lib. 1.]

The next day, the Athenians sailed from Proeconnesus to Cyzicum, where they were received into the city; which was abandoned by Pharnabazus, and the Peloponesians, [ Xenop. ] and there they erected two Trophies; the one for their victory at sea, in the Isle of Polydorus, the other for that at land; where they first put the enemies to flight, [ Diod. ]

Alcibiades staying at Cyzicum 20 days, and having gotten a vast sum of money out of them, departed without doing them any other harm: and returned to Proeconnesus, [ Xenoph. ]

The Commanders of the Athenians, which remained behind at Cyzicum, came at length to Chalcedon, and there walled Chrysopolis, and made it a place where to gather a tole or tribute of every bottom that passed by out of Pontus, [ Xen. Hellen. lib. 1. Polyb. lib. 4. pa. 312. and Diod. 4 year of 92 Olympiad ] leaving there a Garrison, and a Fleet of 30. ships, under the command of Theramenes and Eubulus; both to keep the Town, and also to watch what ships came in and out at the mouth of Pontus, and to do what other mischief they could to the enemy, [ Xenoph. ]

The Athenians also intercepted certain letters, written Laconically, or concisely, from Hippocrates, Mindarus his Lieutenant to Lacedemon, to the Ephori there, of the loss they had sustained at Cyzicum: in this wise 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . ( i.) All is lost: Mindarus is dead; our men starve: we know not what to do, [Xenoph. and Plutarch. ]

The Lacedemonians hereupon sued for peace, which they opposed, who lived by the war, [ Justin. lib. 5. cap. 4.] For though the more moderate sort of the Athenians were inclinable enough to peace, yet they who made their advantage of these combustions, chose rather to continue the war: especially one Cleophon, who was a principal Leader of the people; He, when he had spoken many things proper enough to the purpose then in hand, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , as Diodorus. Sic. elegantly expresseth it: ( i. e.) He made the people proud, by recounting to them the greatness of their good successes; as if Fortune did not use to bestow her favors in the war by turns; Now this Cleophon, who by his turbulent speeches, stirred up the people to a continuation of this war, (though to his own confusion, as appeared afterward) was by his occupation a Lute-maker; and one who, as every man knew, had been a slave and kept in irons; yet afterward by divices and tricks, came to be a Denison of Athens, and at this time, having won the people to him by his munificence and largesse, grew so bold, as openly to profess, that he would with his own hand, cut of that man's head whoever he ware, that should offer to speak anymore of a peace: as Eschines hath it in his Oration, De falsa legatione, (i. e.) of a false Embassy.

The Peloponesians, and their confederates the Syracusians, as many as had escaped alive out of the fight, betook themselves to Pharnabazus, [ Diodorus. lib. 13.] whom Pharnabazus courteously entertained, and with many words of comfort told them, that for the loss of a few wooden ships, they should not let fall their courage, seeing the king had wood enough in his Dominions to build more ships withal, so long as the men were safe: and withal gave them every man a new suite of clothes, and two months pay beforehand: and moreover arming the Mariners, placed Garrisons all along the sea coasts of his Government; and assembling all the Commanders of Cities, and Captains of every ship, gave them order to build as many new ships at Antandrus, as they had lost of their old; and gave large allowance of monies to go in hand therewith; and allowed them timber out of the mount Ida, as much as they would for that purpose: which done, he presently sent to relieve Chalcedon, [ Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 1.]

While this Navy was in building, [Year of the World c.] the Syracusians, joining with the inhabitants of Antandrus, built a wall about the Town, and made it a most strong place of defense; in requital whereof, the Antandrians made the Syracusians free of their City, [ Xenoph. ib. ]

The Captains of these Syracusian companies, being all condemned to exile, by their country-men at home; Their General Hermocrates, accused Tissaphernes at Lacedemon, and found credit in all that he said; not only upon the testimony of Astyochus, but even for his own words sake: whereupon he returned to Pharnabazus, and without asking, received from him a large sum of money; wherewith having procured men and ships, he returned into his own country, [ Xenoph. ib. with Diodorus. 4 year, Olympiad 92.]

Parasippidas, being condemned to exile at Sparta, because it was conceived, that by his plotting with Tissaphernes, he had procured all that favored the Lacedaemonian party, in a tumult there raised, to be turned out of the Isle of Thasus: Cratesippidas was sent to take charge of the Navy in his room at Chios, [ Xenoph. ib. ]

He with 25 sail of ships, trifled away the time about the coast of Ionia, but did nothing worth the speaking of for a long time; yet afterward, being furnished with monies by those that were banished out of Chios, he brought them home again, and thrust 600 of the contrary faction out; who possessing themselves of Atarneum, a most fortified place in the continent, over against Chios, made daily incursions from thence upon them, [ Diod. ib. ]

In the 93 Olympiad, [Year of the World d.] wherein Eubotas the Cyrenian wan the prize in running, when Archippus was Ephorus, at Lacedemon, and Euctemon, was Praetor, or L. Chancelor at Athens, there was a new game set up, of a race to be run, by a brace of Mules, in a Coach, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , as Xenophon shows [Hellen. 1 ^o ] of which besides Diod. Sic. [lib. 13.] and Pausan. [lib. 1.] Eliac. Julius Africanus also in Catalog. Stadionicarum maketh mention, adding moreover, that in the same Olympiad, Polydamantes the Scotussian, wan the prize at wrestling, being the same man, whom Darius Nothus, by express messengers, with large gifts and promises drew to him at Susa; where he slew three of the kings guard, which is called the Immortal Guard, of which you may see more in Herod. [lib. 7. cap. 83.] which all at once ran in upon him, as Pausan. in his later book Eliacor, showeth, who also in the same book speaketh of Eubotas, surnamed Stadionicus, who when the Oracle of Ammon had foretold, that he should win the prize at running, he caused his own statue to be made beforehand; and coming afterward indeed to win the prize, was proclaimed to have won it, and dedicated his statue in testimony thereof, all in one day.

In this year also, the Medes which had fallen off from Darius the king of Persians, submitted themselves again him, as Xenophon testifieth, [ Helllen. 1.] Herodotus also, in the first of his History, [ cap. 130.] relates, how the Medes revolted from Darius, and that upon an overthrow received, they returned to his subjection: who because he makes mention both of the war at Decelaea, [ lib. 9. cap. 71.] which was waged the fifth year before, and of Amyrtaeus his son reigning after him, [ lib. 3. cap. 15.] (of whom I shall speak more in the year following) hence I gather, that he either wrote, or at least revised his History, in the very later end of the Peloponesian war.

In the beginning of the Summer, Thrasyllus at Athens, taking command of the ships committed to his charge, with five thousand seamen, all armed in fashion of targateers, which he was to join with those other targateers, which were there before, came to Samos, where having staid three days, he put over to the coast of Pygega, in Ionia, and having first wasted the country thereabout, he came at last with his army before the wall of the town itself, and when some succors came from Miletus, and fell upon the Athenians, who were but slightly armed, and busy in gathering the spoil of the country, the rest of the Athenians coming to relieve their fellows, put all the Milesians, (few escaping) to the sword, and having got together, 200 of the bucklers, of them that were slain, erected a trophy of them, and the next day sailed to Notium, and there providing themselves of necessaries, went to Colophas, which presently yielded to them. The next night they entered into Lydia, when their corn was almost ripe, and set many villages on fire. But whiles they were scattered here and there, and minded nothing but their boot-haling, Stages, a Persian, (the same Tages, as it should seem, which I mentioned before in the year of the World, 3592. out of Thucydides) fell upon them with his horse, and took one prisoner, and slew seven of them, [ Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.]

Tissaphernes understanding that Thrasyllus was ready to set sails for Ephesus; to surprise it, gathered together all the strength he could make, and sent about horsemen into all parts, to command men to come in and defend Diana of the Ephesians. Thrasyllus, when he had spent 17 days in Lydia, set sails for Ephesus; landed his corselets at Coressus, but his horse, his Targateers, and other Soldiers all, he set on shore near to a bog on the other side of the town, and so soon as it was light, drew up to the town in two companies: against whom, they of the town, with such aids as Tissaphernes had sent them; set first upon the corselets which were at Coressus: whom when they had routed, and pursued to the sea side, and killed some ten of them they speedily returned, and set upon them which were placed near the bog: where having put the Athenians to flight, and slain 300 of them upon the place, they there erected one Trophy, and another at Coressus. But of their aids, they highly rewarded the companies of the Syracusians, and Selinuntians, because they had carried themselves of all others most valiantly in that service; promising such of them, as would be denised in their city, freedom from tax and tallage forever, [ Id. ib. ] Plutarch also in the life of Alcibiades, maketh mention of a Trophy of brass there set up, in scorn of the Athenian nation.

The Athenians, having upon a truce received the bodies of their slain, and buried them at Notium, sailed away to Lesbos and Hellespont. And when lying at Methymna, a city of Lesbos, they there espied twenty five sails of the Syracusians, with whom they had had to do at Ephesus, passing by, they set upon them, and took 4 ships, with all the men in them, and routing the rest, pursued them as far as Ephesus. Thrasyllus sent all the prisoners which he had taken to Athens, saving only one Alcibiades an Athenian, and cousin germain to Alcibiades, and a banished man also, as the other was, and him he there put to death: and then set sail for Sestus, where the army lay; and from Sestus the whole army put over to Lampsacus, and withal, the Winter which they reckon from the beginning of Autumn, came on. But when Alcibiades at Lampsacus, would have drawn his whole army of all sorts into one indistinct body, his own old soldiers refused to be ranked and mingled with those who had served under Thrasyllus. We, said they, who have ever been Conquerors, to be sorted with those that were beaten and routed but the other day, [Xen. Hellen. 1.]

When Alcibiades and Thrasyllus his companies wintering altogether at Lampsacus (Diodorus his copies have it Labdacus) had fortified the places, [Year of the World 3597] in a military way; they then went to besiege Abydus: which when Pharnabazus came with a very great army to relieve, he was there fought withal by the Athenians, overcome, and put to flight. And Alcibiades had Pharnabazus himself in chase, with his Horse, and 120. Corslets following him; and gave him not over till late in the night. Upon which victory so gotten, the whole army grew friends, and willingly consorted each with other, without distinction: and so returned triumphantly into their Camp whence they set out.

The next day Alcibiades set up a Trophie; and went and wasted Pharnabazus his province, with fire and sword, without any opposition; but all the Priests which he took, he sent away ransom-free, [ Plutarch ib. ]

The Lacedemonians finding themselves agrieved with Tissaphernes his delays, and puttings off, sent Boeotius and others with him Ambassadors unto Darius; who easily obtained of him all that ever they demanded, [ Xen. Hellen. lib. 1. 7.]

In the same Winter, Alcibiades and Thrasyllus his companies, making their several inroads upon the countries belonging to Darius; in the Continent, made infinite havoc there, [ Id. ibid. ]

Darius gave his son Cyrus the younger, being then not above 16 years of age; as being born after his father came to be King, [Year of the World b.] (as Ctesias affirmeth, [The Julian Period. 4307] and Plutarch also in the life of Artaxerxes) charge over all the sea coast, [Year before Christ 407] with the title of Satrape, (i. e. ) President or Governor of all those countries: and withal made him Generalissimo of all those, whose Randevouz or place of assembling was wont to be in the plain of Castolus in Lydia: with this charge, that he should join with the Lacedemonians in making war against the Athenians, [ Id. ib. and in Expedit. Cyri. lib. 1. in initio. ] And Justin, [lib. 5. cap. 5.] out of Trogus, saith, That Darius King of Persia made his younger son Cyrus Governor of all Ionia and Lydia; and that it was he who raised the Lacedemonians to the recovery of their former fortunes. And Diodorus saith expressly, that Darius sent his son Cyrus to this very end, that in pursuing the war against the Athenians, he should relieve and set up the Lacedemonians, [1 year of the 93 Olymp. ] and he also very well saith that Cyrus was made, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 : (i. e.) Commander over all the Governors by the sea side, [2 year of the 94 Olympiad. ] and [ in the 2 year of the same Olympiad ] that he was made, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 : ( i. e. ) He was made Commander in chief, over all the Provinces lying upon the sea coast: For it is manifest, that both Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, though both Satrapes and Governors of their several provinces, yet were both under him and his command.

We read in Euseb. his Chron, that after Amyrtaus of Sois, Nepherites the King of a new Dynastie or Principality, succeeded in the kingdom of Egypt: whereas we find, [ in Diodorus. 1 year Olympiad 95] that next before Nepher • us or Nepherites, Psammitichus (descended of the race of that old Psammitichus; whom Manetho placeth in the 26 Dynastie or Principality, which was also of the Saites) reigned in Egypt. So that a man may well doubt, whether this were not Pausiris the son of Amyrtaeus, which by the favor and help of the Persians recovered his fathers kingdom, as [ Herod. lib. 3. c. 5. reporteth ] but of the number of this and other Egyptian Kings reigns, we have already spoken in our Egyptian Chronology.

In the year when Pantacles was Ephorus in Sparta, [Year of the World c.] and Antigenes Praetor or L. Chancelor in Athens, in the beginning of the Spring, next going before their coming into their offices: the Athenians with all the power they could make, sailed into Proeconnesus: and removing from thence, encamped before Chalcedon, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 1.] Diodorus, saith that they went to Theramenes, who at that time lay before Chalcedon, with 70 sail of ships, and 5000. men, [ year 4. Olympiad 92.]

The Inhabitants of Chalcedon, hearing of the approach of the Athenian army, sent away all their goods to the Thracians of Bythinia, their next neighbors. But Alcibiades hearing thereof, went with all his Horse, and a part of his Foot, and demanded all those goods of them; threatening force, if they refused to deliver them: and so having gotten them, made peace with the Bithynians, and returned to his Camp before Chalcedon: and drew a wall of timber-work before the City athwart the neck of land from sea to sea: which when Hippocrates the Lacedaemonian Commander saw, he drew out all his forces, and fought with Thrasyllus, upon equal terms for a great while, till at length, Alcibiades coming in with his forces, both of horse and foot, Hippocrates was laid dead upon the place, and then his men were fain to fly back into the city. But while the fight continued, Pharnabazus, with all his army, coming another way without the timber wall, sought by all means to have broken in, and to have come to the rescue of Hippocrates, but failing thereof, wheeled about, and retired to Heracleum, or the Temple of Hercules, which was in the territory of Chalcedon, where his own camp lay well entrenched, [ Xenophon lib. 1. and Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiadis. ]

After this Alcibiades went into Hellespont, [Year of the World d.] and Chersonesus, to gather moneys: and the rest of the Commanders, (though Diodorus saith, only Theramenes) came to a composition with Pharnabazus, concerning Chalcedon, that he should give them 20 talents, and should convoy the Athenian Ambassadors safely to the kings presence; and by solemn oath they covenanted each with other, that the men of Chalcedon should pay the Athenians the same tribute they did before, with all arrears: and that in the mean time, the Athenians should not offer to molest them of Chalcedon, till the return of their Ambassadors from the king, and Alcibiades at his return, sending two Commissioners from Chalcedon, and Pharnabazus two more from Crysopolis, did not only enterchangeably swear performance of Covenants on the public behalf, but they themselves plighted their faith each to other solemnly, upon the same terms, [ Xenoph. ]

These things thus done, Pharnabazus presently returned; willing the Ambassadors, which were to go to the King to meet him at Cyzicum: now the Ambassadors sent from the Athenians to the king were these, Dorotheus, Philodices, Theogenes, Euryptolemus, and Mautitheus, unto whom were added of the Argivans, Cleostratus, and Pyrrolochus: and some Ambassadors also from the Lacedemonians, as Passipedas, and others: all these took their journey to the King; to whom Hermocrates also, who stood now a banished man from Syracusa, joined himself, and Proxenus his brother, [ Id. ]

Whiles Pharnabazus was taking care for the convoying of these Ambassadors, there came unto him from the other side of the water, Clearchus, a Lacedaemonian Commander, partly to receive moneys for the pay of their army; and partly that he might gather into a body the ships, which lay scattered, some at Antandrus, some in Hellespont, and some in other places; hoping thereby to work some mischief, upon the consederate places of the Athenians: and in special thereby to draw off their forces from before Byzantium. But in his absence from thence, Byzantium was betrayed and given up to the Athenians, [ Id. ]

As these Athenian Ambassadors were upon their way to the King, there met them the Lacedaemonian Ambassadors, Boeotius and the rest returning from the King, and Cyrus himself then going to his charge, as Governor over all the sea coasts of those parts: whom when they saw their chief suit unto him, was, that they might proceed in their journey to the king; if not, that they might return safe home again: but Cyrus commanded Pharnabazus, either to deliver up those Ambassadors into his hands, or at least to send them home again; as being no ways willing, that the Athenians should come to the knowledge of what was then in hand against them, whereupon Pharnabazus held the Ambassadors still in suspense, sometimes telling them, that he would carry them on their way to the king, sometimes that he would send them home again; and so held them on by the space of three years (or rather, indeed of three months) and in the end, by Cyrus his leave, dismissed them to return to their own home, [ Ibid. ]

Alcibiades taking with him 20 ships from Samos, sailed into the Bay of Ceramus in Caria, and having there gathered 100 talents in money, and withal, taking the pillage of no less than 200 vessels, which he had either rifled or sunk, came to Athens; where being declared General of all their armies, with full and absolute power to command, and having received 200 talents, (as Lysias, in his oration, against his son Alcibiades showeth) out of the treasury of the city, he presently raised an army, of 1500 corselets, and 150 horse, with 100 sails of ships, [ Xenophon, Hellen. 1. Diodorus lib. 13. Justin lib. 5. cap. 4, 5. Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in the Life of Alcibiades. ]

Satyrus the Son of Spartacus, held the kingdom of Bosphorus Cimmerius, by the space of 14 years, [ Diod. year 4. Olympiad 96.]

The Lacedemonians, when Cratesipidas their Ammirals time was out, sent Lysander to succeed him in that charge; He, when he came to Rhodes, having there gathered the fleet together, sailed therewith into the Isle of Coos, and to Miletus, and from thence to Ephesus, with 70 sails of ships, and there stayed, till Cyrus came to Sardes, [ Xenoph. Hellen 1.] And when he found Ephesus pliant to him, and wholly addicted to the Lacedaemonian party, and much grieved with the Persians carriage, and fallen to decay, by reason that the Persian Governors lay commonly at Miletus thereby, and drew away all the trade and traffic from them, to that city; he therefore took up his standing quarter there, commandedall merchants to unloade there; made sundry Docks, and caused all ships for the Navy to be there built. By which means he procured in short time, their port to be filled with ships; their exchange with Merchants, and their shops and ware-houses, with all kind of wealth, [ Plutarch, in the Life of Lysander. ]

Lysander being certified, that Cyrus was come to Sardes, went thither to him, in company with the rest of the Commissioners from Sparta, where he charged Tissaphernes very heavily; for that, when he had command from the king to support and help the Lacedemonians what he could: to beat the Athenians out of the sea, he on the contrary by Alcibiades his procurement, grew remiss, and cold that way, and by keeping back their pay from the mariners, utterly destroyed the Lacedaemonian Navy, and Cyrus of himself was willing enough to receive any information against Tissaphernes, who had otherwise no goodness in him; and was ever a back friend to Cyrus himself: and the more Lysander put on the young man to be doing, the forwarder was he to promise, that all should be done; adding still, that it was his fathers command it should be so; and assured him, that there should be no want, neither of pains nor monies on his part, for that service he raised the pay of the Mariner and sea Soldier, from 3 Soles by the day to 4. he paid the whole army, what ever was in arreare: advanced a whole months pay before hand; paying down to Lysander 10000 Darics for that purpose, and by this means, put heart and courage, more than ever, into his own seamen, and left the Athenian fleet empty almost of Mariners, for the most part of them, for greediness of better pay, left the Athenians, and went unto Lysander, and those which stayed, grew idle and careless in the service, and mutinous and troublesome daily to their Commanders, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 1. Diodorus. lib. 13. and Plut. in the life Lysander. ]

When the Athenians heard this, with heavy hearts, and by the setting on of Tissaphernes, they dispatched away Ambassadors to Cyrus; but Cyrus refused to admit of them to his presence, though Tissaphernes himself spake for them; and told him, that what he did, he did upon the advice of Alcibiades, whose counsel it ever had been, to hold the Grecians in a balance, and let neither side over top the other, but suffer them to continue the war, and thereby to wast and consume one another to nothing, [ Id. ibid ] and although the Peloponesians were thus borne up with the Persian bags, yet the Athenians held it out 3 whole years against them, [ Thucid lib. 2.] And who can wonder if at last the Athenian state was sunk, and came to naught, seeing that the power of all the East joined to their destruction, [Justin. li. 5. cap. 1.]

Lysander, when he was returned to Ephesus, there rested him for a while; and in that time drew up 90 of his ships, which were sore bruised; and made them fit again and serviceable for the sea, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 1.] He sent also for the chiefest, and most powerful men out of every adjoining city; made a confederacy with them, and assured them, that if things sorted out in this war, as he hoped they would, he would make everyone of them a Prince in his own city: whereupon they were so set a gog, that every man was ready to do more, than Lysander himself could with reason require of them; and so came to be abundantly provided of all things necessary for the war in a trice, and sooner than he could have imagined, [ Diod. l. 13.]

When Alcibiades had heard, that Thrasybulus was gone out of Hellespont, to fortify Phocaea; he set sails and went unto him: leaving the fleet in the mean time, under the charge of Antiochus with a strict command, that he should in no wise, offer to stir out, nor fight with Lysander in his absence. But Antiochus, with his own vessel, and one other of Notium, as Xenophon and Plutarch say, (for Diodorus saith, that he drew out ten of the choicest ships he had) would needs go himself to Ephesus, and there skir along before the very noses of Lysanders ships. Then Lysander put out at first with a small company of ships, and pursued him; but when more and more came to the help of Antiochus, Lysander drew out his whole fleet, and the Athenians did the like on their side, from Notium and other places: but when they came on, here and there in a confused manner, they quickly lost 15 of their best ships, and the rest saved themselves by flight; and Antiochus himself was slain in the fight. Lysander erecting a Trophy at Notium, returned with the ships which he had taken to Ephesus, and the Athenians that were left, to Samos, where Alcibiades hearing what had passed, went with his whole fleet before the port of Ephesus, and there ranged it, in battle array. But Lysander not stirring (for indeed his number was far inferior to that of the enemies) Alcibiades returned to Samos, from whence he came, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 1. Diodorus. lib. 13. Plut. in the lives of Alcibiades and Lysander. ]

Alcibiades putting to sea again from samos, sailed to Cuma: where laying many false calumnies to their charge; he took a multitude of them prisoners, and brought them a board his own ships: but when the Cumeans ran all presently to arms, and stood upon their guard; and fell withal upon their enemies; Alcibiades for a while, bare the brunt of their assault; but when the country there about came in also to their help, Alcibiades returned the prisoners which he had taken, and was fain to flee to his ships for safeguard: yet this defeat sticking in his stomach, he presently sent for more help to Mitylene; and drew his men forth in battalion before the walls of Cuma, and dared them to come forth: But when no manstirred, he drew his men back to Mitylene having first ravaged and wasted the country round about.

The Cumeans sent presently to Athens, and there brought their action, and put in their bill against him in form of Law: for that he had wasted and spoiled a confederate city, and country thereabout, which had no ways offended them. And the way once opened, sundry other complaints came in against him, of foul misdemeanors in that kind: And some also of the Garison in Samos, which bore him a grudge, stole over to Athens, and informed against him: and openly charged him before the whole assembly of the people, that he plaid false, and did but collude with the Lacedemonians; & had private intelligence and correspondency with Pharnabazus, upon a sure hope given him, that if they prevailed, he should be made Prince and Sovereign of Athens. [ Diod. lib. 13.]

The Cumeans therefore on the one side, [Year of the World 3598. a.] and Thrasybulus in the behalf of the armies on the other, accusing him of many pranks, played by him in his government, there were presently sent away Conon, and nine other Commissioners assistants with him, to succeed Alcibiades in the charge of the Army; which he hearing of, got presently and privately away in a single ship; and went to his own lands and castles, which were in the Chersonesus of Thrace, [ Diodorus. ib. Xenoph. Hellen. 1. Plutarch in the life of Alcibi. ]

Lysander, [Year of the World b.] sending for such out of the cities adjoining, [The Julian Period. 4308] as he knew to be blades, [Year before Christ 400] and had good hearts and head-pieces of their own, bad them make every man, what friends he could, and set up for himself: assuring them as before, that as soon as the Athenians were down, he would dissolve the popular governments in all those cities, and that they should be every man a Prince in his own country, [ Plut. in the life of Lysander. ]

The moon was eclipsed in the evening, [Year of the World c.] [ Xenophon Helen. 1.] 15. April, according to the Julian Calendar, about 3 hours after sun set; as the Astronomical accompt showeth.

When Pityas was Ephorus at Sparta; and Callias, Pretor or L. Chancellor in Athens, and Lysanders year of command was out, Callicratidas was sent to succeed him in the charge of the navy; and forasmuch as he was a man whom Lysander hated, he surrendered the ships to him indeed, as he could do no less; but of the monies which he had received from Cyrus to pay the Navy withal, what was remaining unspent in his hand, that be all returned to Cyrus again at Sardes, bidding Callicratidas, go ask it of Cyrus if he would have it, and see how he could get moneys to pay the Navy: whereupon Callicratidas was forced out of pure necessity, to make a journey into Lydia, to Cyrus, and there desired to have pay for the Navy. But being none of the greatest Courtiers, grew quickly impatient of attendance, and that thus he was put off and delayed from day today; and saying that the Greeks were come to a fair pass, if they must now stand crouching for pay, to a company of barbarians, gave over his suit, and came his way, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 1. and Plut. in the life of Lysander. ]

Callicratidas sailing to Miletus, got moneys of them there, and going from thence to Chios, had the Castle of Delphinium, which was kept by five hundred Athenians, delivered up unto him: which he brake down: and having there gotten about a mark sterling, for every marriner, went to Teos, where slipping into the town by night, he sacked it; and came to Lesbos, where he took Methynna the chief City of the Isle: Conon the Athenian made what haste he could to come to their rescue, but came too late; wherefore, finding all lost there, he began to fly away; but Callicratidas with his fleet of one hundred and seventy ships, pursued him, drew him to a fight, and overcame him. In which fight, Conon, having lost 30 sails of his ships, fled with the 40 that were left, to Mitylene. But Callicratidas followed him, and there blocked him up by sea and land; and whiles he lay there, moneys came to him, sent after him by Cyrus, [ Xenoph. ib. Diod. l. 13.]

The Athenian Navy consisting in all, of one hundred and fifty sails, drew forth, to come to the rescue of Mitylene: and Callicratidas, leaving Eteonicus, with fifty ships to continue the siege, with the other one hundred and twenty, came to the Islands called Arginuse, which lie between Malea, and a bay of Lesbos, and Catanis, a foreland in Asia, and there, manfully fighting, was slain; the Athenians got the victory, but lost twenty and five of their ships in the fight, with all the men aboard them, save some few, which swam a shore, and the Peloponesians having lost seventy and seven ships, fled away to Chios; but the greatest part of them retired into the Countries of Cuma and Phocea, [ Id. ib. ] and that this sight at Argiunsae, was made, when Callias was Pretor, or L. Chancellor at Athens, the third year of the ninety third Olympiad, besides Xenophon and Diodorus, Atheneus also in his fifth book, de • pnosoph. affirmeth.

Cyrus put to death his two own cousin Germans, [Year of the World 3599] Autobezaces and Mitreus, [Year of the World 3409] the sons of Darius his fathers sister: [Year before Christ 401] for that when they met him, they had not pulled in their hands within their sleeves; an honor which was never wont to be done, but to the king himself; which when Hieramenes and his wife, the parents, as it seemeth, of them that were so put to death, heard, they told Darius, that it was a shame for him, to wink at so foul a fact of his son: whereupon Darius sent for his son, to repair to his presence, pretending that he was sick, in his Camp at Thamneria, in the Country of the Medes, whither he was gone with his army against the Cadusians, a bordering Nation, which had newly revolted from him, [ Xenophon Hellen. lib. 2.]

The Lacedemonions which were scattered in the countries of Eolia and Ionia, met together at Ephesus; and thence sent messengers to Lacedemon, to let them there know, how things went with them in Asia; and to desire that they might have Lysander again for their General, a man of whom they had had so good proof of, in the year before: in which request, Cyrus also joined with them; but because by their Law, the same man could not be twice Ammiral of their fleet, therefore they gave the title of Ammiral to one Aracus, but committed the whole power for the management of the war unto Lysander, under the name of his Lieutenant. Lysander therefore coming to Ephesus, sent to Eteonicus to come unto him with his ships from Chios; gathering also out of Peloponesus, and other parts, all the ships that ever he could make, and did not only repair those which he had, but also built new ones, in the port at Antandrus; [ Xenophon, ibid. Diodorus in the third and fourth years of the ninety third Olympiad; and Plutarch in the life of Lysander. ]

Lysander made a journey to Cyrus, and desired money of him, as before; which having, though with much difficulty, gotten (for Cyrus made it appear unto him, that by reason of his former liberality that way, moneys went very short with him) he forthwith appointed sea captains over every fighting ship, and paid every mariner his due to a farthing, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 2.]

The Carthaginians having taken Gela in Sicily, took the statue of Apollo, which was in his temple in the suburbs of the city, all of brass, and of a vast bigness, and sent it to Tyrus, [ Diod. year 4. Olympiad 93.]

Cyrus, having received his fathers message, as afore said, sent for Lysander, to come unto him at Sardes, willed him by no means to fight with the Athenians at sea, till he had gotten a far greater fleet of ships than now he had; promising at his return to bring with him a very great Navy, from Phenicia, Silicia, and other parts thereabouts, and then commended the care of all the cities of his own Government to Lysander, and for such tributes as belonged peculiarly to himself, he assigned them all over unto him, and what was left of that, bad him take it to himself, [ Xenophon Hellanic. 2. Diodorus, year 4. Olympiad 93. Plutarch in the life of Lysander. ]

Then took Cyrus his journey toward his father, taking Tissaphernes, as a friend, along with him, and three hundred Grecians, all Corseleteers, commanded by Xenophon of Arcadia, [ Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri, lib. 1. pag. 243. and 254.]

When Cyrus was gone, Lysander having paid his army, went with his fleet to Ceramium, a bay in Caria; and coming with his army, before a town called Cedreas, a place confederate with the Athenians, the next day he took and sacked it, and made the inhabitants thereof (who were no better than a kind of half barbarous people) slaves: so doth Xenophon relate this matter in [2 Hellanic. ] but Diodorus [year 4. Olympiad 93.] thus, Lysander (saith he) with a great number of ships, setting upon Thasus, a City of Caria, confederate with the Athenians, took it by force, and cut the throats of all the males there, not under age, to the number of eight hundred; and selling the women and children for slaves, laid the City smat smooth with the ground; where, instead of Cedrenians, the word Thasians is put; which were the inhabitants of an Isle called Thasus; far off from thence, and who after the defeat of the Athenians at Egos Potamos, and final ruin of that state, were not taken by force, by Lysander, but surprised by a trick or slight of his, as we may easily learn out of a broken passage of [ Emil. Probus, in the life of Lysander, ] and the full relation of the thing, by [ Polyenus, lib. 1. stratagem. ]

At Miletus, certain men, being desirous to abolish the popular government there used, brought it to pass by Lysanders help, thus. At first, in the Feast of Bacchus, they laid hold on those which were most against their faction in their own houses, to the number of 40. and cut their throats. Afterward again, in a full market, they seized on 300. more of the richest of the people, and cut off their heads: whereupon, some of the principal of the people that were left, fearing what might befall themselves, to the number of a thousand, and no less, fled to Pharnabazus, the Persian Governor in those parts; who entertained them very kindly, and giving everyone of them, a Statere of gold, gave them Clauda, which is a Castle of Claudia (shall I say of the Island Clauda mentioned Acts 27. 16? ) for a place to dwell in, [ Diodorus. year 4. Olympiad 93.]

The Athenians set sail from Samos, and came to Chios and Ephesus; and having wasted the Kings countries thereabouts, prepared themselves now for a sea-fight: mean while Lysander sailing from Rhodes, and leaving Ionia on the right hand, went up with his Fleet to Hellespont, to see that no shipping should pass that straight; and withal to reduce such Cities as had revolted from them in those parts, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 2.]

Lysander going from Abydus, came with his Fleet to Lampsacus, a confederate city with the Athenians; and thither repaired also the men of Abydus by land, and such others as were under the command of Thorax, a Lacedaemonian Captain: and setting upon the city, took it by force, and sacked it, being rich, and full of corn and wine, and all other provisions: but sent away the Athenian Garrison that was there, according to his word, suffered all freemen there to enjoy their liberty, and having given the spoil thereof to his soldiers, he left the place itself entire to the inhabitants, [ Plut. in the life of Lysander. ]

The Athenian Navy, which consisted of 180 sail, was wholly surprised and taken by Lysander at Egos-potamos, in the straight of Hellespont (of all which number, scantly ten escaped) with 3000. soldiers, besides their Commanders, [ Id. ibid. ]

Conon their Captain seeing the Athenian State here utterly lost, and fearing the cruelty of his country-men, if he returned to Athens, came with nine ships only to Abarindes a Foreland of Lampsacus: and taking from thence some principal masts of Lysanders ships, sailed away to Euagoras King of Cyprus, with whom he was formerly of good aquaintance: sending away nevertheless a Post-barque to Athens, to let them know what had befallen him at Egos-potomos, [ Id ib. with Isocrat. in his Euagoras; Aristot. lib. 2. Rhetor. Justin lib. 5. cap. 6. and Aristid. in Oratio. Rho diaca. ]

Lysander having rifled their Camp, carried away the ships, and prisoners, and spoils, and all, with the sound of Pipe and Flute, and Triumphant Songs, to Lampsacus. And the same day sent away Theopompus, who had been a Milesian Pirate, with the news of this victory to Lacedemon; in a most choice ship with pennants hung out, and streamers, and all other magnificent attire; which journey he went in three days, Philocles the Captain, and the Athenian prisoners to the number of 3000. Adimantus only excepted, had all their throats cut, [ Xenoph. Diodorus. Plutarch. ]

Lysander, having set all things in order at Lampsacus, sailed to Byzantium and Chalcedon, both which opened their gates unto him: sending away the Athenian Garrisons in both places, upon his word. They who had formerly betrayed Byzantium to Alcibiades, getting away, went first into Pontus, and from thence came afterward to Athens, where they were all endenised. And Lysander leaving Sthenelaus a Lacedaemonian for Governor, both of Byzantium and Chalcedon, returned to Lampsacus, there to repair his Navy, [ Xen. Hellen. 2.]

Lysander turning out of every City, such as favored the Athenian party, and destroying everywhere, Democraties, and all other forms of Government whatsoever; left them only, such as at Sparta were called Harmostae; ( i. e.) Moderators, to govern them: and dividing each City into ten Wards or Companies, chose out of them ten special men, to whom he committed the sovereignty over all, into which number he chose none anywhere but such as either had been formerly obliged to him, or would now take an oath to be his: and having by this means erected a Decemvirate, or a Government of Ten men in every City, held them all at his own devotion: and did all himself, [ Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Lysander. ]

Lysander, having spent some short time in ordering this business, sent word to Sparta that he was ready with 200. sail; with which, together with Agis and Pausanias the Spartan Kings, he forthwith came to the siege of Athens, hoping in a short time to take it: but finding that they defended themselves beyond his expectation, he himself returned into Asia; where he abolished all Republics, or Democraties, and established everywhere his Decemvirates, or Government by Ten men: putting many to death everywhere, and making the rest to get them packing into other places. And whereas at Miletus, his friends to whom he had undertaken to assist them in suppressing the Democracy there, had already upon a second advice, fallen to an accord with the adverse faction; he most cunningly, and most perfidiously withal, so wrought the matter, that he delivered no less than 800. of the Democratical party to be murdered by those which stood for an Aristocratie in that city, [ Plutarch ib. ]

The Athenians being so besieged by sea and land by the Lacedemonians, [Year of the World 3600] obtained at last peace upon certain articles: [The Julian Period. 4310] But upon the 16 day of Munichion the Attic month (the 24 of April, [Year before Christ 404] according to the Julian Calender) as Plutarch in his life reporteth; he told the Athenians, that they had broken the articles, in that they had not demolished their walls within the ten days limited to them to have done it in: whence it is gathered, that that peace or agreement was made upon the sixth of their month Munichion, ( i. e.) upon our 14 of April: ) wherewith ended the Peloponesian war, when it had lasted 27 years: as [ Thucydides in his 5 book ] telleth us.

Shortly after this peace, Darius King of all Asia, when he had reigned 19 years died: whose eldest son, and successor, Artaxerxes, reigned 43 years, [ Diodorus. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 93.] But Ctesias who was Physician to this Artaxerxes, saith, that when Darius Ochus died at Babylon; there succeeded him Arsacus, all. Arsaces, begotten by him, upon the body of Parysatis, before he came to be King: and that coming to the crown, he altered his name to Artaxerxes: who for the greatness of his memory was surnamed Mnemon. To which also, as I conceive refers that relation of [ Athenaeus, lib. 12. Deipnosoph. ] where he saith, that Ochus when he lay a dying, was asked by his eldest son, by what wisdom and policy he had maintained his State so many years, to the end, saith he, that having learned by you, I may follow your steps therein: and that his answer to him was, that he had done it, by doing right to God and man. For although Darius Ochus was often urged by his wife Parysatis, whoever loved her younger son Cyrus more than the elder; to follow the example of Darius Hystaspes, and leave him to succeed him in the kingdom, who was first born after he came to be King; and not him that was borne before: yet would he never hearken to her therein: But by his last Will, gave the kingdom to his eldest son Artaxerxes, and to his younger son Cyrus, all those Cities and Territories, which he had at that time under his Government in Asia, [ Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes. Justin. lib. 5. cap. 11.]

So soon as Artaxerxes came to the Crown, by the persuasion and importunity of Statyra his wife, he took Vadiastes, who had murdered Terituchmes, her own brother, and husband to Amistris, who was Artaxerxexes his own sister, and caused his tongue to be drawn backward out of his pole, and there to be cut off: and made Mitridates or Mithridates his son, who had preserved the city Zaris, to the son of Terituchmes, Satrape or Governor in his room, [ Ctesias. ]

When Artaxerxes went to Pasargada, where according to the custom, he was to put off his own Robe, and to put on the Robe which old Cyrus wore, before he came to the Crown; and was there inaugurated according to the ancient Regal Ceremonies by the Priests of Persia: Tissaphernes brought him the Priest, who had instructed his brother Cyrus in his childhood, according to the custom of his country, and taught him the principles of the art Magic, who was in that regard the more easily believed; when he accused Cyrus for having a plot, when Artaxerxes should be putting off his own Robes, to set upon him, and to murder him in the very Temple, [ Plut. in the life of Artax. ]

Artaxerxes hereupon caused his brother to be laid hold on, purposing to put him to death; and put him in chains of gold, for the reverence he bare to the Regality of his blood: but when he was to be killed, his mother caught him about the middle, and then casting her hair about his neck, and tying it to her own, with many tears and lamentations made, at length procured his pardon; and obtained him to be sent again to his command in Lydia, and other sea Towns in Asia, [ Id. ib. with Xenoph. in Expeditio. Cyri. lib. 1. Justin. lib. 4. cap. Vlt. and Ctesias. ]

Alcibiades fearing the power of the Lacedemonians, who commanded all now by sea and land, withdrew into that part of Bithynia which belonged to the Thracians; and carried thither with him a great mass of Silver and gold; yet left he a far greater quantity of both behind him in the Castle where he was. But the Thracians there, so soon as they perceived the wealth which he had brought, devised how to catch him, and to get his money to themselves: yet him they missed, for he had conveyed himself privily away to Pharnabazus in Phrygia: whom he so caught, and enamored with his gentile behavior, that no man was so inward with him, as Alcibiades was: whereupon he gave him the Castle of Grynium in Phrygia; whereof he made fifty talents a year in tribute, [ Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Alcibiades. ]

The Lysandrian Feast, and Games, were instituted in honor of Lysander: wherein, when Antimachus and Niceratus, contended in Poetry; Lysander gave the Garland to Niceratus: and when Antimachus took that so to heart, that he burnt his own Poem; Plato being then but a youth, cheered him up, and told him, that ignorance hurt only the ignorant themselves, as blindness did the blind, [ Plut. in the life of Lysander, with Diodorus. 4. year 93. Olympiad, out of Apollodorus. ]

In the next Olympiad after the taking of Athens by Lysander, [Year of the World d.] wherein Crocinas a Thessalian, wan the prize in running, which is counted the 94, Olymp. Xenephon saith that there was an Eclipse of the Sun. [ Hellen 2.] which the Astronomical account showeth to have fallen upon the 3. of our September in the forenoon.

When Cyrus was gotten back again safe into Lydia, [Year of the World 3601. a.] remembering how he had been shackled by his brother, he began to cast about, how he might hereafter keep himself out of his brothers danger, and withal, if it might be, how to make himself king in his room. Therefore he listed as many Grecian soldiers as possibly he could, and under this and that color, gathered a great army of several nations, that with them he might come upon his brother as unprovided as might be, [ Xenoph. Exped. Cy. lib. 1. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes. ] He lent also unto Lysander a ship, made all of gold and Ivory, of two cubits high; congratulating him thereby, for the great victory he had gotten by sea, which Lysander laid up in the treasury of Brasidas, and Acanthians, [ Plutarch in his Lysander, ] And when Lysander came to him at Sardes to deliver him a present from all the confederate cities, of sundry things (among which perhaps was that Jewel or neck-lace, which Elian. [Var. Histor. lib. 12. cap. 1.] saith, was sent unto him from Scopas the younger, out of Thessaly) Cyrus also, to welcome him, shown him his Orchard, which he had laid out and planted with his own hand, and entertained him with such discourse of husbandry, as is set forth by Xenophon in his Oeconimies in the person of Socrates.

Among the Persians, Satabarzanes accused Orontes; for keeing company with Parysatis the Kings mother: whereas otherwise she had ever lived in a fair reputation of chastity, therefore was Orontes put to death; and Parysatis grew discontent with her son, and caused Mithridaris, Terituchnes his son, to be made away by poison, [ Ctesias. ]

Alcibiades having learnt, that Cyrus intended to make a war against his brother, and that the Lacedemonians had a hand therein; he had purposed to hast away to Artaxerxes, to make him the first discovery of this treason, hoping by this means, both to procure a benefit to himself, as Themistocles had done before him; and withal, by the kings help to free his country of Athens, from their Lacedaemonian bondage. In this mean while, Critias, one of those 30 Tyrants, whom Lysander had set over the Athenians to rule them, gave him notice, that unless he took order, to have Alcibiades made away, all would come to nothing, that he had done at Athens, neither yet did Lysander to anything hereupon, until a cipher was brought him from Lacedemon, commanding him expressly, to dispatch him: whereupon Lysander sent to Pharnabazus, to let him know, that unless he forthwith delivered up Alcibiades into his hands alive or dead, the league made between the king and Lacedemonians could not stand, but all would break out again; and hereupon Pharnabazus sent Susamithres his Uncle, and Magaeus, (whom Emil. Probus calls Bagoas) to murder Alcibiades, whiles he was in a certain place in Phrygia called Melissa, situate in the mountain of Elophois, and was preparing for his journey toward the king.

The people of the country whom they had hired to do the deed, durst not attempt it by sword or handy strokes: but in the dead of the night, laying a great deal of wood round about the house, wherein he lay a sleep, set it on fire; and when Alcibiades had gotten through it, and was escaping away, they shot their darts and arrows at him, and so killed him, and carried his head to Pharnabazus; the rest of his body, a sweet-heart of his, wrapped in her own gown, (which a little before he had dreampt, he was wrapped in) and buried in the same fire which the house was burned with; making him as fair and as honorable a funeral, as the time and place, and her present ability afforded, [ Ephorus lib. 17. cited by Diod. year 1. Olym. 94. Aristot. Histor. Animal. lib. 6. cap. 29. Cic. lib. 1. de Divina. Valer. Max. lib. 1. cap. 7. Justin. lib. 5. cap. 8. Achenae. Deipnosoph. lib. 13. Plutarch and Emil. Prob. in their lives of Alcibiades. ]

Clearchus a Lacedaemonian, [Year of the World b.] bearing himself for a Tyrant of Byzantium; and being overcome by his own people, led by Panthoedas, stole away by night, and came into Ionia; where growing into familiarity with Cyrus, whose mind was at that time wholly set upon making a war against his brother, wrought so far upon him, that he was made by him General of all his forces: for finding him, a man of a haughty spirit, and a courage apt to embrace any employment; he gave him 10000 darics, with which he raised forces, and marching out of Chersonesus made war upon the Thracians, that bordered northward upon Hellespont: which because it seemed for the advantage of the Grecians, therefore did the cities of Hellespont contribute willingly to the maintenance thereof: so that these forces were maintained under hand for the use and service of Cyrus, [ Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri. lib. 1. Diodorus. year 2. Olympiad 94.]

Then Lysander in hostile manner wasted the Province of Phrygia and other places of Pharnabazus his government, [Year of the World c.] he forthwith sent to complain of him at Lacedemon, where himself was in great esteem and much beloved, because he had at all assays, ever upheld their State, against their enemies: and therefore the Ephori being much incensed against Lysander, took Thorax a great friend and favourite of his, and because they found that he had store of money in his house, put him to death: and sending their cypher, called Lysander himself home out of Asia. Hereupon Lysander was fain to entreat Pharnabazus to write other letters in his justification; which he openly did, and that in so good a manner, as Lysander himself could wish no better: but having others ready written, he shuffled them in at the sealing, and sent them away by Lysander himself; which when he came to Lacedemon, and there delivered to the Ephori, he was thereby made the proper informer against himself, [ Plut. and Emil. Prob. in their lives, of Lysander, and Polyaenus, lib. 7. Stratagem. ]

Not long after, hardly and with much ado, he gat leave of the Ephori to travel, and to visit the Temple of Jupiter Ammon; pretending that it was to pay the vows which he had made before he entered into certain battles, which he had fought in their service: but indeed it was to bribe the Priests there, for his own ends and purposes. And to that end, he carried with him a large proportion of monies; and had there besides King Lybis, an old friend and host of his fathers: and for a memorial of that friendship, his younger brother had his name given him Lybis by his father. But the chief Priest of that Oracle would not be bribed: nor that only, but they sent messengers to Sparta, to inform against him, for attempting so to do: whereupon when he returned to Sparta, he was called in question for it; but was acquitted by the court, [ Diodorus. year 2 of the 94 Olympiad, Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their lives of Lysander. ]

At this time all the cities of Ionia, [Year of the World 3602] save only Miletus, [The Julian Period. 4312] which were under the government of Tissaphernes, [Year before Christ 402] fell over to Cyrus: for when Tissaphernes residing at Miletus, perceived that the Milesians had the same inclination towards Cyrus that the others had, he prevented that purpose of theirs, by killing some of them, and turning others out of the gates: who coming to Cyrus were graciously received by him; and he gathered forthwith an army by land and sea, to restore them to their right again, [ Xen. De Expedit. Cy. lib. 1. pa. 244.] among his land companies there was one Socrates of Achaia with 500. Corselets, and Pasio of Megara with almost 700. more, [ lb. pa. 245] But Tamos an Egyptian, Cyrus his Ammiral, with 25 ships, kept the siege by sea, [ lb. pa. 252.]

Cyrus sent to Artaxerxes, praying that he would be pleased to trust him being his brother, with the government of those cities, rather than Tissaphernes: in which sure his mother also stickled hard for him; so it came to pass that the King perceived not that there was any Treason intended towards himself, but thought that Cyrus had kept an army about him, only to oppose Tissaphernes: and was well enough content, that they two should try it out between themselves. For Cyrus duly sent unto Artaxerxes the tribute payable out of those cities, which Tissaphernes formerly held, [ lb. pa. 241.]

This Cyrus, who never came to be King, either of Persia or Babylon, is the man, whom Geor. Harvartus, lulled, as it seems, asleep with some pleasing fancy of his own, would needs have to be him, who after the end of the Babylonish captivity, licensed the Jews, with their Governor Zerobabel, and Joshua, all. Jesu, the son of Jozadake the High Priest, to return into their own country: whereas Artaxerxes Mnemon was then King of Persiae, and Johannes, who in [ Nehemiah ca. 12. 11, 22, 23.] is called Johanan and Jonathan, was High Priest of the Jews; and the Governor of the Jewish Nation, was a certain Persian Lord, whom Josephus Antiquit. [ lib. 11. cap. 7.] says was called, Bagoses, a captain of another Artaxerxes: as Rufinus translates him; ( i. e. ) another from Artaxerxes Longimanus; of whom Josephus had spoken in the next precedent Chapter. But the relation which he makes of these men, is this:

Jesus was brother to John the High Priest, whom Bagoses much affecting, promised to bestow the High Priesthood on him, when ever it should fall. In confidence whereof, the said Jesus bearing himself bold; first fell into contestation, and afterward into and open brawl with his brother in the very Temple; and therein provoked him so far, that his brother flew him on the place. Which done, Bagoses came, and entering the Temple, profaned it; saying that the High Priest had already polluted it with his own brothers blood: and for seven years after, vexed the Jews for that murders sake, laying a heavy fine upon them; to wit, that before they offered their daily sacrifice, they should pay (not for every year, as the common translations of Josephus, and out of them Salianus have it) but, for every lamb, 50 drachmaes. Which punishment continued so long as that Johannes the High Priest, who committed that fact lived, and as it seemeth, no longer; and whom we rank also with the time, not of Artaxerxes Ochus, but of this Artaxerxes Mnemon; and but with the beginning of his reign neither, which we therefore do, because we find mention of this Johannes or Johanan (though not then High Priest) in the book of Ezra [chap. 10. 6. with Neh. 12. 23.] For between the 7 year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, to which that History of Ezra refers, and the end of the 7 year of Artaxerxes Mnemon his reign, (before which we suppose and take for granted, that this Johannes died not) there passed no less than 70 years space, according to our account, And so, he dying after the 90 year of his age, his son Jaddus, succeeded in the priesthood, and held it to the reign of Alexander the great; and died about the 83 of his age, if we suppose him to have him been born toward the end of Darius Nothus his reign. But this by the way: we now return to our Cronology, and the death of Cyrus the younger, who was taken out of this life, before he attained to the 22 year of his age.

Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedemon, [The Julian Period. 4603] praying them, [The Julian Period. 4313] that as he from time to time had supported them with men and money against the Athenians, [Year before Christ 401] so now they would send him men, telling them further in his letters vauntingly; that if they sent them foot, he would give them horses; if horsemen, Coches: if they had lands, he would give them town-ships: if towns, cities for their reward; and as for their wages, that they should have it not by tale, but by weight, paid down unto them. Hereupon the Lacedemonians, conceiving that what he asked at their hands, was but right, and that this war would sort out to their advantage, taking no notice against whom it was, decreed to send him aide: seeking to ingratiate themselves with Cyrus, and if things fell out otherwise than well, yet they had a fair excuse to Artaxerxes, that they had decreed nothing against him in person, and the Ephory dispatched away presently their letters to their Ammiral at Samos, to do whatever Cyrus required at his hands. [ Xeno. lib. 3. Hellen. Diodorus. year 4. Olympiad 94. Justin lib. 5. cap. ult. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes. ]

The Lacedaemonian Ammiral therefore with his ships put over to Ephesus, there to meet with Tamos the Egyptian, Ammiral to Cyrus, and offered him his service to the uttermost of his power, he joined his fleet with his; and attending him from thence round about the coast of Ionia, unto Caria, wrought so, that Syenelis, who commanded all there, could not stir to hinder Cyrus in his march by land against his brother, [ Xenophon and Diodorus. ib. with Xenophon, Cy. lib. 1. pag. 348, and 252.] Diodorus saith, that the Lacedaemonian Ammiral at Samos, whose name also was Samus, had 25. and Tamos, 50 sails: whereas upon the more assured testimony of Xenophon, in his book of this journey, undertaken by Cyrus, Tamos had only 25 sails, and Pythagoras the Lacedaemonian, (for him he maketh the other Ammiral, and not Samus) 35.

Cyrus having now his army on foot, and resolved to march into the upper Asia, gave it out, that he went against the Pisidians, which, said he, make often inroads upon places of my government, and thereupon sent for Clearchus the Lacedaemonian, Aristippus of Thessaly, Xenes of Arcadia, the banishment of Miletus, and the Army which lay at the siege of Miletus, Proxenus a Baeotian, with all the power he could make, Grecians or others to repair unto him with all speed to Sardes, [ Exen. de Exped. Cy. lib. 1.

Tissaphernes perceiving that greater preparations were made, then a bare going against the Pisidians could require; [Year of the World b.] with a troop of 500 horse, hasted him away; with all the speed he could possibly make to Artaxerxes, who informed hereof by him, began presently to make provisions for the war, [ Xenoph. de Exped. Cy. lib. 1.]

Cyrus, having left some trusty Persians, friends of his to look to Lydia, and entrusting Tamos, his Ammiral, an Egyptian born, but a sure carde, to take care of the cities of Ionia and Eolia in his absence; himself with his army, marched towards Caria and Pisidia, giving still out, that certain persons in those parts, began to grow unruly, [ Diodorus. ]

But how Cyrus gathered his army, and with them marched up against his brother; and how the battle was fought between them; and how Cyrus perished in it, and how those Grecians that went with him, came back again safe to the sea, (i. e. ) into Asia the less) Themistogenes of Syracusae hath delivered, saith Xenophon, in the beginning of the third book of his Grecian History, with which place of Xenophon, we are to compare that saying of Plutarch, in his book, [ de Gloria Atheniensium ] where he saith, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , (i.) Xenophon wrote a history of himself; setting down how he played the Captain, and what feats he did, and then made as if Themistogenes of Syracusae had written it; giving away the glory of this his writing to another man, that the things therein written of himself, might find the more credit in the world. And another place in Soudas, where he showeth, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , &c. ( i. e.) That the Expedition of Cyrus, which commonly goes with Xenophons History of the Grecians, and some other Pieces concerning his own country, were all of Xenophons own writing: For indeed, these books of the Expedition of Cyrus, went heretofore with the rest of his Grecian Histories. In the end whereof, he plainly says, that the writer thereof, was present in all that Action: and therefore the work itself, which is full everywhere of Xenophons worthy acts therein, is attributed to him; not only by Plutarch, but long before him by Cicero, Dionysi • s, Halicarnassaeus, Hermogenes, Laertius, Athenaeus, and (not to speak of our Divines, Eusebius, and Jerome) by Arianus of Nicomedia; who also had the surname of New Xenophon put upon him, as we read in Photios and Soudas: both because he comprised the discourses of his master Epictetus in 4 books, as Xenophon had done those of his master Socrates, in the like number; and also, for that as Xenophon had written, that Expedition of Cyrus in 7 books, so he had written the Expedition of Alexander in as many: though he in his Anabasis, or Expedition of Alexander did not altogether imitate that former Anabasis or Expidition of Cyrus, because that hath a brief Proem to every book, but none to the book in general, as Laertius hath observed; whereas this in every book, save the sixth, maketh a transition, by way of an epilogue or summary of the precedent books, which because Xenophon useth not in his, with some other occurrence in those books which relish not altogether of Xenophon; therefore I rather incline to think, that these books were of Themistogenes his writing; and not of Xenophons. However, following the authority of those ancient Worthies, I have all along cited him by the name of Xenophon, as they have done before me.

Now of those five heads, mentioned by Xenophon in his said 3 book Hellenic. and said to have been written by Themistogenes, the four first are wholly comprised in the first book of this Anabasis, or Expedition of Cyrus. 1. The gathering of his army. 2. Their marching into the Upper Asia, and coming to the place where they fought. 3. The manner and issue of the fight itself: and 4. The fall of Cyrus in that battle.

For Cyrus moving from Sardes, (where Xenophon met him being sent for from Athens by Proxenus the Boeotian, and there listed himself for the action, as we find in the 3 book) came to Celaenae in Phrygia, and there stayed 30 days: in which time Clearchus, and other Greek Commanders came from divers parts, and by sundry ways unto him: and there, upon a general muster, were found enrolled, eleven thousand Corsletes, and about two thousand Targateers.

From Celaenae Cyrus came with this army to the bank of Cayster, where he received money from Epiaxa: Syenesis, the King of Silicia his wife, (with whom Cyrus was thought formerly to have been too familiar) and therewith paid his army (with whom he was then 3 months behind, at which they much repined) four full months wages. Epiaxa came five days before Cyrus to Tar • us in Silicia; and by her persuasion, her husband Syenesias, coming thither also to him; gave him a vast sum of money toward the relief and maintenance of his army: And both Cresias and Diodorus add, that Syenesis, like a wise man, supplied Cyrus and Artaxerxes too, with necessaries for the war. For having two sons, he sent one of them to Cyrus with a competent number of men for his service, but had sent away the other privily beforehand to Artaxerxes, to let him know, that having such an army come upon him, he durst not but keep fair with Cyrus, and openly join with him, nevertheless that he continued a true servant in heart to Artaxerxes, and would fall over to him so soon as he could spy out his opportunity. Cyrus stayed 20 days at Tarsus, where the Grecian companies told him plainly, they would march no further. But Clearchus by his wisdom took them off from that mood; and so they came to Issus, which was the uttmost city of Silicia, where Cyrus his Fleet met him, bringing him 700. Diodorus saith 800. Corseleteers: which the Lacedemonians had sent him under the command of Chirosophus; and there also 400. Corseleteers, which had formerly served Artaxerxes under their Captain Abrocomus, came into his Camp: but Abrocomus himself, leaving Phoenicia with 300. thousand men, marched away to Artaxerxes, though he came not to him till five days before the fight: so that by his abandoning the place, Cyrus passed the gates, or straits of Syria, and so came without stop or hindrance to the place where the fight shortly after was; having made in all from Ephesus to that place, 93 stages or days journeys, and in them marched 535 Parasanges, which make 16050. furlongs.

The place where the fight at last was, was called Cynaxa, as Plutarch saith; and is 500. furlongs from Babylon: from whence, whereas it is said in the 2 book of the Expedition of Cyrus, that the fight was 3060, furlongs from Babylon. Jacobus Cappel, thinks it should be read, from Susa. In the army of Cyrus there were reckoned of the Grecians, upon the point of 13 thousand men (though Justin. lib. 5. cap. ult. says, there were not above 10 thousand) of which there were 10 thousand 4 hundred Corseleteers, 2500. Targateers; and of other nations 100 thousand, and near upon 20 booked chariots. Of Artaxerxes his part; there were 900 thousand men, and 15 hundred hooked chariots: but Ctesias Cnidius, who was in the battle, quoted by Plutarch, and Ephorus, cited by Diodorus, say there were in his army but 400 thousand only. In the fight there died of Artaxerxes his side 15 thousand, as Diodorus saith, of the other 3 thousand: but Ctesias in Plutarch affirmeth, that the number of the slain given in to Artaxerxes, was not above 9 thousand; but that in his judgment; there could be no less than 20 thousand lost that day. But whatever the number was, this battle was fought the 4 year Olympiad 94. when Xenaenetus was Pretor or L. Chancelor in Athens, one year before Socrates was there put to death; as [ Diogenes Laertius reporteth in the life of Socrates. ]

In this fight the two brothers met, and Artaxerxes was first wounded thorough his coat of armor; which wound Ctesias saith that himself did cure. But Cyrus carried on with this good success against his brother, spared for no danger, and so was slain by an unknown hand in the battle. Artaxerxes spent his rage upon the dead body of his brother, severing his head from the body of him, and cutting off the hand that had wounded him from his arm, and carried it about in a triumphant manner: which his sorrowful mother, coming herself to babylon, with much ado got together, and carrying his relics to Babylon, there bestowed burial on them. This encounter of the two brothers, is more amply delivered by Plutarch, out of Ctesias and Dinon.

The King coming to rifle his Camp, there found and took Cyrus his Concubine, a woman so much renowned for her wit and beauty, [ Xenoph. lib. 1. Exped. Cy. ] She was a Phocaean, born in Ionia, the daughter of one Hermotimus, called at first by the name of Mitto: but afterward by Cyrus (because she seemed nothing inferior to Aspasia the Miletian, who was Pericles his Mistress, of whom I spake before, in the year of the World 3564.) Aspasia. Artaxerxes was wonderfully desirous to get her into his hands; and when she was brought bound unto him, he grew exceedingly wrath with those which so brought her, and laid them in irons for their pains: and ever after esteemed her above all the Harlots he kept, (which were in number 360. all choice beauties) and most doted on her, [ Plut. in the lives of Pericles and Artaxerxes. Elian. Var. Hist. lib. 12. cap. 1. Justin. lib. 10. cap. 2.]

The Grecians, on the other side, not knowing what was befallen to Cyrus, kept on fighting still, and in their quarter beat Tissaphernes, and all his power; in which squadron yet of the Grecians there were not in all, above six thousand, as Isocrates tells us, in his Panegyric: adding, that they were none of the choicest Grecians neither: but the mere refuse of them, and such as could no longer live at their own homes: and these now in a strange country, forsaken of their fellows, betrayed by their companies, and bereft of their Captain, whom they followed to this war. But the King coming with the main of his army to the rescue of Tissaphernes, fell upon their Camp and rifled it, which yet they returning from the pursuit of Tissaphernes, recovered and beat the King out of it again; and lodged therein that night, supperlesse for the most part that night, as well as dinnerlesse the day before. And here ends Xenophons first book of Cyrus his voyage.

The second book sets forth, how these Grecians under the command of Clearchus their Leader, intended to return home again: and how Tissaphernes promising to convoy them back with his own forces; and to be himself their guide on the way: and breaking this promise and league and oath made unto them, procured Clearchus, with Proxenus, Agias, and Socrates, Colonels, and 20 more Captains of companies, and 200 common soldiers, to be murdered. Ctesias also in his Persian History, (which the author of this book of the voyage of Cyrus had undoubtedly read) had formerly told us, how cunningly Tissaphernes, by the means of one Menon a Thessalian borne, and by his juggling, and by his swearing and forswearing had gotten Clearchus, and the rest above mentioned into his hands, and sent them away fast bound in irons, to the King at Babylon; and how Ctesias himself, who was Physician to Parysatis the Kings mother, did by her means do many good offices to Clearchus, whiles he lay there in prison: and how the King at her suit, had promised and sworn too, that Clearchus should have no harm: and yet nevertheless, how the King afterward by the means and instigation of Statyra his Queen, caused Clearchus and all the rest of the Commanders, Menon only excepted, to be butchered; and how all the rest of the bodies were thrown out and devoured by wild beasts and birds, only the body of Clearchus was covered with a huge sand-hill, cast up over it by a mighty wind, and so preserved, [ Ctesias in the Collections of Photios, and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes. ]

In the third book, [Year of the World d.] and the four following, is declared how the rest of the Grecians, who kept themselves out of Tissaphernes his clutches, returned into their own country: and how the soldiers by the persuasion of Xenophon, having lost their old ones, chose them new Captains to command them, (of whom Xenophon himself was one, chosen in the room of Proxenus) and by their conduct, passed thorough so many Countries of the enemy, and endured so much cold in the Winter season, and infinite other miseries and dangers, and thorough them all came safe home at last: the sum whereof is to be found in [ Diodorus Siculus, in the History of year 4. Olympiad 94.] to which a man may add, what is in Isocrates his Panegyric.

Artaxerxes, for his good service in this war, bestowed upon Tissaphernes all the Governments which his brother Cyrus held, besides what he had before, [ Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 3. Diod. year 4. Olympiad, 94.] and having heaped many other large gifts and favors upon him; gave him above all, his own daughter to wife; and used him ever after as his most confident friend and servant, [ Diod. ib. ]

The Carian, who wounded Cyrus in the thigh, so that thereof he died, Parysatis, the kings mother caused, after ten days torment, his eyes pulled out, and boiling lead poured in at his ear-holes, to be done to death. Mithridates, who gave Cyrus his first wound, and in his cups afterward, brag'd that he had killed him, was put between two boats, and there lay 17 days, and until he was eaten out with worms: as for Bagabae ••• , Artaxerxes his Eunuch, who at his command, had cut off Cyrus his head, and right hand, Parysates wan him of the king at Dice, and having gotten him; caused him to be flayed alive; and then his body to be laid athwart three crosses, and his flayed skin to be hung up by it; and then Parysatis, at the humble suit of the king her son, left of mourning for Cyrus, [ Ctesias, and Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes. ]

Parysatis, caused the Queen Statyra, hir daughter in law, to be poisoned in this manner, Statyra had a maid servant about her, which was all in all with her, called Gingis or Gigis: whom Dinon says to have been a voluntary instrument in her death: Ctesias, that her hand indeed was used in it, but against her will: him which gave the poison, Ctesias calls Bellitara, but Dinon, Melantas: There is a little bird in Persia, called Rhintaces, or Rhindaces; which hath no excrements at all; but all her guts are fully stuffed with fat: one of these birds, Parysatis, as she sat at table with Statyra, took and cut in two with a knife, which was poisoned on the one side, gave the one half, which was toward the poisoned side, to her, and the other she took and ate herself: as Ctesias thinks: But Dinon saith, that not Parysatis herself, but Melanta her maid, carved to her with a poisoned knife; but when the Queen died in extreme torments after it, the king suspected his mother for it, as one who knew well the cruelty and implacable disposition of her nature; and caused her servants and carvers to be questioned, and had to rack about it. But Parysatis kept Gingis a long time in her own chamber; and though the king required her, yet would she not give her up to justice, till at last, Ginges herself desiring she might steal to her own lodging by night, Artaxerxes took her, and punished her, as a poisoner. As for his mother, he neither did, nor said any hurt to her: but when she asked leave to retire herself to Babylon, he gave it her; but told her withal, that while she lived, he would not come there, [ Plutarch, Ibid. ]

Aristo, with some others, surprised the city of Cyrene: and in the tumult, slew 500 of the principal men of the inhabitants, of the rest, the better sort escaped by flight. These associating to them, some 3000 of the Messenians, whom the Lacedemonians at this very time, had turned out of their country, came into the open field, against those, who had possessed themselves of their City. In the fight there was a great slaughter made of the Cyrenians on both sides, as for the Messenians, there were scarce any of them left, yet when the fight was ended, the Cyrenians came to an agreement between themselves; and taking an oath each to other, never after to remember by-past injuries, lived in good correspondency each with other, in the Government of their Commonwealth, [ Diod. year 4. Olymp. 94.]

Tissaphernes (for whom Pharnabazus is by error crept into Diodorus) being sent by Artaxerxes, [Year of the World 3604] to take charge of all the governments in the lesser Asia, would have drawn into his hands all the cities of Ionia also, Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. year 1. Olymp. 95.]

Now when, upon his coming, all the petty Governors and Cities, who had any ways adhered to Cyrus, grew afraid what would become of them, they all, by their particular messengers, sued to Tissaphernes for his • avour; but he that was the chiefest of all, Tamos the Egyptian, of whom I spake a little before, Governor of Ionia, putting himself, with all his treasure, and sons, all save Gaus, (who became afterward the kings General) a ship-board, went with his fleet into Egypt, to Psammyticus the king there, bearing himself bold, upon the many good offices, which he had formerly done unto him; But Psammyticus, casting off all respects of gratitude, for courtesies received, and pity towards a poor suppliant at that time, butchered him and all his children, only to possess himself of the ships and treasure, which he had brought; [ Diodorus, Ibid. ]

The Grecians (of whom I spake before) departing from Trapezus, which was the first city of Grecians, which they came unto, and is situated upon the coast of the Euxine sea, in the country of Colchos, after three days march, came to another Greek city, and in the same country of Colchos, and a sea town, as the other was, called Cerasunta, and there they stayed ten days, and mustered their men, whom they found to be 8600. which were remaining of the 10000, which they carried out; the rest were lost either by the enemy in the battle, or by the snow, or other sickness in their return: from thence they went thorough the countries of the Mosynaecori, the Chalybes, and Tybarenians and came to a Greek town called Catyora, a colony of the Synopians, eight, or rather, as the order of the history implieth, five months after the fight in the country of Babylon, having made from thence to this place, 122 stages, or days journey, and marched 620 parasanges, 18600 furlongs, and here they stayed 45 days, [ Exped. Cy. lib. 5.]

During their abode here, they made their provision, partly out of the market of Colyora, and partly by such booties, as they got out of the countries adjoining of Paphlagonia; and on the other hand, the Paphlagonians, if they found any of them straggling from the camp, did as much by them; until at length Corylas, who was governor of the Paphlagonians, set all things straight between them. Afterward these Grecians getting shipping from those of Heraclea, and Synope, came to Harmone a port town of Synope, where they stayed five days; and from thence to Heraclea, a plantation of the city of Megara, made in the country of the Myriandeni, and came to a Peninsula, or neck of land there, called Acherusia: here they divided themselves into three companies. The Arcadians, and Achaeans, which made above 4500 men, all corseleteers and foot, having gotten shipping of the Heracleans, put themselves speedily aboard; that coming unawares upon the Thracians which inhabited Bithynia, they might get the greater spoil of them, and landing at the port of Calpe, (which is in the midst of their sea coast) by night, went to the next towns and villages, six mile up into the country. But these Thracians thus provoked, flew upon them, and flew many of them; for one regiment of them, with their Colonel Smicrates, was quite cut off, and of another company of theirs, there were but eight persons, with their captain Hegesandrus that escaped; the rest were fain to fly to a hill for safeguard; where they were presently close besieged. Chirosophus with 1400 corseletiers, and 700 targateers, (which were themselves Thracians, and had followed Clearchus in that voyage,) went from Heraclea all along the country on foot, and when at length he came into Bithynia, growing there somewhat sickly, he got shipping, and came with his men safe to Calpe. And Xenophon with his brigada, consisting of 17 hundred corseletteers, and 800 targateers, and some 40 horse more or less, came by sea into a country which parts those Thracians of Bithynia from the country of the Heracleans: and from thence marching thorough the body of the country, came and rescued those, who were besieged in the hill, by the Thracians; and so at last came all together into a body in the port of Calpe. [ Ib. lib. 6.]

There died Chirosophus, and in his place, was chosen to succeed, Neo, of an Asinian born; who when he saw his company miserably oppressed with hunger and other wants, gathering together, to the number of two thousand men, went a forraging all over the country of Bithinia: these first Pharnabazus set upon with his horse, which he sent to help the Bithynians; and withal, that with their further assistance, he might keep these Grecians from falling upon his government of Phrygia. These horse at first onset, flew of the Grecians no less then 500. the rest flying to a hill for safety, were by the coming of Xenophon rescued from the enemy, and so all returned safe to the camp before sun-set. But when Spithridates and Rhathines, came with more companies to succor the Bithynians, the Grecians obtained there a notable victory of them, and in memory thereof, erected a Trophy upon the place, and then returned to their camp by the sea-side, being distant some 7 or 8 miles from thence. After which victory so gotten, their enemies provided for their own indemnity, by driving their cattle, and carrying away their families and goods, from thence into remoter parts. But when the Grecians, having passed quite thorough Bithynia, found nothing to relive themselves withal in the parts where they were, they returned back a day and a nights journey, into Bithynia again, and there found and brought from thence store of prisoners, and sheep and other provisions for their own support: and six days after came to Chrysopolis, a city of the Chalcedonians, where they stayed seven days; and there sold the booty which they had gotten, [ Ibid. ]

Pharnabazus fearing least these Greeks would make war upon his country, wrought so with Anaxibius, the Lacedaemonian Ammiral, that he transported them all out of Asia to Byzantium: And then Anaxibius returning from thence with Xenophon into Asia, had word sent him to Cyzicum from Aristarchus the new Governor of Byzantium, that Polus was appointed Ammiral in his place, and that he was onward of his way, as far as Hellespont: and therefore failing from thence to Paros, he sent to Pharnabazus, and demanded the money which he had promised him for transporting the Greeks out of Asia: which not obtaining, he dealt with Xenophon in all haste, to carry them back again into Asia. But Pharnabazus prevailed so far with Aristarchus the Governor of Byzantium, that he brake the neck of that design; whereupon Xenophon was fain to put himself in pay under Senthes the King of Thracia: the winter not being yet over, and the cold so violent, that many of the Greeks lost, some their noses, some their ears thereby, [ Ib. lib. 7.] and Diodorus tells us, that part of these Grecians returned into their own country; but that the greatest part of them followed Xenophon into Thracia, to the number almost of 5000. [ year 1. Olympiad 95.] whereby it appears, that the number is mistaken in him, where he says, that there came to Chrysopolis only 3800. men, [ year 4. Olympiad 94.]

The Ionian and other Greek cities throughout Asia, [Year of the World c.] partly out of a desire of their own liberty, partly for fear of Tissaphernes, because they had ever preferred Cyrus before him, refused to admit of him; and dispatched away their messengers to the Lacedemonians, praying them, that since they were the Princes and Protectors of all Greece, they would not neglect nor abandon them, being Greeks, though dwelling in Asia: but would take order, that their country might be kept free from devastation and spoil, and themselves enjoy their liberty as others, [ Xen. Hellen. li. 3. Diodorus. Sic. year 1. Olympiad 95.]

This petition was very welcome to the Lacedemonians, who, according to the manner of men, the more they had, the more they would have; and not content to have doubled their estate by the accession of the Athenian power, affected now nothing less than the soverignty and dominion of all Asia, [ Justin. lib. 6. cap. 1.]

The Lacedemonians therefore, promised them aid at first word: and forthwith sent to Tissaphernes, to pray him not to make war upon the Grecian Cities that were in Asia. But he beginning with the city of Cuma, wasted all the Region belonging thereto, and carried many prisoners from thence, and then came with his army, and sat down before the city itself: but because the Winter coming on, he could not take it for the present, he set a great ransom upon the prisoners, and so for that time brake up his Siege, [ Diodorus. ib. ]

Hereupon was Thimbron sent into Asia with an army; wherein were 1000. new made citizens of Laconia; 4000. of Peloponesus, and 300. Athenian horse, who had formerly served the 30 tyrants of Athens: such as the City had rather should be wasted away, and spent in foreign services, than be kept at home to do greater mischief. And to these Thimbron, when he came into Asia, added many more taken out of the cities of the country, [ Xenoph. ] for at Ephesus, what out of the confederate cities, what out of other places, he listed 2000. and having now an army of 7000. men, he marched some 15 miles further into the country, and at his first assault took Magnesia a city of Tissaphernes his Government. And from thence went to Tralles a city of Ionia, and began to besiege it; but because the situation of it was very strong, he left it, and came back to Magnesia; which was no walled Town: and therefore fearing least so soon as he was gone, Tissaphernes would take it again, he removed it to a hill thereby called Thorax. And then fell to wasting of the enemies country; and thereby exceedingly enriched his army. But hearing that Tissaphernes was coming down upon him with an army of Horse, he retired to Ephesus, [ Diodorus. ] For not being able to encounter his horse, he drust not keep the plain; thinking it enough if he were able to keep the countries, where himself was, from being harrowed and wasted by the enemy.

When as now the Grecians under Xenophon had served Senthes three months in Thracia, there came unto them Charminus and Polynicus sent from Thimbron, to tell them, that he had great need of their help in Asia against Tissaphernes: and that he would give them a Daric every man by the month for his pay: to every Captain of a company, two Darics, and to every Colonel four. But when Xenophon told them, that for his part, he was purposed to be going home into his own country; the chief of all the army came unto him, and humbly and earnestly besought him not to leave them until he had carried them from thence, and delivered them into Thimbrons hand: wherefore he went aboard with them, and passed over to Lampsacus; where he met and conferred with Euclid, the Philiasian Poet. Then passing thorough the territory of Troas, they came to Pergamos; where Xenophon was entertained by Hellas the wife of Gongylus of Eretria, and her two sons, Gorgius and Gongylus: by whose advice and counsel, when he had gone about to entrap and take Asidates the Persian, but had failed thereof, and not without great danger to himself and all his company; at length by chance his soldiers lighted on him, took him with his wife and children, and horses, and all that ever they had; which was exceeding much: and presently after came Thimbron to them, and received the army from Xenophons hand; and mingling them with the rest of the Grecians in his army, he presently led them against Tissaphernes and Pharnabasus, [ Exped. Cy. l. 7.]

And here end the seven books of the Expedit. of Cyrus, the writer whereof, whosoever it was, was present in this whole Action, and concludeth his book, with this Epilogue. The Kings Commanders in the countries which we passed through, were these, Artimas of Lydia, Articamas of Phrygia, Mithridates of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, Siennesis of Silicia, Dernes of Phenicia and Arabia, Belesis of Syria and Assyria, Rhoparas of Babylonia, Arbacas of Media, Teribazas of Phasis and Iberia, the Carduchi, the Chalybes, the Macrones, the Colchi, the Mosynoeci, the Coeti, and the Tybareni had no Governors, but were all free people: Corylas was President of Paphlagonia, Pharnabazus of Bithynia: Seuthes was king of the Thracians, in Europe side. The whole voyage, going and coming, was 215 stages, 1150 parasanges, and 34255 furlongs, or rather 34500. allowing thirty furlongs to every parasange, the whole time of their going and coming, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , was one whole year and three months.

Thimbron growing strong with this new access of forces received from Xenophon, [Year of the World d.] durst now pitch down his camp, in the fields, before Tissaphernes his face: and took Pergamos into his hand, upon a voluntary surrender made unto him: so did he Tenthrania and Halisarnia, which were commanded at that time by Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Demaratus of Lacedemon, Gorgius also and Gongylus, the two brothers before mentioned, had already joined with him; whereof the one held Gambrius and Palegambrius, the other Myrina, and Grinium: and Thymbron himself took in other weaker places by plain force, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 3.]

Thymbron, [Year of the World 3605] when Larissa, [The Julian Period. 4315] a town in Asia called Egyptia, [Year before Christ 399] would not open her gates besieged it; but whiles he lay before it to little purpose, there came letters to him from the Ephori at Sparta, that leaving Larissa, he should march away into Caria: and he was now onward of his way thither as far as Ephesus, when Dercylidas, an excellent Engineere, and for his wit surnamed another Sisyphus came to succeed him in the charge of the Army. And Thymbron returning to Sparta, was there accused by sundry confederate Cities, for suffering his army to plunder them, and was therefore bannished the City, [ Id. ib. Diod. 2 year of the 95 Olympiad. ]

Mania a woman of Dardania, but of a manly spirit, and one who after the death of her husband Zenis, had very happily managed the government of Eolia, under Pharnabazus, and had taken in sundry sea towns, as Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colone, was most treacherously murdered by her son in law Midias, when she herself was upward of forty years of age, and her son of the age of seventeen, was murdered with her, and that done, he seised upon the two strong towns, Scephis and Gergitha, wherein she had principally laid up her treasure, the rest of the towns, the garrisons that were in them held good for Pharnabazus: whereupon Midias sent unto Pharnabazus, his messengers, with great presents, desiring that he might hold the whole government of those parts, upon the same terms, that Mania did: but all in vain; for Pharnabazus returned him answer, that he should never enjoy himself more, if he left that murder of his, committed upon Mania, unrevenged, [ Xenoph. ib. with Polyae. l. 8. in Tania, or Phania, for so by misprinting, is Mania there called.]

Dercylidas, when he saw, that he had to do, with Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes both, two great commanders, and both borne up with mighty armies; but saw withal, that they were at variance between themselves, closed with Tissaphernes, and made peace with him, [ Id. ib. with Justin lib. 6. cap. 1.] where yet Hercylidas is put for Dercylidas.

Dercylidas, having first conferred with Tissaphernes, marched fairly, and without any spoil of the country, into Eolia, which was under Pharnabazus his Government, unto whom he bare also a particular grudge, for an affront received from him, whiles he commanded at Abydus, under Lysander: and in a trice possessed himself of Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colonae, which submitted to him of their own accord (where by the way it is to be noted, that Diodorus Siculus, instead of Larissa, hath Arisba.) and proceeding on, he took in Neandrus, and Ilium, in the same manner; nor did the Cocylitae stand out at all against him: Cebrene also, a very strong and fortified City, for fear of an assault, which they saw ready to be made, yielded to him: whereupon, leaving a good garrison there, he marched forthwith, with the rest of his army to Scephis and Gergithe; where when Midias, who feared no less the very inhabitants of the place, than he did Pharnabazus, coming forth upon hostages taken, to a parly, and beginning to treat of an association of arms against a common enemy, Dercylidas laid hold on him, and told him plainly, that there was no hope of any friendship between them two, unless he would presently set all the citizens of those places which he held, at liberty, to live each of them according to their own laws. And thereupon marching into Scepsis with him, and there having done sacrifice to Minerva, and turning out Midias his soldiers, he persuaded the inhabitants of the place, to maintain their liberty: now they had it restored to them. And from thence going to Gergithe with his army, when Midias desired that he would at least leave him that city, but could not be heard; he commanded to open the gates, and Dercylidas entered that likewise, and finding there the moneys which Mania had laid up, sufficient to maintain an army of eight thousand men, for all most a whole year, he took that into his own hands, and sent back Midias, to live a private life at Scepsis. And so Xenophon tells us, that in eight days space, he took in nine several cities. And Diod • r. the 2 year of the 95 Olympiad, writes that, what by plain force, what by tricks, he possessed himself in a very short time of all the cities, and country of Troas.

There was a quarrel grown between Artaxerxes, and Euagoras the king of Salamis in the Isle of Cyprus, who had turned out from thence, him that was the Lord of the place, and one whom Artaxerxes wished very well unto, called Abdemon Thyrsius, or, as Theopompus, in the Excerpta Photii, nu. 176. calls him, Abdymon Cityces. This quarrel therefore was now composed between them two, by the mediation of Conon the Athenian, who had sometime lived with Euagoras, and of Ctesias the Cnidian, who had long lived in the Court in Persia, upon condition, that Euagoras should pay a certain tribute to Artaxerxes, and a present also was sent to Satibarzanes; Ctesias also sent letters to Euagoras, to make an atonement with Anaxagoras a king of the Cyprians; which with others of like kind, written by Euagoras and Conon, Ctesias hath all inserted into his History of the Persian affairs.

Dercylidas having gone thus far in these parts, sent to Pharnabazus, to know whether he would have war or peace, and Pharnabazus, being afraid what might betide unto Phrygia, where himself did constantly dwell, and which bordered upon Eolia, which was now all in Dercylidas his hand; desired a truce, [ Xenophon Hellen. 3.]

This truce concluded, [Year of the World 3606. a.] Dercylidas marched away into that part of Bithynia, [The Julian Period. 4316] which the Thracians held, [Year before Christ 398] and there wintered; which Pharnabazus liked well enough of, because the Thracians of of that country made often inroads upon Phrygia and Dercylidas plundering that part of Bithynia, at his pleasure, wanted no provision for his winter quartering, [ Id. ib. ]

Certain Odrysian horse to the number of 200, and 300 targateers, being sent from Senthes King of Thracia, to aide Dercylidas, upon their first coming, went a forraging into Bithynia, and were there almost all cut off. But afterward keeping themselves close with the Lacedaemonian army, they wasted the borders and territories of the Bithynians very sorely, [ Ib. ]

The spring coming on, Dercylidas removed out of Bithynia, and came to Lampsacus, where he understood by three Ambassadors come from Sparta, that his command was continued to him for another year. The same Ambassadors also, by command from the Ephori, told the army there, that in former time the soldiers had been extremely injurious to their allies and confederates, and commended them, for their good behavior that way: whereunto answer was made by him, that commanded those who had formerly followed Cyrus in his wars, that the soldiers were still the same, but that different Commanders, had caused a different behavior in them. This done, Dercylidas sent away the Ambassadors from Ephesus to take their journey thorough the Grecian cities and countries in those parts, telling them how glad he was, that they should find them all in so peaceable and flourishing a state as they should do, [ Ibid. ]

When the Ambassadors were gone, [Year of the World c.] Dercylidas sent again to Pharnabazus, to know whether he would have the last winters truce to continue, or whether he would have war. And when he desired the continuance of the truce, he passed forthwith with his army over the Hellespont, and came into the Chersonesus of Thracia, which contained 37 furlongs, all which he enclosed with a strong wall. This work he began in the spring, and finished it before the beginning of Autumn, [ Id. ib. with Diodorus. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 95. where, contrary to his custom, he delivers the gests of two years in one discourse.

Conon the Athenian wrote his letters from Cyprus to Artaxerxes, concerning his own affairs, which he desired to be presented to him, either by Zenon of Crete, a dancer, or by Polycritus of Mendes a Physician, or in their absence, by Ctesias, who was likewise a Physician. It is said, that this letter coming to Cresias his hand, he added thereto of his own, that he prayed the king, to send Ctesias unto him, as a man very necessary for the kings service, in those parts, especially in matters belonging to the sea. But Ctesias himself writes, that the king of his own accord, sent and employed himself in that service, [ Plutarch in Artaxerxes, ] which letters of Conon to the King, and to himself, as also the speech which he used to the King ament that matter, he hath inserted into his own History; where he relates also, how, when at the same time the Lacedemonians sent Ambassadors to the King, he committed them to custody; and kept them there.

Pharnabazus having made truce with Dercylidas, took a journey to the king: and there charged Tissaphernes before him, for that when the Lacedemonians had sent an army into Asia, he had not only not opposed them, but had moreover maintained them there at the Kings charge; telling him that it was a shame, that the Kings war should not be pursued to an end, but bought out; and that his enemies should be bribed with money, and not beaten out with arms: and persuaded the King to furnish out a fleet, and make Conon the Athenian, Ammiral of it. By whole persuasion, together with the advice of Euagoras the King of Cyprus, the King presently commanded 500 talents to be consigned into Pharnabazus his hand; and commanded him to commit the charge of the Phoenician fleet unto Conon, and to make him commander in chief, over all his maritime affairs, [ Diod. year 2. of the 95 Olympiad, with Isocrates in his Euagoras: and in his Oration ad Philip. and Pausanias, in Atticis, and Justinus, lib. 6. cap. 1.]

Pausanias returning from Court, having conferred with Conon, about what course to be held, made him Ammiral of the seas: making him many large promises on the Kings behalf: Conon taking the charge upon him, but not fully furnished with a fleet, took 40 ships, which he had then ready,, and with them sailed into Silicia, and there provided to begin the war, [ Diod ib. ]

Ctesias being sent away by Artaxerxes to the sea side, [Year of the World d.] went from thence first into Cnidia his own country, and from thence to Sparta, as himself says, toward the end of his History; which as Diodorus saith, he ended with the third year of this 95 Olympiad.

Dercylidas returning out of Chersonese into Asia, going in progress over the cities, found that the banditoes of Chios, had possessed themselves of Atarne, and from thence making sundry inroads upon Ionia, lived upon the spoil thereof; and although the town itself was strong, and well provided of victuals, yet he went and laid siege thereto, and continued before it, full eight months space, [ Xenophon, Hellenic. lib. 3.]

In the end, [Year of the World 3607] when they were forced to render themselves, [The Julian Period. 4317] he committed the keeping thereof to one Dracon of Pellene; [Year before Christ 397] but himself, having furnished that place with ample provisions, that he might have it for a sure retreat, if need were, went to Ephesus, [ Id. ib. ]

When the Ambassadors from Ionia came to Sparta, and there declared, that if Caria, where Tissaphernes constantly resided, were invaded, they conceived that Tissaphernes would quickly grant them leave to live according to their own laws, the Ephori wrote to Dercylidas, that he should march into Caria with his army, and to Pharaces their Ammiral, that he should sails with his fleet, into those parts also, [ Ibid. ]

The same time also, Pharnabazus went to Tissaphernes, partly for that he was the chief General, partly to let him know, that he for his part was ready to join with him in making war upon the Grecians: and therefore first took him along with him into Caria, to settle matters there; and having put garrisons there, returned with him into Ionia. But Dercylidas hearing that they had passed the river Meander, and having conferred with Pharaces, and shown him, that he feared least Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, would both fall down with their armies into Ionia, being now destitute of garrisons, put over the Meander likew • se, [ Ibid. ]

In the Persian army there were 20000 foot and 10000 horse; but Dercylidas was not in all above 7000 strong, [ Diodorus. 2 year of the 95 Olympiad. ] And now as many soldiers as were there out of Peloponesus, stood firm, and prepared to fight: but as many as were there out of Priene and Achilium, as likewise out of the Isles, and other towns of Ionia, partly threw away their arms into the corn, which was then in great store, growing in the fields lying upon the Meander, and ran away partly when they came to fight, shown well enough that they meant not to stand to it: yet Tissaphernes, remembering how the Grecians which were in Cyrus his army, had plaid the men in that fight against himself, and imagining that all Grecians would prove like them, durst not set upon them, as Pharnabazus would have had him: but sending to Dercyldias, told him that he desired to come to a parly with him, whereupon, upon hostages enterchangably given and taken, they fell to treat of a peace; Dercylidas demanded, that the King should suffer all the Grecian cities to be free, and enjoy their liberty: Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, that the Lacedaemonian forces should withdraw out of the countries of the kings dominions, and their commanders out of the cities, and the truce was to continue, till Dercylidas could receive an answer from Sparta thereupon: and Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus from the K. and so both armies drew out of the field, the Persians returning to Tralles, the other to Leucophris, [ Xen. & Diod. ut supra. ]

Now a certain man called Herodas, [Year of the World 3608] of Syracuse in Sicily, [The Julian Period. 4318] living at that time with a master of a ship in Phenicia, [Year before Christ 396] perceiving sundry ships of war daily drawing thither; others a rigging, others upon the stocks, and a Navy of 300. sail providing, put himself aboard the first ship that he found bound for Greece; and coming to Sparta, informed them, what a Fleet was there in providing: but whither bound, or for what purpose he said, he could not tell. The Lacedemonians were much troubled hereat: And Agesilaus one of their two Kings, being put on by Lysander, offered himself to go in person with an army into Asia against the Persians: and to take with him 30 men of Sparta, whom they should choose by their advice, to manage that war. The first of whom was Lysander, who hoped by this occasion to restore again the Decemvirates throughout all the cities in Asia, which himself had heretofore set up: and which the Ephori afterward had abolished, commanding every city, to live according to their own laws. So Agesilaus taking with him 2 thousand of the new made Citizens of Sparta, and 6 thousand out of their confederate cities, with as much provision as would serve for six months; loosed from Geraesum, a Port in Eubaea, with all the Forces that he could there make, and came to Ephesus; and that so speedily, as he landed there before ever Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus heard of his setting forth: whereby it came to pass, that he found them there, all as unprovided, as himself could wish, [ Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 3.] and in his Oration, of Agesilaus, with Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in their several lives of Agesilaus, and Pausa. in Laconicis: who yet says, that he landed first at Sardes.

And now having raised 4 thousand soldiers more at Ephesus, he drew into the field with 10 thousand foot, and 4 hundred, or (as the Latin translation hath it) 4 thousand horse: unto which were joined a rabble of others, which followed the Camp for pillage, being no fewer in number, than the army it self, [ Diod. year 4. of the 95. Olympiad. ]

Tissaphernes hereupon, sent to him to know what was the cause of his coming into Asia: and his answer was, that he came to restore the Grecian cities there to their liberty and freedom. Tissaphernes hereupon desired him to forbear for 3 months, that he might send to the King, bearing him in hand, that he nothing doubted but all should be to his content. Agesilaus hereupon, sent Heripidas, Dercylidas, and Migialius to him, to take an oath of him, that he meant no guile, but would do what possible he could to procure the peace which he had promised: & they on Agesilaus his behalf took an oath, that Tissaphernes performing on his part, they would inviolably keep the truce on their. But Tissaphernes, not regarding his oath taken, sent to the King to increase his army. And Agesilaus, though he knew well what he intended, yet kept the truce made on his part, [ Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus; with Plutarch and Emil. Probus. in Agesil. ]

Whiles Agesilaus lay still at Ephesus, all things grew to a confusion in the cities; because neither the Democratical government was observed with the Athenians, nor the D • cemviral, which Lysander had set up, was observed among them; all became suitors to Lysander, a man well known among them, that he would obtain of Agesilaus for them what they desired. Hereupon it was, that Lysander had ever a great court of attendants and suitors about him: so that Lysander now seemed to be King, and Agesilaus a private man. This was a web in Agesilaus his eye, and therefore he began first to take the administration of matters out of his hand, and to lessen his authority: then sent he him on an errand into Hellespont; where when Lysander found that Spithridates, a Persian, (Plutarch calls him Mithridates) was over-born by Pharnabazus, he desired to speak with him, and upon conference persuaded him, with his children and such wealth as he had, and 200. horse, to fall off from Pharnabazus; and he presently leaving, what he had safe at Cyzicum, with his son, came unto him, and he carried them with him to Agesilaus; who was glad to see him, and by him informed himself to the full, how things stood with Pharnabazus, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and Plut. in the life of Agesilaus and Lysander. ]

Tissaphernes having gotten fresh supplies from the King, grew high, and proclaimed open war against Agesilaus; unless he would presently leave Asia. Agesilaus was glad hereof, and bad his men provide themselves presently for the war: and withal sent to the Ionians, Eolians, and them of Hellespont, to send him to Ephesus all the strength they could make: and Tissaphernes supposing that he would march into Caria, went himself with his army into Phrygia; and falling suddenly upon the cities there, gat a vast sum of money and other provisions out of them, and so came safe and without any stop, near to Dascylium: where his horse, scouring the country before the army, were met with by the horse of Pharnabazus, and routed; and in that encounter lost 12 men, and 2 horses. But when Agesilaus with his foot came to their rescue, the Persians on the other side retired, having lost one of their men, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and in his Agesilaus, with Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their Agesilaus likewise. ]

Agesilaus having spent the greatest part of that Summer in plundering of Phrygia, and the countries adjoining, and enriched his army; toward the Autumn returned to Ephesus, [ Diodorus. year 1 of the 96 Olympiad: ] and there spent that Winter, [ Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus. ]

Nephereus, [Year of the World 3609] all. [The Julian Period. 4319] Nepherites reigned in Egypt 6 years. [Year before Christ 395]

The Lacedemonians sent to him, to join with them in arms against the Persian; but he instead of that, sent them tackle and furniture for 100 ships of war, and 30 thousand bushels of wheat, for a present, [ Diodorus, year 1 of the 96 Olympiad. ] Justin calls him Hercinion, and so doth Orosius; treading all along in his steps: and relates the matter in this manner. The Lacedemonians, saith he, crave help by sea of Hercinion, by their Ambassadors: and received from him 100 ships of war fully furnished, and 600 thousand bushels of wheat, [Justin lib. 6. cap. 2. and Orosius lib. 3. cap. 1.]

Pharax, Ammiral of the Lacedaemonian Fleet, setting sail from Rhodes with 120 ships, came to Sasanda Castle of Caria, distant from Caunus 150 furlongs: and weighing again from thence, set upon the Town of Caunus, and upon Conon the Athenian, who there lay with his 40 ships. But when Artaphernes and Pharnabazus, came with a huge army to the relief of Caunus: Pharax raised his siege, and returned with all his Fleet to Rhodes. After this, Conon gat together to the number of 80 ships, and with them sailed toward Chersonesus. And at the same time the Rhodians keeping out the Peloponesian Fleet, revolted from the Lacedaemonian State: and received Conon with all his Fleet, into their Port and City. And it fell out, that the Egyptian Fleet, knowing naught of the alteration there made, came boldly to an anchor under the Island with all their loading of wheat, sent to the Lacedemonians: where Conon with the Rhodians setting upon them, took and brought them all, with their men and loading, into the Port, and stored the place with corn, [ Diodorus. year 1 Olympiad 96.] but the soldiery mutined against Conon, because the Kings Officers defrauded them of their pay: who therefore asked their pay the more boldly, because they were employed in so great a service, under so great a Commander as Conon was, [ Justin lib. 6. cap. 2.]

Agesilaus, knowing well that there was no dealing with the enemy in a Champion Country without sufficient horse, set himself to raise Troups on all hands; and therefore gave order throughout all the confederate cities, that such of them as were rich and had no mind to serve themselves, should send him in every man a horse, with a rider on him in his stead. And the Spring coming on, commanded all his army to come together at Ephesus: and there trained all sorts, both of horse and foot, with great care and diligence to make them fit and ready for the war. And during such preparation, made the City of Ephesus seem more illustrious than ordinary, as being the very shop, and, as it were, the work-house of so great a war, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and in his Agesilaus: and Plutarch and Emil. Pro. in the same man's life. ]

And now a whole year was spent since Agesilaus came from Sparta, and the 30 Commissioners allotted for his Council returned to Sparta; of which Lysander, as I said before, was the prime man, and 30 others were sent in their rooms, of which Heripidas was chief. Of these Agesilaus chose Xenocles, and one more, to command the Horse, and Scythes to command the Foot of the new made Citizens of Sparta, which were all Corselets: and Heripidas to lead them who had served under Cyrus; and Migdon, them which were sent in by the Cities of Asia. And gave it out that he would march out-right into the strongest part of the enemies country, to the end they should all arm and prepare their minds for a hot encounter. And Tissaphernes conceiving that he had given this out of purpose to amuse him a second time, and to keep him at home, marched directly into Caria, commanding his Horse to stay behind, and keep in the plain of Maeander: But Agesilaus did indeed, what he had said, and fell on with his whole army into the country of Sardes. And when he had marched 3 days and saw no enemy appear, he gathered there a huge stock of all kind of provisions for his army. On the 4 day the enemies Horse came in sight, and finding the Grecians scattered abroad, and busy about the plunder of the country; fell upon them, and slew a great part of them. To whose rescue when Agesilaus came, and considered with himself, that the enemies Foot was not yet come up, and that himself was ready at all points, he set upon the enemy near the River Pactolus, and there gat a great victory of them: and possessing himself of their Camp, and having all now, both friends and enemies goods in his hands, he found there among other riches, amounting to above 70 talents of money, and all his camels, which he afterward carried with him into Greece. But Tissaphernes lay all this while at Sardes: and was therefore blamed and accused by the Persians, as a desertor, and a plain betrayer of them.

So Xenophon: But Diodorus, says, that Tissaphernes was present in the fight with 10 thousand Horse, and 50 thousand Foot: and that Agesilaus, coming down from the hill country of Sipalus, and over-running all the plain about Sardes itself, wasted all, and destroyed among others things a goodly Park or Garden of Tissaphernes his own, enclosed and set with all sorts of trees and other things for pleasure, infinitely sumptuous, and of most exquisite workmanship and beauty. And that turning from thence, he sent Xenocles with 14 thousand men, to lie in ambush midway, between Sardes and Tybarnae, to intercept certain Persians, which were to pass that way; and that fighting a second time with the Persians, he overcame them again, and slew upward of six thousand of them; and took a great multitude prisoners, and seized on their camp, stored with infinite riches: and that after all this done, Tissaphernes fled to Sardes, and Agesilaus returned to the sea side with his army. Pausanias also in his Laconica, writeth, that Agesilaus fought with Tissaphernes in the champion country of Hermus; and there overthrew not only the horse, but also the foot army of the Persians, which was the greatest number that ever they had in one body, next that of Xerxes, with which he passed into Greece, and that other of Darius, which he carried into Scythia. But tis best relying upon Xenophons credit in this point: who was not only Reader to Agesilaus, (as Cicero 3 de Oratore affirmeth,) at leastwise, was very intimate and familiar with him, (as Emil. Pro. says in the Life of Agesilaus, and D • ogenes Laertius, in the Life of Xenophon reporteth) but was also with him in all this service in Asia; and the next year returned with him into Greece.

Conon, Ammiral of the Persian fleet, having often sollicitated the king, by his letters for pay for the Navy, and doing no good that way, at the length made a journey to him himself; Pharnabazus also putting him foreward to accuse Tissaphernes of treason to the King; wherefore committing the charge of the Navy to Hieronimus and Nicodemus (both of Athens) in his absence; he sailed into Silicia, and from thence coming to Thapsacum in Syria, he put himself into a barge, and so came down the river Euphrates unto Babylon: There addressing himself as the manner was to Tithraustes the Chiliarch or chief Coronel, who holds as I said before, the first place next the King, he shown him what he was, and that he desired to speak with the King. But when he could not be admitted to the presence or speech with the King without adoration, ( i. e. ) prostration first used to him, he was fain to do his business with him, by intercourse of letters and messengers: whereby yet he so far prevailed, that the king declared Tissaphernes to be a Traitor to him; and bad Conon to take charge of the war against the Lacedemonians, and to make paimaster of the Navy, whom ever he pleased to nominate to that office. And so being highly rewarded for his service, was dispatched away to the sea-side, with power to command what shipping he thought fit of the Cypriots and Phoenicians, for the guard of the sea against the next summer, and Pharnabazus was assigned to him, for an Assistant or Coadjutor, as himself desired, [ Diodorus. year 1. of the 96 Olympiad, Justin lib. 6. cap. 2. Emil. Pro. in the Life of Conon. ]

As concerning the Cypriots, it is to be observed; that in the very time, whiles there passed courtesies and presents enterchangeably between Artaxerxes and them, the King intended war against them, ten whole years before it came to an end, eight whereof he spent in mere preparations making for it; as we shall show hereafter, when we come to the fourth year of the 98 Olympiad, out of Diod. Sic. speaking of the issue of that war, of which 8 years, it seems that six were spent, at what time Isocrates made that his Panegirical oration, whereby speaking of those many vain attempts made upon Euagoras in Artaxerxes, he useth these words; He made, saith he war upon Euagoras, who was Lord but of one poor city in Cyprus, and one who had formerly rendered himself unto him, and became his vassal, and lived in an Island, and had suffered a great loss at sea; and had not above three thousand targateers to maintain his state withal; and yet, thus weak as he is, the king hath not been able to have his will of him, though he hath now spent six whole years in a war against him.

Parysatis the Queen-mother, egging the King on against Tissaphernes, for the hatred which she bare him for her son Cyrus his sake, he committed the charge of that war to Tithraustes, giving him letters to the cities and Commanders in those parts, whereby he commanded them all to do what ever Tithraustes commanded, [ Diod. year 1. of the 98 Olympiad. ]

He gave him also at his departure two several letters to Tissaphernes himself; willing him to go on with the war against the Lacedemonians; and one in special to Ariaeus the Commander of Larissa, requiring him to be assisting to Tithraustes, in the making away of Tissaphernes. Those Tithraustes delivered to him so soon as he came to Colossae in Phrygia: and Ariaeus having read them, sent presently to Tissaphernes, praying him to come to Colossae, there to consult about the Kings affairs, especially concerning the war against the Grecians: whereupon he fearing no hurt, left his army at Sardes, and came with all speed to Colossae, with a troop of 300 Arcadians, and Milesians in his company, and took up his lodging in Ariaeus his house; and there going into a Bath, laid aside his sword: there Ariaeus with his servants seized on him, and clapping him into a close Coach, sent him away prisoner to Tithraustes; who carrying him as far as to Celaena, there cut off his head, and sent it to Artaxerxes: and Artaxerxes bad carry it to his mother: who was exceeding glad at the sight thereof; and no less were all the Grecian women, whose husbands had followed Cyrus in his war, and were afterward by his treachery cut off, when they heard thereof, [ Diod. Ib. Polyaenus stratagem. lib. 7. Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus. and Plut. in the lives of Artax. and Agesilaus. ]

Tithraustes sent messengers to Agesilaus, to let him know that the Author of this late war, Tissaphernes, had suffered his due punishment for it; and that the King now thought it great reason, that he should withdraw himself with his army, out of Asia: and to leave the cities there, to the use of their own laws, paying the King their former tribute: And when Agesilaus answered him that he could not so do, without the consent and order of his country, which had employed him; at length they came to this agreement, that he with his army, should withdraw into Pharnabazus his Government; receiving for the entertainment of them, 30 talents, until he could receive an answer from Sparta, what he was to do: so saith Xenophon [ lib. 3. Hellen. ] Diodorus only writes, that Tithraustes, having drawn Agesilaus to a parly, made a truce with him only for 6 months: and Xenophon in his book, written of the praises of Agesilaus, addeth further, that when Tithraustes offered him a great sum of money, if he would withdraw out of the kings territories, Agesilaus answered him in this wise, Tithraustes, said he, we hold it with us, more honor for a General, to enrich his army, rather than himself, and to take spoils from his enemies, rather than rewards.

Whiles Agesilaus was upon his march towards Phrygia, which was of Pharnabazus his command; he received a Scytala, or a letter, from the Magistrates of Sparta, that he should take charge of the Navy, as well as of the land army, and to make Ammiral thereof, whom he thought fit, whereupon, he in a short time, what by the public contribution of the cities, what by the beneficence of private men, who were desirous to gratify him in his own person, made up a Navy of 120 sails: and gave the command of them to Pisander, his wives brother, a man desirous indeed of praise and honor, and of courage enough, but not much skilled that way, [ Xen. l. 3. Hellen. Plut. in his Agesilaus. Pausan. in his Laconica. ]

Pisander being dispatched away to the Navy, and himself holding on his way into Phrygia. Tithraustes perceiving that Agesilaus had no meaning to leave Asia, but rather conceived great hopes of vanquishing the King there right, sent Timocrates of Rhodes (for so Plutarch also calls him in his Laconical Apophthegmes, however the name of Hermocrates be crept in, in his life of Artaxerxes) into Greece; with gold, amounting to the quantity of 50 talents of silver: whereby it came to pass, that the chief Cities, being bribed, conspired together, and raised a common war on the behalf of the Athenians, against the Lacedaemonian party, [ Xenoph. ibid. Plut. in his Artax. Pausanias in his Laconica and Messenica. ]

Agesilaus therefore entering into Phrygia, [Year of the World 3610] which was of Pharnabazus his Government, about the beginning of Autumn, burnt and spoiled all that country; taking in all the cities thereof, either by force or voluntary surrender, and then by the persuasion of Spithridates, marched into Paphlagonia, to move them to a revolt from the Persian: And Cotys the King thereof, who was formerly sent for by Artaxerxes, but would not go, now confederated with Agesilaus, and he by Spithridates his persuasion, lest there a thousand horse, and two thousand foot to assist him; and he, to recompense Spithridates in some sort, for his service, before he went thence, procured Cotys to take his daughter to wife, [ Xenoph. lib. 4. Hellen. and in his Agesilaus: and Plutarch likewise in his. ] For Agesilaus was ever very desirous to requite his friends, as appears by that Epistle Laconically written and attributed to him: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . ( i. e.) If Nicias hath not done you wrong, forgive him: if he hath, forgive him for my sake; however forgive him. [Plutarch in his Agesilaus, and in his Laconical Apophthegmes. ]

Leaving Paphlagonia, he marched to Dascylium: where Pharnabazus his Palace was; and round about him many towns, large and full of all provisions, and there wintered; and partly from thence, partly from other parts adjoining, maintained his army, [ Xen. ib. ]

Where, [Year of the World b.] when his soldiers went a forrageing, [The Julian Period. 4320] and sometimes not so warily as they should have done, [Year before Christ 394] contemning their enemy, because hitherto they had never been distressed by them, Pharnabazus by chance fell upon them with two hooked chariots, and some four hundred men, as they were out of order, following their pillage. But the Grecians espying him, rallied themselves in a body, to the number of 700. Pharnabazus presently putting his hooked chariots in the front, followed them with his horse, and bad them drive in upon the midst of them; and when the chariots had broken in upon, and disordered them, his horse fell on, and slew to the number of one hundred of them: the rest fled back to Agesilaus, who was not far off, with his Corselets, [ Id. ib. ]

Three or four days after, Spithridates found that Pharnabazus lay with his arm in a spacious bourgade called Caije, about 160 furlongs from thence, and advertised Heripidas, chief of the Council of war, thereof. He presently prayed Agesilaus to give him two thousand Corselets, and as many Targateers; and so many horse as would voluntarily go with him, though there went not with him indeed a moitie of any kind. But he, setting out, with those which he had, so soon as it grew dark, came upon Pharnabazus in the very dawning of the day, and slew the Mysians, who happened that time to be upon the guard: then the whole army took a fright, and fled, and he entered their camp, and there got a rich booty, together with Pharnabazus his own pavilion, and all his rich furniture and wealth therein; for he for fear of the Grecians, like the Scythian Nomades, removed his camp hither and thither, never staying long in any one place: his chief care being, that the enemy might not know where to find him And here Heripedas, making too too rigorous an enquiry and search after the spoil which was taken, set commanders with their soldiers on work, and stripped Spithradates and his Paphlagonians of all that ever they had gotten in the pillage of the camp: upon which abuse, they all the next night, took what was left, and got them away to Sardes, unto Araeus, who had himself formerly revolted from the King, and served against him; nor was there anything in all this journey into Asia, that more toubled Agesilaus than this departure of Spithridates, and Megabates his son, whom Agesilaus exceedingly loved, and of these Paphlagonian forces, [ Diod, Id. ibid. and Plutarch in his Agesilaus. ]

Afterward Agesilaus and Pharnabazus, coming to a parly, by the means of one Apollophanes of Cyzicum, who was a common friend to both, they fell to treat of an agreement. Pharnabazus (as Xenophon hath it in his oration concerning Agesilaus) openly professed, that unless the king would make him absolute and sole Commander of the army, he would revolt from him: but if he might command all, then he would maintain the war against Agesilaus, as long as he could: and Agesilaus told him, that he would depart out of his territory, with all the speed that might be, and so long as he could find a work elsewhere, would not trouble him: and so soon as Pharnabazus was gone, his son begotten upon Pharapyta came running to Agesilaus, and entered into a league of friendship with him, and in assurance thereof, they gave gifts each to other, as pledges of love between them, [ Id. ib. ]

And now the spring came on, and Agesilaus came into the plains of Thebes, and pitched near the Temple of Diana Astyrina, and there gathered exceeding store of wealth on all hands; and provided himself to march into the upper countries; nothing doubting but that all the regions which he left behind him, would fall of from the Persian. [ Xenophon. lib. 4. Hellen. ] and now the fame of him grew mervelous great in Persia; having spent two full years in that war, [ Plutarch, in his Agesilaus. ]

The Lacedemonians having now gotten certain knowledge, [Year of the World c.] that the Persian moneys flew about in Greece, and that the principal cities there, confederated for a common war against them, dispatchit away Epiciads to Agesilaus, to call him home to defense of his own country. Hereupon Agesilau, though much troubled that he was thus taken off from so great a design, as he had then in hand, yet thought fit to obey their command, [ Ib. ] and wrote back to the Ephori this Epistle, which Plutarch inserted among his Apophthegmes.

Agesilaus to the Ephori, greeting: we have subdued a great part of Asia, and routed the Barbarians, and provided great store of arms in Ionia. But because you have set me a certain day, within which to return unto you, I will obey your command, and peradventure be back, before that day: for I am King not for myself, but for you, and our confederates: for a k • ng is then a true King, when he is commanded by the laws, and Ephori, and the other magistrates of the city.

It is said also that he told his friends merrily, that the king had driven him out of Asia thirty thousand Archers; meaning, that Timocrates his Agent, had bestowed so many thousand golden Datics, which were stamped with Archers upon them, among the leaders of the people in every city, to raise a common war against the Spartans, [ Plutarch in his Laconical Apophthegmes, and in his Artaxerxes. ]

Agesilaus returning, left Euxemus behind him to command in chief; and with him 4000 soldiers to assist the Ionians if need should be. And to the end he might carry back with him a sure and sufficient army; he made promise of great rewards and honors to those cities and commanders, who should send him in the best horse and foot, and best furnished; and thereby put them into an emulation each with other, who should do best in that kind, [ Xenoph. Hellen 4.]

Xenophon, when he was to return with Agesilaus into Boeotia to make war against the Thebans, left half the gold which he had gotten in his voyage with Cyrus at Ephesus, in the hands of one Megabyzus, treasurer of the Temple of Diana there; for he foresaw that going now with Agesilaus he should undoubtedly hazard himself in a battle: which accordingly fell out afterward at Coronaea. Wherefore he left order with him, that in case he escaped alive out of that battle, then he should restore him the money deposited in that Temple; but if he miscarried, then he charged him to consecrate it all to the goddess Diana: and of the other half, he sent offerings to Apollo at Delphi, [ Expedit. Cr. lib. 5. and Diog. Laertius in Xenophonte. ] But Agesilaus himself consecrated a tenth of all that he had gotten in his two years wars in Asia, to Apollo at Delphi; which came to upward of 100 talents, [ Xenoph. and Plutarch, in their several lives of Agesilaus. ]

Agesilaus having passed the sea at Hellespont, received news of the victory which the Lacedemonians had gotten near Corinth: and thereupon sent back Dercylidas into Asia to inform the Ionians of it; thereby to hearten them the more, in continuing firm to the Lacedaemonian party, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 4. and Plut. in his Agesilaus. ]

About this time it was that that famous sea-fight was made at Cnidus, [Year of the World d.] (and under the hill called Dorius, as Pausan as, [in the 2 book of his Eliaca ] reporteth, when Eubulus, or Eubulis was L. Chancelor at Athens, who began his office there, in the very entrance of 3 year of 96 Olympiad, as Lysias, a very good Author in his Oration concerning the acts of Aristophanes affirmeth.

The Commanders of the Persian Fleet lay near to Doryma, in Chersonesus, with more than 90 sail of ships; Pharnabazus commanded the Phoenicians, and Conon the Athenian, the Grecian squadron of them. But Pisander, (for whom Periarchus is falsely put, by Diodorus) the Lacedaemonian Ammiral, setting sail from Cnidus with 80 ships, came to a place called Physcus in Chersonesus: and going from thence, lighted upon a part of the Kings Fleet, and at the first encounter had the better of it: but when the rest of the Kings Fleet came in to their rescue, and the friends of the Lacedemonians shifted for themselves, and fled to land, Pisander with his ship fell in upon the thickest of the enemy; slew many of them, but died himself manfully in the fight. Then did Conon with his men pursue the Lacedemonians hotly to land, and took no less than fifty of their ships: the rest fled and returned safe to Cnidus, [ Xeno. Hellen. 4. Diodorus year 2 of the 96 Olympiad. Justin lib. 6. cap. 3. Emil. Probus in the life of Conon. ]

When Agesilaus was now ready to invade Boeotia, news was brought him of this great overthrow of the Lacedaemonian Fleet, and therein of the death of Pisander his wives brother: and at the very instant, the Sun was eclipsed, and look like a half-moon, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 4. and Plut. in his Agesilaus ] which fell upon the 14. of our August, as appeareth by the Astronomical accounts, in the year 394 before the birth of Christ.

After this great victory at Cnidus, Pharnabazus and Conon went about, and cast the Lacedaemonian Governors and Garrisons out of all the Islands and sea Towns; making them believe, that they would never put any Citadels upon them: but that they should thence forth live according to their own laws, [ Xenoph. lib. 4. Hellen. ] and hereupon, first the Coi, then the Nisaeans, then the Teians, and those of Chiosfell off from the Lacedemonians. Then they of Mitylene, of Ephesus, and Erythrae, did the like: and in an instant, all the rest of the cities fell a madding against the Lacedaemonian Government; whereof some casting out the Lacedaemonian Garrisons, set up for themselves, and maintained their own State. Others gave themselves up into Conons hands: and from that time forward, the Lacedemonians lost the sovereignty of the seas, [ Diodorus. year 2. Olympiad 96.]

Dercylidas, an old enemy of Pharnabazus, being at this time at Abidus, would not out thence, as others did out of their commands; but having made a grave and pithy Oration to the inhabitants, held them firm and constant to the Lacedaemonian party: and when other Commanders which were cast out of their several places, repaired thither, they entertained them lovingly there; and such as came not of themselves, they invited to come. And when a multitude of them were come together, Dercylidas put over to Sestus on the other side, and there entertained all such as were driven out of their commands on the Europaean side; and put the like courage into their hearts, as he had done to the rest in Asia side: telling them that in Asia itself, which from the beginning belonged to the King, sundry places, as Temneus, no great Town, and Egae in Eolia, and other places held still their own, and would not stoop to the Kings obedience, [ Xen. Hellen. 4.]

Pharnabazus purposing to go for Ephesus, [Year of the World 3611] delivered over to Conon 40 ships; and bad him meet him at Sestus. He himself sent Minatory letters to both places, telling them, that unless they rid their hands of the Lacedemonians, he would hold them for his enemies. And when they would not, he commanded Conon to block them up by sea; and he himself went and wasted all the country about Abydus. But finding that that would not bring them to his bent, he left them, and went his way home. But gave order to Conon to deal with the Cities bordering upon the Hellespont, and to provide the greatest Fleet that possibly they could make against the next Spring: and so this Winter was taken up, in these provisions making.

In the beginning of the Spring, [Year of the World b.] having gotten together a mighty Fleet of his own, [The Julian Period. 4321] and hired what else he could besides, [Year before Christ 393] Pharnabazus, taking Conon with him, went thorough the midst of the Islands of the Egaean sea, and came to Melus, one of the Sporades, that from thence, he might the more easily put over, and set foot in Laconia the country of the Spartans. And having there spoiled the country, he purposed to return into Asia: but before he went, Conon prevailed with him to leave the Navy with him; for that with it he would go to Athens, and would repair the long walls there, and fortify the Port of Pyroeum; which, as he said, would trouble the Lacedemonians, nothing more. Glad was Pharnabazus of this offer, and furnished him with monies to do that work. So Conon came to Athens with 80 sail of ships, and presently fell in hand with the repairing of the walls both of the City and Port: and having received 50 talents of money from Pharnabazus, bestowed it all among his fellow-citizens, [ Id. ibid. Diod. year 2. and 3. of the 96. Olympiad. Plut. in his Agesilaus, and Laconical Apophthegmes. Justin lib. 6. cap. 5. Emil. Prob. in the life of Conon. ]

The Lacedemonians hearing this news, [Year of the World d.] dispatched away Antalcidas to Tiribazus, another chief Commander of the Kings, residing at Sardes, to make him, if it were possible, their friend, and to mediate a peace between him and them. Whereupon the Athenians also sent Conon, and sundry others unto him: so did also the Boeotians, and Corinthians, and those of Argos. Now when they were all come before Tiribazus, Antalcidas began, and told him, that he was come to sue for a peace between the King, and his country-men, such as the Kings own heart could wish; for that the Lacedemonians would not stand with him for the Grecian cities in Asia; but would be content if all the Islands and other countries out of Asia, might be free and live according to their own laws: But when all the rest of the Legates, there met, disclaimed that motion, all brake off, and every man returned home again. But Tiribazus, though he saw it was not safe for him to make a league with the Lacedemonians, without the Kings pleasure first known; yet under-hand he furnished Antalcidas with monies to set up their Navy again; that so the Athenians and their confederates might the more easily be wrought to condescend to a peace with the King: and more than that, threw Conon himself into prison at Sardes; charging him as guilty of all that ever the Lacedemonians said of him, and as if he had made use of the Kings soldiers and monies, only to get towns and cities for his country-men the Athenians; and to restore Ionia and Eolia unto them. And that done, made a journey to the King, to inform him of what propositions the Lacedemonians had made unto him; and of what he had done to Conon, and upon what grounds, and to know his pleasure upon all, [ Xen. Hellen. 4. with Plut. in his Laconical Apophthegmes: and in his Agesilaus. Diodorus. 3 year of the 96 Olymiade: Emil. Prob. in the life of Conon. ]

After the decease of Satyrus, King of Bosphorus, succeeded Leuco his son, and reigned 40 years, [ Diod. 4 year of 96 Olympiad. ]

Parysatis the kings mother, had caused by her trusty servant, certain slips of palm trees to be privily hid in the heap of sand and dust, under which Clearchus his body lay casually buried, as I shown before; out of this heap, now after 8 years, there sprang up a wonderful grove of palm trees, which overshadowed all the place, as Ctesias reporteth in his Persica. ] Adding further, that thereupon the King much repented him of his doing him to death, as a man whom the God's themselves respected, [ Ctesias, in the Excerptions of Photios, and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes. ]

Some write that Conon was carried away prisoner to the King, and by him put to death: and among them, Isocrates in his Panegyric. But Dinon, an Historian, and of great authority in Persian matters, says that he escaped out of prison; demurring only upon this, whether with or without Tiribazus his privity and consent, [ Emil. Prob. in his Conon. ]

Whiles Tiribazus was with the King, [Year of the World 3612] the King dispatched away Struthas into the lower Asia, to take charge of the sea: whom when the Lacedemonians perceived to bear a rancor and hatred to them, for the many mischiefs which Alcibiades had done the Persians in those parts; and to be much inclined to the Athenian party, and their confederates, they presently sent away Thimbron to make war upon him, Thimbron passing the sea, came to Ephesus, and from thence, and other places, lying upon the Meander, and out of Priene, Leucophrye, and Achillium, plundered the Kings Countries adjoining, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 4.] for, possessing himself of Ioadae, and of Coressus, a mountain distant from Ephesus some 40 furlongs: and having with him 8000 men, which he brought with him, besides those which he raised in Asia, he made often incursions from thence, and spoiled all provinces and places adjoining, of the Kings subjection, [ Diod. year 3. Olymp. 97.]

After a while, [The Julian Period. 4322] Struthas, [Year before Christ 392] with a great company of horse, five thousand Corselets, and upward of twelve thousand targateers; encamped not far from the Lacedaemonian army; and perceiving that Thimbron kept no good order in drawing out his men upon any service, he sent out some horse into the plain country, willing them to make spoil of what ever came to their hand: and when he saw Thimbron to send out forces by handfulls, and in no military order, to relieve them that were distressed, then he himself, with the main body of his horse, all in good array, drew out and fell upon them, Thimbron himself, and his dear friend Thersander, fell in the very first encounter: which Thersander was a singular minstrel, and a very good soldier withal: Hereupon, the rest of the Grecians fled, and the Persians following the chase, slew some of them, and others they took alive, few escaped; they which did, came safe to Cnidus, and other cities of the Grecians, [ Id. ibid. ]

Ecdicus, [Year of the World 3613] who was sent by the Lacedemonians, [The Julian Period. 4323] with 8 ships, [Year before Christ 391] to help the Banditoes of Rhodes, came to Cnidus; where finding that the Rhodians were grown very strong, by sea and land, and had a fleet twice as bigg as his, he kept himself quiet at Cnidus, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 4. Diod. year 2. Olympiad 97.]

In the same fleet also, they sent Diphridas, with charge to land in Asia, and to man all those cities which had adhered to Thimbron: and that, gathering together the remainder that was left of his great overthrow, and such other as he could get, he should begin the war a fresh upon Struthas, which he did; and among other his good haps, it was his fortune to light upon Tigranes, Strathus his son in law, upon the way as he was going with his wife to Sardes: but let him go, having wrung a great sum of money from him, which came very oportunely to pay his army, [ Xenoph. ibid. ]

Euagoras the K. of Salamis in Cyprus, by the endeavors of his son Protagoras, got almost the whole Island into his subjection, [ Isocrates in his Euagoras. ] and the rest he got into his hand, partly by force, partly by persuasive words: But they of Amathusa, and of Solos, and the men of Citium; sent to pray in aide from Artaxerxes; laying further to his charge that he was the cause of the killing of Argyris, who was, whiles he lived, a confederate of the Persians: and undertook to assist the king in getting the whole Island into his hands. Artaxerxes therefore partly to clip Euagoras his wings, partly out of a desire he had to make Cyprus his own, for the shipping that there was, to defend Asia with, gave order to send aide against Euagoras; and sending away the Ambassadors, commanded all his sea towns in Asia to fall a building what ships possibly they could, with tackle and furniture thereunto belonging; and he himself, going through the cities of upper Asia, raised great store of men, [ Diod. year 2. Olympiad 97.] of all which army, he made Antophradates, the Governor of Lydia, General by land; and Hercatonnus the Commander of Caria, Ammiral at sea, [ Theopomp. in Biblioth. Phot • i, nu. 176.] The later of which yet, instead of making war against Euagoras, under-hand supplied him with monies, to hire him auxiliaries from other parts, [ Diodorus. ut sup. and an. 3. Olympiad 98.]

When the Lacedemonians saw that Ecdicus had not power enough to pleasure their friends, [Year of the World 3614] they called home Telentias from the bay of Corinth, [The Julian Period. 4324] and sent him to succeed Ecdicus in that charge, [Year before Christ 390] with 12 ships: and to support, all he could, the Rhodians who favored the Lacedaemonian party, and to repress their enemies. Telentias therefore coming to Samos, got some more shipping there: and from thence sailed to Cnidus: and there dismissing Ecdicus, fitted himself with a Navy, consisting in all of 27 ships, well furnished, and with them sailed to Rhodes, [ Xen. Hellen. 4. with Diodorus year 2. of the 97 Olympiad. ]

As he was upon his way to Rhodes, he lighted upon Philocrates, who was sailing from Athens to Cyprus with ten ships, to the relief of King Euagoras: all these Telentias took, and carrying the spoil of them to Cnidus, there sold it. And so it fell out, that they who were enemies to the King of Persia, spoiled them who were going to make war against him, [ Xen. ibid. ]

The Athenians perceiving the Lacedemonians to grow strong again at sea, [Year of the World d.] sent out Thrasybulus with a Fleet of 40 sail against them; and he first sailing into Ionia, gathered monies there from their confederates: and because he found all the cities in Asia kind unto him, by reason of that correspondency which was between the King and them, therefore he set sail for Byzantium; and let out the custom of the tenths of every ship that passed that straight to farmers: and then having contracted a league and friendship with them of Chalcedon, he returned out of the Hellespont, [ Id ibid. with Diodorus. year 1. Olympiad 97.]

After which, returning into Asia with his fleet, among others he sent and required a supply of Money, from those of Aspendus, lying with his fleet at the mouth of the river Eurymedon, and they contributed, according to his command; but when, that notwithstanding, some of his company went up into the country, and there plundered their goods: the men of Aspendus, growing into choler thereupon, watched their opportunity, and falling upon them, slew many of them, and among the rest, Thrasybulus himself, as he lay sleeping in his tent, which struck the Athenian cap ains with such a fear, that they presently gat them aboard, and sailed to Rhodes: and the Athenians sent forthwith Argyrius to succeed in Thrasybulus his room, [ Xenoph. Hel. 4. Diodorus. year 3. Olympiad 97.]

The Lacedemonians, though they had little reason to find fault with Dercylidas his doings, yet they sent Anaxibius to succeed him in the government of Abydus, a man, borne up by the favor of the Ephori, and one that promised to do wonders, if he might be furnished with men and money: wherefore they gave him 3 tall ships of war, and money to hire and pay a thousand sea soldiers more. He therefore coming to Abydus, raised land forces with the monies which he brought, and by that means drew off sundry cities of Eolia, from Pharnabazus his party, and wasted the enemies country, and then getting 3 ships more, he annoyed and troubled the Athenians, which used upon that coast, and if he happened to light upon any of their ships straggling, he took and brought them to Abydus, [ Xenohp. Hellen. 4.]

The Athenians hearing thereof, sent Iphicrates (lately returned from Corinth) with 8 ships, and 12 hundred targateers, to maintain what Thrasybulus had gotten, and settled in those parts, against Anaxibius, and coming into Chersones • s; he for his part, and Anaxibius for his, set up a company of Pirates, and land robbers, to carry on the war for them, [ Id. ib. ]

Anaxibus with his hired bands, [Year of the World 3616] and his own country-men, [The Julian Period. 4327] and 200 men out of Abydus, [Year before Christ 387] all corselets went to Antandrus, and was there very kindly received and entertained. Mean while Iphicrates disposed certain ambushments for him, in the passages of the mountains, against he should return from thence to Abydus. The vessels which had wasted him over, in the night season, he caused to row up the Hellespont, that men might conceive him to be abord them, and that he was then going, as at other times he used to do, recollect monies: wherefore, when the men of Abydus, who led the Van, came into the plain which lieth near to a place called Cremastes, (where there are also gold mines) and the rest were coming down the steep of the Hill, and Anaxibus himself, with his Laconian companies following them. Iphicrates with all his men, rose out of their ambushment, and set upon them. Anaxibius finding himself thus entrapt, fought manfully and died, and with him 12 other Lacedemonians, governors of several cities, which were then come unto him; the rest fled, and Iphicrates pursued them to the very gates of Abydus, there perished of the rest some 200, of Abydus itself almost fifty, all Corselets, and then he returned into Chersonesus, [ lib. 4. in. fi. ]

Hierax being sent to succeed Teleutias, in the command of the fleet, he returned home; leaving an incredible desire of him in the hearts of the soldiers, [ Xenophon Hellen. 5.]

Shortly after they sent Antalcidas to succeed Hierax in that charge, [Year of the World 3617] supposing that therein they should exceedingly content and please Tiribazus: [The Julian Period. 4327] and he coming to Ephesus, [Year before Christ 387] left Nicholochus his Lieutenant there; and he with Tiribazus went together to the King, to conclude the peace which was then in agitation, [ Xen. lib. 5. Hel. Diod. year 2. Olympiad 98.]

Nicolochus, to secure Abydus, set sails from Ephesus, and by the way landed at Tenedos, wasted their country, and wrung out of them a large proportion of money, and then went on his journey to Abydus as he intended: mean while the Athenian Captains, which were at Samothrace, Thasus, and other places near adjoining, haststed to come to the relief of Tenedos. But finding that Nicolochus was safely arrived at Abidus, they went out of Chersonesus, with 32 sails of ships, and besieged him as he lay at Abidus with 25 ships, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 5.]

Chabrias was openly sent by the Athenians to the aide of Euagoras, with 800 Targateers, and ten tall men of war, and left not the place till he had subdued the whole Isle; whereby the Athenians got a great reputation in the world, [ Id. ibid. and Emil. Prob. in the Life of Chabrias. ] of the Embassy sent from the Cypriots to the Athenians for their aide, Lysias the Orator, in his oration upon Aristophanes, maketh mention.

Artaxerxes, who could never before abide a Lacedaemonian, but would ever say, ( as Dinon reporteth ) that they were the most impudent of all men living, yet seeing Antalcidas dance, the Leonidas, and the Calicratidas, before him, fell infinitely in love with him: and as he sat at supper, sent him a garland wrought of roses and safron from his own head, dipt all in a most costly ointment, to wear for his sake: whereunto he answering; Sir, saith he, I take, and thank you for, this noble gift and favor: but the perfume of the ointment in it, mars the natural sent, and fragrancie of the flowers, [Plut. in his Artax. and in his Pelopidas, and in his Sympos. lib. 7. ques. 8. Athenaeus Deipnos. lib. 2. Elia. Varia, Histor. lib. 14. c. 39.]

Tiribazus returned from the king and Antalcidas with him; having made a firm league and association of arms, in case the Athenians and their confederates, would not partake in that peace, which he had propounded. Pharnabazus being sent for, went to the king, being then in the upper Asia, and there he married the kings daughter, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 5.]

Antalcidas, presently upon his return, hearing that Iphicrates and Diotimus besieged Nicolochus in Abidus; with all his fleet, went thither by land, and putting to sea by night, gave it out, that he was sent for to Chalcedon, but falling into the port of Percope, he there lay close: four Captains there were of the Athenian party, who hearing that Antalcidas was gone to Chalcedon, purposed to follow him upon the trade-way to Proeconesus. But Antalcidas so soon as they were passed by, came back to Abydus; and by a stratagem, laying 12 principal swift ships, in an Ambushment, intercepted 8 ships, which Thrasybulus the Athenian brought out of Thrace, and thought to have joined with the main body of the Attic fleet: [ Id. ibid. Polyaenus, lib. 2. Stratag. in Antalcida. ]

Antalcides having received 20 sails of ships from Syracusae and the parts of Italy, which were brought him by Polyxenus, and others, as well out of Ionia, from Pharnabazus, as out of those parts which belonged to Ariobarzanes, his old friend, had made up a fleet of 80 sails, and was absolute master of the sea: and thereby forced those ships which coming out of Pontus, were bound for Athens, to turn their course to some port or other, of the Lacedaemonian party; and there to discharge, [ Xenoph. ib. ]

When Tiribazus had summoned all to come in, that would subscribe to the form of a peace propounded by Artaxerxes, all the Grecian Cities, by their Ambassadors, readily came in: unto whom he showing the kings seals affixed to the instrument, he caused it to be read as followeth.

The King Artaxerxes thinks it reason, that the cities which are in Asia, as also the Islands of Clazomenae and Cyprus should be his, and under his command: And all other Cities of Grecians, as well small as great, should be free, and live every of them according to their own laws, except Lemnus, and Imbrus, and Scirus, which as heretofore, so now also, the Athenians shall hold and possess. And as for them which shall not receive this peace, them will I, together with those who shall embrace it, pursue with an open war, by land and by sea, with ships and with moneys. Which when the Ambassadors at their return had reported every of them to his own people, although it grieved them to see the Grecian cities of Asia, for which Agesilaus had so bravely fought, thus foully betrayed into the Kings hand, yet because needs they must, they submitted thereunto, and accepted of the peace, [Xen. Ib. Isocrates in Panathen, Diod. year 2. Olymp. 98. Plutarch in Agesil. and Artaxerx. and in his Laconical Apophtheg. Aristides in his Leutric. 1, and 2.] which peace was published, as [Polyb. lib. 1.] hath observed, 19 years after the sea fight at Egospotamos, and sixteen years before the battle at Leuctra in Boeotia.

When this peace was thus made, Agesilaus, as Xenophon says, was an earnest man to see it observed, and the Lacedemonians made themselves very severe guardians, and defenders of it in Greece. And Artaxerxes wrate a particular letter to Alcibiades, which he sent by a Persian in company of one Callias a Lacedaemonian, wherein he offered him both hospitality and friendship. But Alcibiades accepted neither, but bad the Kings messenger tell his master, that he needed not trouble himself to write letters to him; for if he continued a good friend to the Lacedemonians, he would not fail to continue the like to him; but if he endeavored any ill to them, he should not think that any letters of his, should work him over to his friendship. [Plut. in his Laconical Apophthegmes.]

In those articles of Antalcidas his peace, formerly related out of Xenophon, who could not be ignorant of the particulars thereof, we find that not all the Islands bordering upon Asia, but two of them only, were given up to the King, (though Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes, seems to have been of another mind,) and those were Clazomenae (which as I shown before, in the year of the World 3504, 3505. was then an Island) and Cyprus: the tenor of this peace, now drew Chabrias from thence; when he had indeed already subdued it wholly, and reduced it to the obedience of Euagoras, as I shown before, in requital whereof, Euagoras armed almost every man in the Isle, and mustered a huge army against Artaxerxes: and now Artaxerxes having made a final peace with the Grecians, commanded all his forces to provide themselves for the conquest of Cyprus, [ Diod. 2 year, Olympiad 98.]

Artaxerxes now drew forth three hundred thousand foot; [Year of the World 3618] and furnished withal 300 sails of ships, [The Julian Period. 4328] against Euagoras King of Cyprus: [Year before Christ 386] General of his foot he made his son in law Orontes; Ammiral of his fleet, was Tiribazus, who taking each his charge at Phocea and Cuma, sailed first to Silicia, and from thence, went and landed in Cyprus, where they very vigorously put on the war against Euagoras: and he for his part procured himself supplies of all kinds from the Egyptians, Tyrians, Arabians, and others, enemies to the Persian State: so that he made up a Fleet of 90 sail; of which number, 20 were from Tyre, the rest were his own: and of his land soldiers 6 thousand of his own, and his auxiliaries from other parts, a far greater number. And so having money enough to pay them, his army grew exceeding great, [ Diod. lib. 15. year 3. Olympiad 98.]

Euagoras set on work certain Pirates, of whom he had good store at his command, to fall upon the enemies vessels of loading: of these they took some, sunk others, and the rest durst not put to sea for fear of them. Whence it came that victuals presently failing in the Persian army, some of the hired soldiers killed their Commanders: and a mutiny grew over all the army; so that with much ado could the Coronels at land, and Gaos the chief Officer at sea quiet them: wherefore the whole Navy in a body were fain to set sail for Silicia, and from thence brought they store of provision for the Camp. But Acoris King of Egypt suffered not Euagoras to want either for corn or money, and all other provisions, as much as he wanted, [ Id. ibid. ]

Euagoras finding that his Navy was far too weak for the enemies, furnished out 60 ships more of his own, and besides them had fifty more sent him from King Achoris: so that now his Fleet was 200 fighting ships. And at his first encounter by land, had the better of the enemy; and routed them again at sea, falling suddenly upon their Fleet, as they were sailing to Citium, sunk some of them, and took others; which he found scattered from the body of the Navy. But when the General of the Persian Navy, and the rest of the Commanders had recollected themselves, the fight then grew hot and fierce between them, wherein Euagoras at the first had again the better of it. But when Gaus fell on with all his might, and fought himself very manfully, Euagoras this men fled, with the loss of many of his ships. The Persians therefore having gotten this victory, assembled both their land and sea Forces together at Citium: where fitting themselves with necessaries, they went jointly to besiege Salamis itself the chief city, both by land and sea, [ Ibid. ]

Teribazus immediately after the fight, put over into Silicia, and went to carry Artaxerxes news of the victory: and Euagoras leaving Salamis to be defended by his son Pythagoras, (Protagoras perhaps, of whom I formerly made mention out of Isocrates, in the year of the World 3613.) and committing the charge of the whole Isle to his charge, got out by night with 10 ships only in his company, and sailed into Egypt. Where he persuaded Acoris, with all the power he had to make a war upon the Persian, [ Id. ibid. ]

Euagoras returned into Cyprus, [Year of the World 3619] but with far less store of monies than he expected: [The Julian Period. 4329] and when he there found Salamis Strongly besieged, [Year before Christ 385] and himself abandoned by his confederates, he was fain at last to send to Titibazus, and to treat with him about a peace. Tiribazus who commanded over all in chief, made answer, that he would admit of the motion, provided that he would surrender all Cyprus into the Kings hand, save only Salamis, and pay the King a tribute for that too; and be at his command as a liege vassal ought to be to his Lord and Sovereign. These conditions, as hard as they were, yet was Euagoras fain to submit unto; for he said, he should be subject to him, as one King to another; not as a slave to his master: and yet this would not content Tiribazus neither; [ Diodorus. year 4. Olympiad 98.]

But Orontes the other Commander in chief, envying the honor of Tiribazus, sending away privily letters to the King, his father in law, among other matters, laid to his charge, that he intended a rebellion; and that under-hand he had confederated with the Lacedemonians, and used all means, to oblige to himself, all the principal Captains and Commanders of the army. To all which the King giving hasty credit: gave Orontes a commission to seize on his person, and to send him to him, [ Id. ibid. ]

Orontes, fearing Tiribazus, seized on him by this wile. There was a house which had a great vault in it: over this vault he set a bed not corded, but covered over with tapistry, and many costly coverledes: then desired Tiribazus to come unto him, pretending a conference about some urgent matters; and Tiribazus coming in, sat him down upon the bed, and thorough that fell into the vault: and being there caught, was sent away fast bound in chains to the King, [ Polyaen. stratag. lib. 7.]

Orontes now commanding all in Cyprus, when he saw that Euagoras had taken fresh courage, and endured the siege more stoutly than before; and his soldiers repining at Tiribazus his misfortune, received no commands, and left the siege: admitted Euagoras to a peace upon such terms as Tiribazus had propounded to him: to wit, that paying a yearly tribute to the king, he should continue king of Salamis, and as a king should be obedient in all things to the king. And so this war of Cyprus, which had lasted ten years, whereof yet the far greatest part was spent in preparation making, and two years only in the war itself, came to an end; and the king having consumed 50 thousand talents in it, when all was done, 〈◊〉 Euagoras in the same state he was in, when the war began, [ Isocrates in his Euagoras, Diod. year 4 Olympiad 98.]

Gaus, Vice-Amm • ral of the Navy, and son in law to Tiribazus, fearing least, as a man privy to Tiribazus his designs, he might perchance be made away for company, bethought himself of falling off, and revolting from the King. And having wealth and soldiers enough, and the chief Captains of the Navy wholly at his devotion, confederated forthwith with Acoris king of Egypt, and the Lacedemonians, to make a war upon Artaxerxes, [ Diod. ib. ]

Artaxerxes following herein the example of Cambyses, [ Herod. lib. 5. cap. 25. Valer. Max. lib. 6. cap. 3.] caused certain of his Judges to be flayed alive, and their skins to be hung up over the Judgment seats, that they which sat therein, knowing what hungover their heads, might be the more careful to do justice unto his people, [ Diodoru ibid. ]

Artaxerxes leading with him an army of 300 thousand men against the Cadusii a people lying between the Euxine and the Caspian seas, [Year of the World 3620] [ Diodorus. Olymp. 98. year 4. Plut. in Artaxerxes. ] [The Julian Period. 4330] In this war there fell many a Great man on either side, [Year before Christ 384] but among others of that of the kings party, one Camissares, a Carian born, a stout and a valiant man, whom the King had made Commander of that part of Silicia, which lies next to Cappadocia, inhabited by the Leucosyrians, and in honor of him, the king made his son Datames governor in his room, who also did the king singular service in this war, [ Emil. Prob. in the Life of Datames. ]

Artaxerxes with his army in this war, was brought to suck extremity, that hardly could a man buy an Asses head for 60 Drachmes: and was relieved by Teribazus, who lived then a poor neglected and contemptible gentleman in the army, in this manner. There were at that time two Kings of the Cadusians, and they held their camps apart, He therefore making the King first acquainted with it, went himself to one of them, and sent his son privily to the other; and each of them deceived his man: persuading him, that the other had underhand sent to Artaxerxes, to make a peace with him for himself, and to leave the other out. Hereupon, each sent his Ambassadors, the one with Teribazus, the other with his son to the King, and he made peace with both, and so the war was ended, [ Plut. in Artaxerxes. ]

Upon this, the King referred the cognizance of Teribazus his cause to three honorable persons, before whom he made his innocence so to appear, and withal his services to the King, to have been so great, that they all assoil'd him, and the King ever after held him in very high esteem, and heaped great honors on him: as for Orontes, he was condemned for a false accuser, thrust out of the kings favor, and held for an ignominious person ever after, [ Diod, year. 4. Olympiad 98,]

Whiles Gaus was in Cyprus, the Grecians which there served under him, wrote letters against him into Ionia; and to find out who they were, and what they wrote, took this course: he provided a ship, and fitted her with Mariners, and the master gave it out, that he was going for Ionia; and lingered out the time, to get as many letters aboard, as possibly he could, and at last set out: but turning short, came back into a creek, not far from the place whence he went: thither Orontes went on foot; and causing all the letters aboard to be delivered into his hands, red them; and finding who they were that had written against him, he put them all to death with torments, [ Polyaen. Stratag. lib. 7. in Gaus, instead whereof, it is miswritten, Alos and Glos. ]

Gaus, [Year of the World 3621] when he had stirred up both the Egyptians and Lacedemonians to engage in a war against the Persian, [The Julian Period. 4331] was killed, [Year before Christ 383] I know not how, nor by whom, and so went not on, with what he had intended. But after his death, Tachos, going on upon his grounds, got an army, and built him a town upon a high hill, joining upon the sea, called Leuca, where also he built a Chapel for Apollo: but he coming also to die shortly after, the Clazomenians, and they of Cuma, fell to strife about the possession of it, and the Clazom • nians made the more hast, and got it; and so all rebellions in Asia were laid asleep: the Lacedemonians also, Gaus and Tachos, both being now dead; cast off all care of Asia, and would have no more to do with it, [ Diodorus year. 2. Olympiad 94.]

When Pharnostratus was Lord Chancelor of Athens, [Year of the World 3622] in the month Possideon, in the 366 year of Nabonassars account, on the 26 day of the Egyptian month, Thoth, in the entering upon the 23 of our Decemb. five hours and an half after midnight, there was a small eclipse of the moon observed at Babylon, [ Hipparch, in Ptol. in his great Syntax. lib. 4. cap. ult. ]

In the same man's time, in the month Scirrophorion, [The Julian Period. 4332] and in the same year of Nabonassar, [Year before Christ 382] on the 24 day of the month Phammenoth the 18 day of our June, ending 5 hours and one half before midnight, there was another Eclipse of the moon observed in the same place, [ Id. ib. ]

When Euander was Lord Chancelor of Athens, [Year of the World 3623] in the former month of Possideon, in the 367 year of Nabonassars account, the 16 day of the month Thoth, in the end of the 12 day of our December, two hours and a half before mid-night, there was a third Eclipse of the Moon, and that a total one, in the same place, [ Id. ibid. ]

Acoris King of Egypt, [The Julian Period. 4627] bearing formerly a grudge to the King of Persia, [The Julian Period. 4337] now set himself to gather a vast army of strangers, [Year before Christ 377] especially out of Greece; of whom he made Chabrias the Athenian General: He, though without any order from, or consent of the state there, yet took this charge upon him in Egypt, and prepared himself, all that possibly he could, for this war against the Persian. But Pharnabazus, whom Artaxerxes had made General of his army for this war, when he made huge preparations for it, sent messengers to Athens, and there charged Chabrias, for offering his service to the Egyptians, thereby to alienate the good affection of Artaxerxes from their state; and withal, desired that they would send unto him Iphicrates, their Captain. The Athenians therefore, who were principally desirous to endear the king unto them, and to keep Pharnabazus their good friend, sent presently for Chabrias out of Egypt, and gave Iphicrates charge to go and help Pharnabazus, [ Diodorus, an 4. Olympiad 100.]

Iphicrates having the charge of the hired soldiers of his army, amounting to 12 thousand, committed to him by Artaxerxes, made them by continual training and exercise, so expert in the art military, that as among the Romans, afterward, a skillful soldier, was commonly called a Fabian Soldier, so then from Fabius, such a one went by the name of an Iphicratian soldier, from Iphicrates among the Grecians, [ Emil. Prob. in his Iphicrates, ] Now Pharnabazus spent many years in preparing for this war. And Iphicrates upon a time, finding him a man so voluble in his speech, and so slow in his actions, asked him the reason: the reason, quoth he, is, because I am master of my words, but the King of my actions, [ Diodorus, year 3. Olympiad. 101.]

After Hecatonus Mausolus was made governor of Caria, and so continued for 24 years, [ Diod. year 4 of Oymp. 106.] having married Artemisia the elder of his two sisters. [ Strabo lib, 14.]

After Acoris in Egypt, [Year of the World 3628] reigned Psammuthis, [The Julian Period. 4338] 1 year. [Year before Christ 376]

And after him, [Year of the World 3629] came Nepherites, [The Julian Period. 4339] the last of the Dynasty of the Mendesians, [Year before Christ 375] and sat 4 months, and then arose the first of the Dynasts of the Sabennitae, called Nectanabis, and reigned 12 years,

Artaxerxes being now to make a war upon Egypt, to get the more more aide thereto out of Greece, sent his Ambassadors thither, to move them to make a general peace among themselves; upon these terms, that every city should from thence forth live according to their own laws, and should have no garrisons among them. This motion all the cities of Greece embraced, save only the Thebans, and they refused, [ Diod. year. 2. Olymp. 101.]

When all Artaxerxes his army was come together at Acon in Syria, [Year of the World 3630] upon a muster, [The Julian Period. 4340] there were found of other nations 200 thousand under Pharnabazus, [Year before Christ 374] and 20 thousand Grecians, under the conduct of Iphicrates, and the Navy, besides, ships of burden, and vessels for other uses, consisted of 300 ships, each of 3 stories high, of oars, and 200 of 30 oars a piece; the first sort called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Greek, the other 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . In the beginning of the Summer, ( i. e. ) in the first of the spring, the Persian Navy setting sails for Egypt, came to the frontier town, towards Syria, called Pelusium, which they found exceedingly well fortified by Nectanabis: wherefore they put of to sea again, and being out of kenning, they steered their course for Mendesium, a city standing upon another of the mouths of Nile, and where the shore runs a great way out from the land; there they landed three thousand men, and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, both went to surprise a fort, standing upon the very mouth of the river. But when there came 3 thousand horse and foot of the Egyptians, to the defense of the place; there grew a fierce skirmish between them: wherein at last, the Egyptians, overlaid with the multitude of Persians which came thronging out of the ships to help their fellows, and being wholly enclosed by them, suffered a great slaughter, many of them also were taken, and the rest fled to a little town thereby. But Iphicrates his men pursuing them, entered pell mell with them into the gate, and took it, and rased it to the ground, and carried away the inhabitants thereof prisoners, [ Diodorus. year 3. Olympiad 101.]

Iphicrates then gave counsel to go presently by water to assault Memphis, the Metropolis of all Egypt, unprovided at that time of any garrison, and before the Egyptian forces came in to defend it, Pharnabazus said no; but he would stay till his land forces came, and so they should set upon it, with less danger. By this means the Egyptians gat time enough to put in what supplies they would into Memphis, and from thence made sundry sallies upon the small town which the Persians, as I said before, had seized on; and skirmished frequently with them, and made great slaughter of them. And when now the time of the year came that Nile used to overflow, it covered all the country thereabouts, and served for a fortification to it. Wherefore the Persian Commanders, thinking it no boot to strive against nature, were of opinion to withdraw from thence for the present: and so all that huge preparation came to nothing, [ Id. ibid. ]

Now, so soon as they were returned into Asia, Pharnabazus fell out with Iphicrates: and he fearing least hereupon he might be thrown in prison as Conon was, got aboard presently in the dark, and came for Athens. And Pnarnabazus sent thither after him, and there laid to his charge, that he was the cause, why Egypt was not recovered. To whom the Athenians made this answer; that they themselves would see him punished, if they saw he deserved it; yet presently after they made him Ammiral of all their Fleet, [ Id. ib. ]

Nicocles an Eunuch in Cyprus, murdered Euagoras, and made himself King of Salamis in his room: as Diodorus in this years relation hath it. And indeed that he was murdered by an Eunuch, [ Aristotle 5. of his Politicks, cap. 10.] tells us: but that his name that did it was Thrasydaeus, we learn out of Theopompus, in [ Biblioth. Photii. nu. 176.] where he shows that Euagoras, by this Eunuchs means, got to lie with the daughter of Nicocreon (that tyrant of Cyprus, who, as Plutarch in his life reports, invited Isocrates to supper,) and that that was the cause of his death. For that Nicocles was Euagoras his own son, and succeeded him in his kingdom at Salamis, and had children of his own, appears out of Isocrates; who had of him 20 talents for an Oration of his written and sent unto him; as [ Plutarch in the life of Isocrates reporteth ] which Oration of his, entitled to Nicocles, of a kingdom, or kingly function, we have yet extant: and another entitled Nicocles: wherein, in the person of Nicocles, is set down the duty of the subject to his Prince; as also a third called his Euagoras; which is nothing but a funeral Oration made upon him; for whereas Nicocles in this very year solemnised his fathers Funeral, not only in a costly and magnificently pompous manner; but also with all manner of Games, of Music, and Dancing, and Wrestling, and fights of Ships by Sea, and Horses by land: Isocrates therefore wrote this Oration to him, in praise and commendation of his father, conceiving that this would serve both Nicocles himself, and his sons and children after them, for an example and exhortation of well-doing in that kind. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , &c. supposing, saith he, that this will serve both you and your children, and other the descendants of Euagoras, for a most fair encouragement to your well-doing, [ Isocrates in his Euagoras. ] Whence we may amend that error in Diodorus, and say; as the truth is, that Euagoras was murdered by Thrasidaeus an Eunuch, and that his own son Nicocles succeeded him in his kingdom of Salamis.

When Alcisthenes was Lord Chancelor at Athens, [Year of the World 3633] Artaxerxes, [The Julian Period. 4343] seeing Greece fallen into new broils among themselves, [Year before Christ 371] sent Abassadors again to exhort them to live in peace each with other, according to the late establishment: and thereupon the cities of Greece fell to accord again, and bound themselves by an oath to the observance of it, all save the Thebans. And now there being a full peace made and sworn between the Athenians, Lacedemonians, and the King, Iphicrates was called home again with his Fleet, [ Diod. year 1. Olymp. 102. with Xenoph. Hellen. lib. 6. and Diony. Halicarnas. in the life of Lysias. ]

Plutarch in the life of Agesilaus, showeth that this peace was concluded and made among the Grecians at Lacedemon upon the 14 of the month Scirrophorion with the Athenians, and in the last month of Arcisthenes his Chancelorship there, upon the 16 day of our July.

The Lacedemonians having received that great overthrow given them at Leuctra by Epaminondas, [Year of the World 3634] sent forthwith Agesilaus into Egypt, [The Julian Period. 4344] and Antalcidas to Artaxerxes, [Year before Christ 371] to get monies. But Antalcida his suit was by Artaxerxes rejected with so much scorn and indignation, that at his return, so very spite, he had been so used by the enemy, and fear of what might betide him from the Ephori, he forbare his meat, and starved himself to death, [ Plut. in Artax. ]

Philiscus of Abidus, [Year of the World 3635] sent by Artabarzanes, [The Julian Period. 4345] one of Artaxerxes his Lord's into Greece, [Year before Christ 369] to compose matters between the Thebans and their confederates, and the Lacedemonians; summoned them all to Delphi, where when the Thebans stood upon it, that Messene should not be for the Lacedaemonian jurisdiction, he grew so offended at it, that leaving 2 thousand of his most choice men to assist the Lacedemonians against them, he returned into Asia, [ Xenoph. Hellen. 7. Diod. year 4. Olymp. 102.]

The Thebans affecting now the Principality of Greece, [Year of the World 3636] thought good to send their Ambassadors to the King of Persia; [The Julian Period. 4349] and to that end, [Year before Christ 368] called their confederates together, and pretending that Euthycles of Lacedemon was already with the King, they dispatched away to him Pelopidas of Thebes itself, Antiochus the Pancratiast of Arcadia, Archidamus of Eleus, a Town in Thrace, with one other out of Argos: which coming to the Athenians ears, they dispatched away also their Ambassadors to the King; Timagoras and Leontes. And among them all Pelopidas appeared most gracious in the kings eye, and next him Timagoras; and were of all others most honourably entreated by him, [ Xen. Hellen. 7.]

Ismenias of Thebes joint Commissioner with Pelopidas in this Embassy, when, being brought by Tithraustes the Chiliarch, to the presence of the king, he was bid to prostrate himself before him: let fall his ring before him; and presently falling all along, took it up again: and so being conceived to have done it to the king, obtained whatever he asked of him, [ Plut. in Artax. Elia. Var. Hist. lib. 1. cap. 21.]

Timagoras the Athenian, sent a letter of intelligence at the same time by one Bubaris his Secretary, and had for his pains a thousand Darics; and had moreover a rich supper sent him to his lodging: whereupon the kings brother Ostanes, said unto him; Remember Timagoras this supper; for it is not sent you, for any small purpose: which sounded rather as an upbraiding of some treason to him, than any congratulation of the gift, so sent unto him, [ Plut. ib. ] It is said also that the king gave him 80 Cowes, which because he was sickly, should afford him milk upon his way homeward: and a costly bed and furniture, with some servants to make it, because the Grecians skilled not of such matters: and moreover, caused him to be carried all along to the sea side in a Lictier, because of his infirmity; giving those which carried him 4 talents for their pains, [ Id. ib. and in his Pelopidas ] But [ Athenae. lib. 2.] having told us that this Timagoras, after his prostration to the king, was used with great honor by him, adds only, that the King sent him some dishes from his own table. As for that costly bed and furniture, and men to make it, as if the Grecians knew not how to make a bed; sent by Artaxerxes, he says it was to one Timagoras of Crete, or Eutimus of Gortyna in Crete, as Phanias the Peripatetic calls him.

Pelopidas, being so gracious with the king, gat letters from him, wherein the king commanded that Messene should be exempt from the Lacedaemonian jurisdiction: and the Athenians required to draw up their ships: and if they obeyed not, proclaimed open war against them both; and if any city refused to follow him in this war; then that city was first of all others to be made an example. And when Leontes spake openly and said, that it was time for the Athenians to look them out and provide new friends instead of the king: Artaxerxes bad add, that if the Athenians did not like it, they should come and show cause, why not, [ Xen. Hellen. 7.]

When the Ambassadors came home, the Athenians took Timagoras, and for his prostration to the King, struck off his head: taking it amiss that the glavering flattery of one citizen of theirs, should subject the whole honor of the Athenian Sate to the domineering power of the Persian: so says, [ Valer. Max. lib. 5. cap. 3.] Where I know not by what mistake, Darius is crept into the text instead of Artaxerxes. Others say it was, for his base acceptance of the Kings gifts: of which a man may see more in, [ Plutarch in his Artax. and Pelopidas. ] But Xenophon says, that he was accused by Leontes his collegue: for that he would not so much as keep in one lodging with him, and communicated all his counsels with Pelopidas: which no doubt was the chief cause of his being put to death.

The Thebans summoning all the cities of Greece to hear the Kings letters read, and they being publicly read by the Persian that brought them, who first shown them the Kings seal, put to them; they required all, who would be friends to the king and the Thebans, to take an oath for the observance of the contents of those letters. But when the Legates first, and afterwards the Cities themselves, refused that oath: all that Embassage to Artaxerxes, and the principality and sovereignity of Greece so much affected by Pelopidas and the Thebans came to naught, [Year of the World 3638] [ Xen. Hellen. [The Julian Period. 4347] 7.]

Jubilie 22. [Year before Christ 367]

Artaxerxes sending another Embassage into Greece to require them to put an end to these wars, [Year of the World a.] [Year of the World d.] and to make a peace among themselves; [The Julian Period. 4348] in the end, [Year before Christ 366] prevailed with them, [ Diodorus. an. 3. Olymp. 103.]

Eudoxus the Cnidian, surnamed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Endoxos: ( i. e.) the famous, was in his prime at this time. He going into Egypt with Chrysippus a Physician, carried with him letters of commendation from Agesilaus to Nectunabis: and he commended him over to the Priests there: where being upon a time with Iconuphi of Heliopolis, (whom Clemens Alexan. in the first book of his stromat. calleth Conuphis ) Apis came, and all to belicked his cloak: whereupon the Priests said presently, that he should grow very famous, but should not be long-lived: as Phavorinus in his Commentaries saith. He having stayed in Egypt one year and four months, shaving himself all over, to his very eye-brows, wrote the Octoeris, as some report, of which we in our discourse of the Macedonian and Asiatic year. [cap. ult.] have said somewhat. From thence he is said to have travailed to Cyzicum, and Propontis, and to have spread his philosophy in those parts, and so to have come to Mausolus, [ Diog. Laertius in his Eudoxus, ] others say, that this Eudoxus went in company with Plato in Egypt, and they both conversed 13 years space, with the Priests there, as we read in Strabo, [lib. 17.]

At Heraclea in Pontus, [Year of the World 3639] when the common people there, [The Julian Period. 4349] desired all bills and bonds to be cancelled, [Year before Christ 365] ( i. e. ) all debts to be released, and all lands to be cast into a hotch potch and equally shared among them, the better sort, sent both to Timothy, Prince of Athens, and also to Epaminondas, of the Thebans for help against them; but failing of their hope, they sent for Clearchus home, whom they had formerly cast • n to exile, and prayed his aide to repress them, [ Justin lib.. 16. c. 4.]

Clearchus, [Year of the World 3640] supposing the dissention of the people, [The Julian Period. 4350] to be a fit occasion for him to attain to the sovereinty of the city, [Year before Christ 364] dealt secretly with Mithridates King of Pontus, who was in hostility with his country, and agreed with him; that being called home into his country, he should deliver the city into his hands, and hold it afterward as governor under him. And having set a time, when to deliver the city into Mithridates his hand, took him, when he came about it, and all his friends that came with him prisoners, and wrung a great mass of money out of them, and so let them go: and then, as he made himself an unexpected enemy of a friend to him; so instead of maintaining the rich men's cause against the people, he made himself a patron and leader on of the common sort against them; and did not only incense the people against them, but fell to exercising of acts of tyranny and cruelty upon them. For when the people had put the supremacy, and all power into his hands, he cast 60 of the chief of them (for the rest were fled) into prison, and having first taken away their goods, then put them all to death likewise, [ id. ib. ] and setting Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracusae before him for a pattern in all things to follow, he held the place 12 years, [ Diodorus. year 1. of the 104 Olymp. with the Collections of Photios in his Biblioth. out of Memmon the Historiographer of Heraclea, num. 224.]

Tachos, whom Polyaenus [lib. 7. Sratagem. ] [The Julian Period. 4351] calls Thamos, [Year before Christ 363] Aristotle [ lib. 2.] of his Oeconomics Taos, and Julius Africanus, Teos, reigned in Egypt, two years.

With this year Xenophon concludes his 7 books of his Grecian history, and Anaximes Lampsacenus the first part of his: where beginning from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , that is, the generation of the gods, and beginning of man kind, he endeth with the battle of Manthinea, wherein Epaminondas was slain, comprehending in 12 volums, almost whatever pas • ed among either the Greeks or Barbarians, [ Diod. year 2. 104 Olympiad, ] and in the second part he sets down all the gests of Philip of Macedon and his son, Alexander the great, [ Pausa. 2. of his Eliaca. ]

When Mithradates king of Pontus was dead, Ariobarzanes, the Governor of Phrygia under Artaxerxes, seized on the kingdom of Pontus, and held it by the space of 26 years, [ Diodorus year 3. Olympiad 104. and year 4. of Olympiad 110.]

Clearchus the Tyrant of Heraclea, when he found that the chief men and Aldermen of Heraclea, which were fled from thence, stirred up all the neighbouring cities and states against him, he manumised and set at liberty all their servants, and gave them their masters wifes and daughters in marriage, threatening those that would not, with death; that hereby he might make those slaves the more sure and trusty to himself, and the more deadly enemies to their masters. But when the women reckoned these doleful marriages to be worse than death itself, many of them before their marriage, many after, having first murdered their new husbands, slew themselves: at last they came to battle, where the Tyrant getting the victory took the chief men and Aldermen prisoners, and led them in triumph thorough the city, in sight of all the people, and then laid some of them in irons, others upon the rack, others he put to death, leaving no corner of the city free from sight and sense, of his cruelty, [ Justin lib. 16. cap. 5.]

The Lacedemonians fell flat out with Artaxerxes, [Year of the World 3642] for that professing himself to be their friend and confederate, [The Julian Period. 4352] he had yet commanded them to part with Messene out of their hands, [Year before Christ 362] and to make the Messenians a distinct member, in the league and confederacy of Greece, [ Xenoph. in his Agesilaus, and Diod. year 3. Olymp. 104.] and with them joined Ariobarzanes, the Governor of Phrygia, who, as I said before, upon the decease of Mithridates, had seized on and possed himself of the kingdom of Pontus. [ Diodorus. ib. ]

Autophrades the Governor of Lydia, besieging Ariobarzanes in Assos, a city of Troas, for fear of Agesilaus, who being now old, came into Asia, only to raise money for his country, brake up his siege, and fled; and Cotys, who lay before Sestus, which was at that time under Ariobarzanes his command, brake likewise up his siege, and gat him packing. Mausolus also, which besieged Assus, and Sestus, both with an hundred ships by sea; not thorough fear, but upon persuasion drew off, and returned home with his Fleet: and furnishing Agesilaus with monies for his countries use, sent him fairly away, [ Xenoph. in his Agesilaus. ] Of which Ariobarzanes, and of his being besieged by Autophradates in Adramytium, [ Polyaenus also lib. 7.] maketh mention.

Mausolus, calling his friends together, bare them in hand, that Artaxerxes, unless he satisfied him forthwith with an excessive sum of money, would deprive him of his principality, which he held by inheritance from his father: which they believing, brought him, in an instant, an infinite sum of money, [ Polyenus lib. 7. stratag. ] compared with [ Aristot. in his Oeconomics: ] which having once fingered, he was so far from giving it to Artaxerxes, that therewith he confederated presently with those Governors and Captains which then were up in arms against him; for there rebelled at this time against him, of the Ionian nation, all Lycia, Pisidia, Pamphilia, and Silicia; and besides these, the Syrians and Phoenicians, and almost all that border upon the Asiatic sea; Tachos also king of Egypt, proclaimed open war against him, and was busy everywhere in building of ships and raising of forces; especially out of all parts of Greece, and got the Lacedemonians themselves to confederate and join with him, [ Diod. year 3. Olympiad 104.]

All these rebelling at once against Artaxerxes, he lost one half of his revenues coming into his cofers. And the remainder sufficed not for the necessary use of the war, considering that he was to maintain a war all at once, against the king of Egypt, and all the Grecian cities and countries in Asia; against the Lacedemonians and their confederates; to wit, all the Lord's and Captains which held the Maritime towns and regions in all Asia under their command, [ Id. ib. ]

The king of Egypt sent for Agesilaus to come unto him, promising to make him General of his army, [ Xenoph. in his Agesilaus. ] And he being sent thither by his country, laid out the monies which Tachos had sent him for himself, in levying soldiers for his service. And having stored his ships with men, and taking along with him 30 Spartan Commissioners for his Council of War, went with a thousand Corselets into Egypt, [ Plut. in his Agesilaus: and Diodorus. ut sup. ] When the report of his landing came to the Courtiers ears in Egypt, happy was he that could first send in presents to him; but when they came, and saw no attendance about him, only a decrepit and wearisome old man, lying along upon the beach, sloven-like, and of a small stature, in a course thredbare cloak, they contemned and scorned him; and much more did they loath his fordid and insulse behavior, when they saw, that of those rich presents and provisions of diet which were sent in to him of all sorts, he would take some meal, and a veale perhaps, or a goose for himself, and throw away the dainties and sweet meats, and precious ointments to his soldiers, [ Plut. and Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus. ] The King of Egypt himself also, performed not with him, nor made him General of his army, according to his promise, [ Xen. in his Agesilaus. ] Deriding him for the smallness of his stature: and said, that he weened the old Proverb was true, The hills were great with young, and were delivered of a mouse: which when Agesilaus heard, he said in a rage, I will one day seem a Lyon unto him, [Athenae. lib. 14. with Plutarch.]

Chabrias the Athenian, was not sent by public authority, as Alcibiades was, but upon the persuasion of Tachos, served him as a private man, [ Diod. and Plutarch. ] Who when he saw the King in some distress for want of money, advised him to take up what monies possible he could of the richer sort of the country, and promise them payment out of his yearly revenues: and by this means, he gathered an infinite sum of money without wrong to any, [ Polyae. strat. lib. 3.] and Aristotle [ 2. of his Oeconomics. ] reckons up a great many the like shifts that he made for the getting of monies, at this time.

They which rebelled in Asia, made Orontes the Governor of Mysia their Commander in chief: who having received monies enough to pay 20 thousand hired soldiers for one whole year; took first those who had contributed these monies and sent them prisoners to Artaxerxes, and then betrayed sundry other cities and castles, and companies of hired soldiers, to such Lieutenants as the King had sent into those parts, [ Diodorus. year 3. Olymp. 104.] of this war managed by Orontes and Autophradates and other Captains of the Kings, [ Polyaenus lib. 7. stratag. maketh also mention. ] But for as much as Diodorus assures us, that in the last year of Artaxerxes Mnemon, both Autophradates and Orontes, and other Commanders, fell all off from him; we must of necessity conclude, that Autophradates stood for his son Artaxerxes Ochus, and that it was Orontes which made the war against him.

Artabazus, who commanded Artaxerxes Mnemons army, falling upon Cappadocia, Datames the Governor of that Province, met him with a strong body of horse, and 20 thousand foot, of mercenaries; but then Mithrabarzanes his father in law, and General of his horse, stale away from him by night with all his horse, and fled to Artabazus, and truly he and they, had their wages well paid them for such their treachery, for it fell out, that they were set upon, and hewed in pieces, by both the armies, both that to which, and that from which they fled: and Diodorus addeth, that Artaxerxes being informed, that Datames had brought him this noose, by putting a trick upon him; made all the haste he could to rid his hands of him, and that shortly after, he caused him privily to be made away: but it appears out of Emil. Prob. that Datames lived long after this: Whose actions, as he acknowledges them to have been carried all along in an obscure way, so he says, that himself was the more inquisitive and diligent in searching out and describing the concavities of them: which he doth in such wise, as a man may easily discern, that what he did was all in Artaxerxes Ochus his time.

Rheomithres was sent by the united Lord's into Egypt, where having gotten 500 talents, and 50 tall ships, he returned with them to Leucas in Asia: and having sent for many of the principal of them to come thither to him, he laid hold of them, and sent them all away prisoners to Artaxerxes; and by this act of his, reingraciated himself with the King, who was formerly displeased with him, [ Diodorus year 3 Olympiad 104.]

Tachos, having now fitted himself with all things necessary for the war, gave the command of the 10 thousand men, which he had hired out of Greece to Agesilau • ; but his fleet consisting of 200 sails, to Chabrias (which with what care and cunning he furnished with rowers, [ Polyae. lib. 7. Stratag. ] showeth) and his foot army consisting of 80 thousand Egyptians, to Nectanabus, his, or rather, his brother or sisters son, for the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in the Greek sign fieth either; but reserved to himself the oversight and general-ship of all. And although Agesilaus persuaded him, to carry on this war by his Lievtenants, and to stay himself in Egypt; yet he would not, [ Diod. ib. ] nevertheless, Agesilaus, beneath himself, and contrary to his own humor, attended him by sea into Phoenicia, [ Plutarch in his Agesilaus. ]

Whiles the Egyptian fleet, lay in Phenicia, Nectanabus was sent to take in some principal cities of Syria; where having compacted with him whom Tachos had left for Governor of Egypt in his absence, he proclaimed himself King of Egypt; and drew the commanders of the army by large gifts, and the soldiers by no less large promises, to side it with him against his father, [ Diod. ut su. ]

Tachos being now utterly deserted, both by his own subjects, and also by Agesilaus, whom he had formerly offended by that base jest put upon him, fearing the worst, fled thence to Sidon in Phenicia, and from thence, to the King of Persia, as besides Xenophon and Plutarch. Theopompus and Lysias of Naucratis, in his affairs of Egypt, both cited by Athenaeus [in his 14 book, 4 chapter, ] report. Diodorus and Elian say further, that he was very graciously entertained by Artaxerxes, though I cannot believe Diodorus in this, that Artaxerxexs presently made him general of all the forces which he had then raised to make a war upon Egypt, and that with them he returned into Egypt, and was there reinthroned by Agesilaus, neither yet, [ Elian, lib. 5. Var. Histor. c. 1.] where he telleth us, that having formerly used to live frugally at home, he now died with overgorging himself with excess of diet, after the Persian manner, seeing that Lynceus or Lyceas, whom I mentioned before, teacheth us that his Egyptian diet was far more sumptuous, than that of the Persian was, [ cited by Athenaeus, lib. 4. cap. 10. Deip. ]

After this, another set up himself against him in Mendes, with an army of 100 thousand men, [ Plut. in his Agesilaus. ] So when there were now 2 Kings in Egypt, Agesilaus followed him whom he saw most to favor his Country men the Lacedemonians, [ Xen. in Agesilaus. ] and that was Nectanebus; with whom he endured a strong siege in a Castle. But when Nectanebus grew impatient of being thus shut up; and would needs hazard himself upon a battle, Agesilaus lest him, and stayed behind in the castle, till the whole Castle was quite surrounded with works, and the enemy about them, all save a little space, where there was yet a passage left: then sallied he out at that narrow passage, and made his way through with a great slaughter of the enemy, having their works at his back, so that they could not enclose him round, [ Plut. in Agesil. Polyae. stratag. lib. 2. with Diod. year 3. Olymp. 104.] where yet he hath by mistake Tachos, instead of the King of Mendes.

As for the other king, [Year of the World b.] which bare a hatred to the Greek nation, [The Julian Period. 4353] Agesilaus overthrew him in a fight, [Year before Christ 361] and took him prisoner: but restored the other to his kingdom: and made him a firm friend to the Lacedaemonian State, [ Xenophon in Agesilaus. ] Though Emil. Prob. attribute this restitution of the king, to Chabrias: the reason whereof was, because it was indeed done by the joint work of the Lacedemonians, and Athenians. Now from this time to the putting of Nectanebus from the kingdom, Diodorus reckons 12 year; which was indeed the true term of his reign, not 18, as Affricanus and Eusebius have it.

Nectanebus entreated Agesilaus very earnestly, to spend that winter with him; but he hasted homeward; for that Sparta was then engaged in a war; and he knew they wanted money: and maintained a foreign army: wherefore he dismissed him very honourably; and gave him, besides all other gifts, 230. or, as Emil Probus hath it, 220 thousand talents. [ Plut. in Ages. ]

Agesilaus having fingered this money, hasted him homeward, though in the dead of winter; for fear least the Lacedemonians should spend the next summer idle, and do nothing against their enemies. [ Xen. in Agesil. ] But being cast by a tempest upon a desert shore, called Menelai, Portus, (i. ) Menelaus his Port, lying between Cyrene and Egypt, he there fell sick and died. There his friends for want of wax, made him up with honey and so carried him to Sparta, [ Plutarch and Emilius Probus, in Agesilaus. ] and Diodorus saith that his body so brought thither, was there enterred, in a most royal manner, [ year 3. Olymp. 104.]

Ochus, [Year of the World c.] the lawful son of Artaxerxes, because his base brother Arsames, was very tenderly beloved of his father, caused him to be murdered by Harpates the son of Tiribazus, and Artaxerxes hearing what was betided to his so much beloved son, took it presently to heart, and died of grief, [ Plut. in Artaxerxes. ]

Ochus, knowing that his father while he lived, was by his people, and that himself after his death would be, nothing regarded, dealt so with the Chiliarch, the Eunuchs, and others about him, that his death was kept close ten months after, and in the mean time dispatched away letters into all parts in the kings name, with his seal to them, requiring every man to receive Ochus for their king, [ Polyae. lib. 7. Stratag. ]

Clearchus the Tyrant of Pontus, had a son born him at Heraclea, whom he called Dionysius, who lived 55 years, witness Athenaeus, lib. 12, and Mnemon in the collections of Photios, cap. 5.]

Ochus, [Year of the World 3644] when now all men had acknowledged him for king, [The Julian Period. 4354] and done fealty to him, [Year before Christ 360] made it known, that his father was dead, and commanded a public mourning to be made for him according to the Persian manner, [ Poliae. lib. 7.] and took upon him his fathers name, Artaxerxes, [ Diodorus. Valerius Max. ] and then filled and foul'd his court with the blood of his kindred and nobles, without respect having to kin, sex, or age, [ Justin lib. 10. cap. 3.] among which he caused his own sister, whose daughter he had married, to be buried alive with her heels upward, and made an Uncle of his, with above 100 children and grand-children descended from him, to be brought into a court, and there shot to death with arrows, [ Valer. Max. lib. 9. cap. 2.] which as it seemeth, was the father of Sisygambis, the mother of Darius the last king of the Persians, for of her it is that Q. Curtius, lib. 10. cap. 8.] reporteth, that her father, and 80 brothers were all put to death by Ochus in one day.

The several states of Chios, [Year of the World 3645] Rhodes, [The Julian Period. 4356] Byzantium and Chos, [Year before Christ 358] all at once revolting from the Athenians, there grew that war which was called Bellum Sociale, (i. e. ) the confederates war. When the Athenians began with the siege of Chios, besides their own confederates, Mausolus also the petty king of Caria sent aides unto them, [ Demosthenes in his Oration of Peace, and of the Rhodians liberty, Diod. an. 3. Olympiad, 105, ]

In the first year of the 106 Olympiad, [Year of the World 3648] (as it is rightly read in Eusebius his chron. [The Julian Period. 4358] out of Fuxius his copy, [Year before Christ 356] corrected by Arnaldus Pontacus) was Alexander (who because he conquered all Asia, was afterward surnamed, The Great ) born at Pella, in the country of Macedon: for seeing that he lived 32 years, eight months, as Arianus reporteth out of Aristobulus, and died in the end of year 1. Olympiad 114. in the last, save one of the month Thargelion, of the Attic account; as we shall see when we come to that year; it follows, that he must be born, in the year aforesaid, and that in the third year called Boedrom • on, in the Attic Calendar, so that as well they, who ( as in Elian Variar Histor. lib. 2. cap 25.) have said, that he both was born and died, upon the sixth day of Thargelion, have erred in their account; as Plutarch also, who in the life of Alexander says, that he was born in the beginning of the month Hecatombeon, called Lous by the Macedonians, to wit, on the sixth day thereof. And there was reason indeed why they, who living at that time, first reported it in writing, should say, that he was born upon the sixth day of the month Lous: because at that time the month Lous with the Macedonians answered just to Metons Boedromian, as appears by King Philip, the father of this Alexander, his Epistle to the Peloponesians, as we have already shown, in our discourse: of the Macedonian and Asiatic years, in the first chapter thereof, which the Historians and other writers of later times not observing, and finding the Syro-Macedon month Lous in Calippus to hit right with the month Boedromion among the Athenians, thought that Alexander had been born upon the sixth day of that Boedromion.

And from hence grew that error of Plutarch, which he mended afterward by a far greater one, where he saith. The same day that Philip took Pitidaea, there came to him three several tidings, one from Pharmenion, that he had given the Illyrians a great overthrow, the second, that he had won the race with his horse at Olympus, and the third, that his son Alexander was born: for we learn out of Demosthenes, in his oration against Leptines, and Diodorus, year 3. Olympiad 105. That Polydaea was not taken this year, but two years before. And again, if it had been so, that Alexander had been born in the 106 Olymp. and upon the 6 day of Hecatombaeon, yet had it been a great wonder, that he should not have heard a great deal sooner of the birth of his son, than he could possibly have done of his winning the race of Olympus: for that that race was ever wont to be run on the day of the full moon, and judgment given thereupon, on the 16 day of the same month, we are taught by the old Scoliast of Pindarus, upon his 5 Ode or Hymn of his Olympics, yet Justin out of Trogus tells us more clearly, [ lib. 12. cap. 16.] The same day, saith he, on which Alexander was born, news came to him of two several victories by him gotten, the one upon a battle in Illyrium, the other in a race at Olympus; whither he sent his coach with four horses to run: Out of which reports, not hanging all of the best together; though I grant that it may be not improbably gathered, that Alexanders birth was in the summer season, of that year, wherein the Olympic games were kept at Olympus in Eli’s, yet the testimony of Aristobulus, to whom Alexander himself in person was so well known, is so firm and strong an argument to me of the day whereon he was born, that I conceive no doubt to be made, but that Philip the father, was certified of the race won by him at Olympus, before his son was born.

The same day that Alexander was born, was the temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt, whence came that poor jest, whether of Timaeus, as Cicero hath it, or of Hegesias the Magnesian, as Plutarch saith, That Diana being from home that night, at the travile of Olympias, could not tend to save her own Temple, [Cic. lib. 1. de Natura deorum, and lib. 1. de Divina, and Plut. in his Alexander. ] He that put the fire to it, being taken and had to the rack, confessed that he did it of purpose, that having destroyed so famous and excellent a work, his name might for it be carried over all the world: whereupon by the common-council of all Asia, it was decreed that no man should ever after name him, [ Valer. Max. lib. 8. cap. 14. Aul. Gell. lib. 2. cap. 6.] which yet Theopompus in his History did; whether it were Erostratus, as we read it [ in Strabo • lib. 14. and Solinus cap. 4.] or Lygdamis, as Hesychius, in the word Lygdam.

The Priests, who were at that time in Ephesus, apprehending that the burning of this Temple was but the fore-runner of some greater mischief to ensue; [Year of the World 3648] ran up and down as if they had been mad, [The Julian Period. 4358] and cut their faces, [Year before Christ 356] saying, that some great calamity was that day hatched against all Asia, [ Plut. in Alexan. ]

Artabazus, having entered into a rebellion against Ochus, joining his forces with those of Chares the Athenian, overthrew an army of the Persians, consisting of 70 thousand men: and thereupon gave Chares such a mass of money, that it enabled him to pay all his army. The King expostulated this matter with the Athenians; and they, hearing a rumor, that the King was about to send 300 sail to the relief of their enemies, against whom Chares at that time was in arms; clapt up a peace out of hand, and came to an agreement with them, and so that war between them and their confederates, called Bellum sociale, ended, [ Diod. year 1. and 4. of the 106. Olymp. ]

Leuco, [Year of the World 3650] the King of Bosphorus Cimmerius, [The Julian Period. 4360] died; [Year before Christ 355] unto whom succeeded his son Spartacus, and reigned 5 years, [ Diod. year 3. Olymp. 106.]

Artabazus, [Year of the World 3651] being thus left by Chares and the Athenians, [The Julian Period. 4361] had recourse to the Thebans; [Year before Christ 354] who sent him Pammenes, with 5 thousand men. Pammenes with this army putting over into Asia, and there joining with Artabazus, overthrew the Kings forces in two several great battles, [ Diod. year 4. Olymp. 106.]

Clearchus the tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, when he went to the celebration of the Feast of their god Bacchus, was murdered in the 12 year of his reign, [ Id. ib. ] Chief author of which murder was one Chion of Heraclea, the son of one Matris, a scholar of Plato's, and a kinsman of Clearchus; who associated to him Leonides and Antitheus, scholars also in Philosophy, as the other was, and one Euxenon, and some fifty others of their allies and kindred, whom they disposed privily in places fitting for that purpose. Having therefore spied their time when the tyrant was busy and intentive upon the sacrifice with the rest of the people, Chion ran him thorough with his sword; whereof, when he had laien grievously tormented with pains, and haunted with the apparitions and ghosts of those whom he had most barbarously murdered: the next day he died. But most of the conspirators, if not all, were either presently cut in pieces by his Guard, though they stoutly defended themselves; or were shortly after taken, and put to horrible torments (which they endured with incredible constancy and patience) and so died, [ Memnon in Excerpt. cap. 2. Justin. lib. 6. cap. ult. and Soudas in Clearchus. ] See also the Epistles attributed to this Chion, as written by him to his mother Matis.

Satyrus, brother to Clearchus, succeeded him in that Principality; and held it 7. years: wherein he contented not himself with the death of the conspirators themselves: but sell upon all their children, though innocent of their fathers fact; and being left as Guardian and Protector of Timothy, and Dionysius his brothers children, was so respective of them, that though he had a wife, whom he loved very dearly; yet would he not do with her, whereby to have children of her, least he might perhaps thereby leave an issue, which might in time prove dangerous to his brothers children, [ Memnon in Excerpt. cap. 3.]

In the 4 year of 106 Olymp. not in the 2 year of the 100 Olympiad, [Year of the World 3652] as is misreported by [ Pliny lib. 36. c. 5. & 6.] Mausolus the Dynasta, [The Julian Period. 4362] or petty king, [Year before Christ 352] of Caria, died: after whom Artemisia, his sister and wife, succeeded and reigned 2 years, her husband leaving no issue, [ Diod. and Strabol. 14.] and she, out of the servant love which she bare to the memory of him, took his bones after they were burnt, and beating them to a powder, mingled it with a most precious persume, and so put into water and drank it off: being ambitious, to be herself the living and breathing tomb of her deceased husband, [ A. Gell. lib. 18. c. 18. Valer. Max. lib. 4. c. 6.]

In the 107 Olympiad (not in the 103, [Year of the World 3652] as Soudas in Theodectes hath it) Artemisia proclaimed a Game, [The Julian Period. 4362] for all to come, [Year before Christ 352] and show their wit and art, in praise and honor of her husband deceased. To this game, came in sundry men of excellent parts; Theopompus of Chios, the prime man of all the hearers and scholars of Isocrates, as [ Diony. Halicarnasseus in his Epistle to Pompeius, witnesseth of him. ] Theodectes of the City of Phaselis in Lycia, a Tragedian Poet; another Scholar likewise of Isocrates: and Naucrates Erythraeus, of Naucratis in Cyrenia; all mentioned by Photios in Biblioth. [c. 176 and 260.] some there are also, which say that Isocrates himself, put in for the prize in this Game: of which P • ut. is one, [ in his life of Isocrates. ] but that was not this Isocrates of Athens, but another of the same name, his scholar, and successor in his chair▪ as Soudas, out of Callisthenes the Orator, teacheth us. In that contention of wits, Theopompus, as some say, and as others, Theodectes the Tragedian, who left a tragedy, entitled Mausolus, wa • the prize, [ A. Gell. lib. 10. c. 18. Soudas, in Theodectes and Isocrates. ] though it should seem that all went not here with Theopompus to his mind because that writing afterward a history, he therein says, that Mausolus never spared for any vilany, if he might get money by it: which in all likelihood, he would never have done, if things had sorted out there, according to his expectation. [ Soudas in Mausolus. ]

But of this Theopompus (of whom I have spoken before) who was an Historian, and Theodectes a Tragedian, I may not here let pass, what is reported by Demetrius Phalereus, in Aristeas (and out of him by Josephus, [ lib. 12. Antiquita • . c. 2. and by Euseb. de Praepar. Evengel. lib. 8. c. 3. and 5. & in his discourse of the Septuagint's Interpretation: ] as this, that Theopompus would fain have inserted some things out of the books of Moses, into his History, but lay thereupon distraught of his wits, by the space of 30 days; and that in his intervals of that sickness, he earnestly besought God, to reveal unto him the cause, why this great judgment was befallen him: and that in a dream it was told him, that it was because he went about to mingle those divine Oracles with his human studies; and publish them to the world: and upon change of that purpose, he was restored to his right wits again: and of Theodectes: that when he purposed to translate some things out of the holy writ into a Tragedie of his, he suddenly grew owleeyed, or pore-blind, till having considered, that such his attempt was the cause thereof, he asked God mercy, and was restored to his perfect sight again.

Artimisia, [Year of the World 3653] who, [Year of the World 3463] to continue the memory of her husband, [Year before Christ 351] built that stupendous tomb for him at Halicarnassus, reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world, pined away at last and died for grief, [ Cicero. Tuscul. Quest. lib. 3. Strabo. l. 14. A. Gell. lib. 10. c. 18.] To the making of this so miraculous a frame, the most famous workmen and artificers of the world set their hands, Scopas, out of the East, Bryaxis, from the North, Timothy from the South, and Leochares from the West: and albeit she died before the work was finished, yet they gave it not off till they had brought it to a full perfection; knowing that by so doing, they should also eternize their own names, and glory in it, [ Plin. lib. 36: c. 5. with Vitruvius in the Proem of his 7 book; ] whence it was even at Rome, that every sumptuous and magnificent building, was afterward called a Mausoleum, [Pausan, in his Arcadica. ]

After her death, her brother Idrieus or Hidrieus, held the Dynasty or Principality of Caria, 7 years, [ Diod. year 2. Olymp. 107.] who being the second son of Hecatomnus, married his second daughter Ada, his own sister, according to the law of Caria, [ Strabo l. 14. Arianus, of the Gests of Alexander, l. 1.]

The Thebans, falling into great distress for want of money, in their war against the Phoceans, sent their Ambassadors to Ochus, and had of him 300 talents, [ Diod. year 2. Olymp. 107.]

The Phoenicians, especially the inhabitants of Sidon, having been basely abused by Ochus revolted from him, and sending to Nectabenus king of Egypt, confederated with him in a war against the Persians, and then having furnished themselves with a great fleet of ships and store of land soldiers, cut down the kings Garden and Orchard, and burnt the hay that was provided for the kings stable, and put to death those Persians, that had done them wrong: wherefore the Satrapa of Syria, and governor of Silicia, made war upon them. But Tennes the King of Sidon, having received from the king of Egypt, four thousand Grecian soldiers under the command of Mentor of Rhodes, with the help of them, and his own men together, routed them both, and drave the Persians clean out of all Phoenicia, [ Id. ib. ]

The petty kings of the 9 cities of Cyprus, which were subject to the king of Persia, following the example of the Phoenicians, fell off from him too, by a general consent among themselves: and fitting every man himself with provisions for a war, made themselves absolute sovereignes, each in his own city. Against these, by the command of Artaxerxes Ochus, Idrieus, newly made king of Caria, and by a tradition received from his Ancestors a true servant of the kings of Persia, and a follower of them, in their wars, sent 40 sails of ships, and in them 8 thousand mercenary soldiers, under the command of Phocion the Athenian, and of Euagoras, who formerly had been a king there, into Cyprus. These began with the best first, and besieged the city Salamis; whereupon there resorted to them, out of the parts of Syria and Silicia, lying over against Cyprus, in hope of a prey, a very great multitude of men; so that Phocyon and Euagoras his army grew twice as big as it was at their coming thither, [ Ibid. ]

Artaxerxes Ochus, having mustered an army of 300 thousand foot, and 30 thousand horse, with 300 fighting ships, and 500 ships of burden, to carry his provisions in, set out from Babylon, toward Phoenicia, and the sea-side. But Mentor, whom the Sidonians had made Commander over the Mercenary Greeks, taking a fright at his approach, sent a man called Thessalion to him, offering him first to betray all the Sidonians into his hands, and afterward to do him right good and trusty service in the conquering of Egypt. Thessalion, having dellvered his message, and received the kings promise, and kissed his hand upon it, returned to Mentor, and assured him from the king, undiscovered by the Sidonians, [ Ib. ]

Mean while, Ochus sent his Ambassadors into Greece for some aides from them, against the Egyptians. Whereupon the Athenians and Lacedemonians returned him answer, that they would keep the peace made with him, with all their hearts, but send him any aide at this time they could not. But the Thebans readily sent him a thousand Corselets, under the command of Lachetes. They of Argos also sent him three thousand men, but appointed no Commander over them of their own, because the king had specially desired to have Nicostratus to command them; a man of a high spirit, and who in imitation of Hercules, used in fight, always to wear a Lions skin about him, and bare▪ a club in his hand. The Grecians also dwelling upon the sea-coast of Asia, sent him in six thousand men; so that the Grecians in his army were in all, ten thousand men. But before their coming to him, the king was advanced, past Syria, and as far as Phoenicia, and had pitched his camp not far from Sidon, [ Ibid. ]

Tennes the king of Sidon, combining with Mentor in his treason, assigned him to the guard of a certain quarter in the town, and left him to manage the treason on that side; himself with 500 men, went out of the city, preteuding that he would go to the common meeting or council of Phoenicia. Now he had in his company 100 of the principal men of the city, as councellors about him: all which he gave up to be butchered by Artaxerxes; as the authors of that defect on from him; and shortly after Artaxerxes, when 500 more of the chief of the Sidonians came to him to crave his mercy in suppliant wise, with Olive branches in their hands, he caused them every man to be struck thorough with darts, as he had done the former, having understood formerly by Tennes the king, that the city should be absolutely delivered up unto him, and without conditions; and then dealt with the Grecians which he had in pay to open the gates, and to receive the king, and him into the city, and so betrayed it to Artaxerxes: who being once in, and seeing that Tennes could do him no further service, caused his throat to be cut likewise, [ Ibid. ]

The Sidonians, who before the Kings coming had set fire on all their ships, to the end no man should have left any possibility of saving himself by flight that way, shut themselves every man up in his own house, with his wife and children, and then set their houses on fire, and consumed all to cindres, The number of them which perished in this fire, servants and all, amounted by report, to 40 thousand souls. The cindres of the place, with the molten silver and gold among, the King sold for many a Talent. The rest of the cities affrighted herewith, surrendered themselves presently to the King, [ Ibid. ]

From thence the King went and took Jericho by assault: as we find in [ Solinus cap. 35.] and took many along with him out of Judea to serve him in his war in Egypt: as we gather out of Aristeas, in his book of the Septuagint Interpreters; where also, in the Epistle of Ptolomeus Philadelphus, to Eleasarus, it is said, that many of the Jews were carried away into Egypt by the Persians, whiles they bare the sway there. Which saying of his, is to be referred to this time of Artaxerxes Ochus; as is also that place in Justin, where he saith, [ lib. 36. cap. 3.] if there be any truth in either of them, That Xerxes was the first of the Persians, that subdued the Jews.

While Salamis was besieged by Phocyon and Euagoras, [Year of the World 3654] all the rest of the cities submitted to the Persians, [The Julian Period. 4364] only Protagoras King of Salamis held it out against them, [Year before Christ 350] wherein Euagoras his care was, to be restored to his fathers kingdom in Salamis. But some having done him very ill offices, and laid great accusations to his charge, with the King, he seeing the King to savor and help Protagoras against him, gave off all hope of prevailing in that suit: and went and cleared himself of all imputations before the king; which he did so well, that the King bestowed a far better Dynasty or Principality upon him in Asia. And Protagoras at last voluntarily submitting to the King, held the kingdom of Salamis quietly ever after, [ Diodorus. year 3 Olympiad 107.] But this Euagoras of whom we now speak, it seems, was the grandchild of another Euagoras, who died 24 years before, by his son Nicocles: for that Euagoras the elder, had a son Nicocles, who succeeded him in the kingdom of Salamis; and another called Protagoras, appeareth out of Isocrates; but this younger Euagoras who succeeded Nicocles, seems to have been put from his kingdom by Protagoras, which was his Uncle. But having, as was said before, a greater thing than Salamis bestowed on him by this Ochus; by his misbehaviour therein used, he was fain to flee again into Cyprus, where being taken, he was put to death as a malefactor, [ as Diodorus shows. ]

Eusebius in Chron. showeth that in this 3 year of the 107. Olympiad, Ochus making Nectanebus to flee into Ethiopia, possessed himself of all Egypt: And that in him was destroyed the kingdom of Egypt, and that here was the period of Manethoes Commentaries concerning the affairs of Egypt: and in what manner Egypt was taken in by Ochus, Diodorus in this year doth at large deliver: the sum whereof is this.

Ochus after the destruction of Sidon, and when his auxiliary forces were come unto him from Argos and Thebes, and the Grecian Cities in Asia were come unto him, uniting all his forces, he marched to the Lough of Sirbonis: where a great part of his army perished, being swallowed up for want of guides in those bogs there, which are called Barathra. From thence he marched to Pelusium, the first mouth of the River Nile: held by a Garrison of 5 thousand men, commanded by one Philophron. Here the Grecians encamped close to the city; the Persians lay 40 furlongs of. Here Ochus divided the Greeks into three brigadaes; every of which was to have two Commanders, the one a Persian, the other a Grecian. The first brigade was of the Boeotians, commanded by Lachetes a Theban, and Rosaces a Persian, Governor of Ionia and Lydia. The second was of the men of Argos, commanded by Nicostratus a Grecian, and Aristazanes a Persian. The third was by Mentor, who betrayed Sidon, and Bagoas an Eunuch of Persia. To every of which Grecian brigadaes thus commanded, there were added also sundry companies and troops, and sea Captains with their squadrons of ships; on the other side, Nectanebus had in his army 20 thousand auxiliary Grecians: and as many to his aide out of Libya, and out of his own country of Egypt, 60 thousand men, called Warriours, with an exceeding great multitude of river boats, fitted to fight in the river Nile, if need should be: when as therefore he had furnished every place with reasonably sufficient Garrisons, himself, with 30 thousand Egyptians, and 5 thousand Grecians, and one half of his Lybians, kept the passages which lay most open and easiest for invasion.

Things therefore thus ordered on both sides, Nicostratus who commanded the Argivians, having gotten for his guides certain Egyptians, whose children and wives were kept for hostages by the Persians, with his part of ships put over one of the ditches or cuts of the Nile, the most out of sight that might be; which the next Garrisons of the Egyptians perceiving, sent no less than 7 thousand men, commanded by Clinius, of the Isle of Coos, to cut them off. In that encounter, the Grecians of the Persian side, slew of the other, upward of 5 thousand men, with their Commander Clinius: which slaughter of his men coming to Nectanebus his ears, he with the army which he had about him retired presently to Memphis to make that sure: mean while Lacrates, whom commanded the first brigade of the Grecians, hastened to set upon Pelusium, and having drained away the water that ran under Pelusium, by a ditch that he cu • , and raised a mount upon the very channel of the old River, there planted his batteries. The Grecians within, who had till then manfully maintained the place; hearing now that Nectanebus had left the field, and was retired to Memphis, fell a treating with their enemies about a composition; and when Lacrates had told them, and bound it with an oath, that, the town being surrendered, they with such things as they brought out with them should be all sent away into Greece, they gave up the Town unto him.

Mentor who commanded the third brigade, when he saw that all the cities were manned with two sorts of people, Grecians and Egptians, he caused a brute to be cast abroad, that Artaxerxes his purpose and resolution was to deal most graciously and well with those, who willingly submitted to him; as for the rest, they must look to fare no better than Sidon had done. Whereupon the Grecians and Egyptians everywhere strove who should be first and forewardest to give up their Towns and places to the Persians. And first Bubastus, then all the rest of the cities, upon such terms as they could get, came all in, and submitted to the Persian.

Mean while Nectanebus being at Memphis, and hearing how all the cities fell off, one after another to the Persian, despairing of better fortune, gathered together what treasure he could, and fled with it to Ethiopia, thus [ Diod. year 3. Olymp. 107.] Others report, that shaving his head, and in a disguised habit, he got him to Pelusium, and from thence as a passenger, went to Philip king of Mecedon, at Pella. [see the Excerpta, Barbaro-Latina, published by Scaliger, pag. 58. the Chronicle of Alexandria, all. Fasti Siculi, published by Raderus, p. 393. Cedrenus in the Basil Edition, p. 124. and Glycas, p. 195. out of Pseudo-Callisthenes his fabulous history of the Gests of Alexander. ]

Artaxerxes Ochus, having thus possessed himself of all Egypt; dismantled all the principal cities in it, and spoiling their temples, got from thence an infinite mass of treasure: he took away moreover all their records and writings out of their most ancient temples, yet these the Priests bought again, and recovered by a great sum of money given to Bagoas the Eunuch for them, [ Diod. ut supra. ] Ochus also is said to have derided their ceremonies, and their god, Apis. [Severus Sulpicitius in his sacred History, [lib. 2.] And because the Egyptians, for his dull behavior and spirit, called him an asse; he violently took their god Apis, and sacrificed him to an asse, [ Elian. Varia. Histor. lib. 4. cap. 8.] and not that only, but he gave order to his Cooks to cut him in pieces, and dress him for dinner to be eaten, Soudas in Ochus.

After this, Ochus rewarding his Grecians by whom he had brought this great work to pass, with wealth and honor, every man according to his desert, he sent them all away to go every man for his own country, and leaving Pherendates for his viceory and governor of Egypt, he himself, being full of glory and spoils, after so great a conquest made, returned to Babylon with his army, [ Diodorus. year 3 Olympiad 107.] whither he carried also prisoners a great many of the Jews, sending most of them into Hircania, bordering upon the Caspian sea: For so Georgius Syncellu • , out of Julius Africanus reports in this wise: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , &c. ( i. e.) Ochus the son of Artaxerxes, making a journey into Egypt, led away certain Jews captives: whereof he placed some in Hircania near the Caspian sea, and the rest in Babylon itself, where they contine unto this day, as many Greek writers report.

Hecataeus Abderia also, in his first book, de Judaeis, cited by Josephus, in his 1 book contra Apionem, talks of many a ten thousand of Jews, carried away to Babylon, but of their carrying from thence into Hircania, Paulus Orosius writeth in this wise, l. 31. c. 7. Ochus, saith he, who is also called Artaxerxes, after his great and long war in Egypt was ended, carried many of the Jews, and commanded them to inhabit in Hircania, near the Caspian sea; where they continue to this day, in a wonderful increase of their stock and linage, and, as is thought, will one day break out from thence into some other quarter of the world. Which opinion yet, as it seemeth, had no other ground but that Apocryphal of Esdras lib. 4. cap. 13. 40.—46. concerning the ten tribes carried away by Shalmaneser, and that of the Jews, concerning certain Hebrews shut up I know not where, and of a river Sabbation. As for that which Petrus Trecensis in his Scholastical history, [1 Esth. c. 5.] and out of him Vincentius Bellovacensis in his Specul. Histor. [lib. 30. cap. 89.] reports, of those ten tribes, shut up afterward more close than before within the Caspian mountains, these things agree nothing at all with Josephus, whom he allegeth for his author; but rather with the writings, of that false or suppositious Gorion, and Methodius, and even with those fictitious relations of the Mahometan Arcoran itself, concerning Alexander.

Ochus having rewarded Mentor of Rhodes, [Year of the World 3655] with 100 talents in money, [The Julian Period. 4365] and very rich furniture for a house, [Year before Christ 349] made him over and above, Praefect, of all the Asiatic shore, with full and absolute power to suppress all rebellions which should happen to arise in those parts; which great grace and favor he so well used, that whereas Artabazus and Memnon who had lately made war upon Ochus (of which see before in the year of the world. 1648. 1651.) and being new driven out of Asia, were fled to Philip king of Macedon, and lived with him; he got both their pardons of the king, and sent for them both to come unto him, with all their families: for indeed Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnons sister, eleven sons and ten daughters: with which so numerous a progeny, Mentor was exceeding much delighted, and raised the sons, every of them, as he grew up, to places of Government in the Army, [ Diodorus year 4. Olympiad 107.]

Mentor drew Hermias, Prince, or Tyrant, of Atarne, who was in rebellion against Ochus, and had many strong Cities and Castles under him, to a parley, upon promise made him that he would procure him the Kings pardon, but having once gotten him into his fingers, he laid hold on him, and having gotten his seal ring, dispatched away letters presently in his name, requiring the Captains and Garrisons everywhere of his dominion, to surrender and give up their several places, to the bearers thereof: which was forthwith done accordingly, [ Id. ibid, and Polyaenus Stratag. lib. 6.] And in like manner did he with all the other Rebells of the King; partly by force, and partly by tricks and policies, he brought them all into the Kings subjection again; sending the King ever now and then, hired soldiers out of Greece, and ordering all matters committed to his charge, with great judgment, valor and fidelity to the King, [ Diod. year 3. and 4. Olymp. 107. and Demosthenes in his Oration, contra Aristocratem. ]

When Spartacus the King of Bosphorus Cimmerius was dead, his Brother Parysades succeeded him in the kingdom, and held it 38 years, [ Diod. year 4. of 107. Olympiad. ]

In the 1. year of the 108 Olympiad, [Year of the World 3656] when Theophilus was L. Chancelor in Athens, [The Julian Period. 4366] Plato the Philosopher, [Year before Christ 348] founder of the old Academia, died; as Hermippus in Laertius, Dionysius Halicarnasseus, in his Epistle to Ammeus, concerning Demosthenes, and Atheneus, [lib. 5. c. 13.] report, of whom that saying of Numenius the Pythagorean goes, reported by Hesychius the Milesian, (in Numenius) that what ever he said of God and the world, he stole it all out of the books of Moses. Whence came that famous saying of his, reported, not only by Hesychius, and his follower Soudas, but, even long before them, by Clememens Alexandrinus, [Stromat. 1.] 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , &c. for what is Plato, but Moses put into good Greek? and that he translated many things out of Moses his books into his own writings, Aristobulus the Jew, mentioned before in the year of the world 3479, saith, so that I shall not need for this purpose to vouch the authority of Justin Ma • tyr, Clement of Alexandria, Ambrose, Theodoret, Johannes Philoponus, writing upon the Hexameron, and other Christians.

After the decease of Plato, Aristotle, the setter up of the Sect of the Peripatetic Philosophers, travelled to Hermias the Eunuch and tyrant of Atarve, of whom I spake in the year going before, with whom he lived and conversed three years, as Laertius out of Apollodorus his Chronicle, and Dionysius in his fore-cited Epistle to Ammeus testify; and Strabo [lib. 13.] tells us, that he lived at Assos, which was under the dominion of Hermias, and of which mention is made, [ Act. 20. 13.] by reason of that affinity which he had contracted with him: for he married Pythiades the adoptive daughter of Hermias, and either his sister, or his brothers natural daughter, I know not whether, though Aristocles the Peripatetic (as we find in Euseb. de Preparat. Evangel. lib. 15.) That for the love which he bare Hermias in his life time, he married her after his death; and whiles he remained in Asia, he conversed with a certain in Jew, a man of great learning and temperance withal, which was come from out of the upper Asia to the sea side, and there Aristotle, with sundry others addicted that way, were his auditors, and heard him discoursing in the Greek tongue, as Clearchus of Solos a principal Scholar of Aristotle's, cited by Josephus, [ lib. 1. contra Apionem.] in his 1 book de Somno. (i. e. ) of sleep, reports. So that perhaps to this Jew it is that the Peripatetic sect of Philosophers owe so many good sayings of theirs, so consonant to the words of Moses and the Prophets as our Clement of Alexandria affirms they are, out of Aristobulus, aforesaid, and a great maintainer of that way, [ lib. 5. Strom. ]

Satyrus, [Year of the World 3658] Prince or Tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, [The Julian Period. 4368] giving up all into the hands of Timothy, [Year before Christ 346] eldest son to his Brother Clearchus, was shortly after taken with a most grievous and incurable disease, by a Cancer grown in his groine, and which never left eating inward, till it had consumed him, after he had lived 65 years, whereof he spent 7. in the Government of Heraclea, [ Memnon in Excerpt. c. 3.] and Timothy forthwith, took his younger brother Dionysius into the consortship of his Principality, and designed him withal for his successor in case he should die, [ Ib. c. 4.]

Memmnon of Rhodes, [Year of the World 3659] a commander of the Persians aforementioned, [The Julian Period. 4369] under a color of friendship, [Year before Christ 345] sent for Hermias the Eunuch, Tyrant of Atarne, to come unto him; and when he came, seized on him, and sent him prisoner to the King; who presently took and hanged him. But the Philosophers whom he had sent for to be about him, as Aristotle and Xenocrates, a Chalcedonian in Bithynia borne, got away, and escaped out of the Persian dominions, [ Strabo lib. 13.] But Aristotle when he had lived with him 3 years, went to My • ilene, what time Eubulus was L. Chancellor at Athens, this instant, [ year 4. of the Olymp. 108.] as Laertius out of Apollodorus his Chronicles reports: as also Dionys. Halicarnas. in his Epistle to Ammaeus aforementioned. There is also extant in Laertius an Epigram of Aristotle's, making upon Hermias his Statre at Delphi to this purpose.

Which I therefore thought fit to insert in this place, that no man might gather that Aristotle was any way consenting to his death out of those words of Tertullian, where he saith, Aristotle made his friend Hermias shamefully to leave his place.

Idrieus, [Year of the World 3660] Prince of Caria (whose wealth is so much celebrated by Isocrates in his Oration to Philip of Macedon) died: [The Julian Period. 4370] unto whom his, [Year before Christ 344] both wife and sister, Ada succeeded, and held that Principality 4 years, [ Strabo, lib, 14. Diodorus. year 1. Olymp. ] For in Asia it was grown an usual thing after the time of Sem • ramis, for wives to succeed their husbands in their kingdoms, [ Aria in Exped. Alex. lib. 1. pag. 24.]

Pexodarus the youngest son of Hecatominus, [Year of the World 3664] turning his sister Ada out, [The Julian Period. 4374] held that Principality 5 years, [Year before Christ 340] [ Diodorus. year 4. Olymp. 109.] Leaving her but one only town to live upon, called Alinda.